Hapana chinhu chemunhu chisingazivikanwi kwandiri." Iyi yakakurumbira dictum, kubva kuMarx wechidiki, Martin Duberman anogona kunzi anosanganisira muhupenyu hwake nebasa. Zvechokwadi, Marty - seavo vedu vane ropafadzo yekuziva uye kumuda kumudana - anogara achikurumidza kuratidza kuti gamba rake ndiEmma Goldman, kwete Marx kana Lenin.
Munyori akahwina mubairo, munyori werondedzero, munyori wemitambo, uye munyori wenhau, Duberman anga ari mumwe wemwenje unopenya wetsika dzechikadzi kubvira paakave wekutanga muAmerica wenyanzvi dzeruzhinji rwekirasi yekutanga kuziva nemoyo wese neyakazvarwa ngochani yerusununguko. 70s - zvechokwadi, aive kwenguva yakareba iye ega kuita kudaro. Asi haana kuzviita semunyori, aine mabhuku gumi nemaviri kune chikwereti chake, asi semumiriri. Akabatsira kuwana izvo zvino yava National Gay uye Lesbian Task Force, iyo Gay Academic Union, uye Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund - uye, gare gare, yaive mweya wekutyaira kumashure kwekutanga kweQueers for Economic Justice, iyo yakaita yeoman. shanda uchimiririra avo vakadzingwa zvakanyanya munharaunda dzeLGBT, kunyanya vanhu vane ruvara, vachizadza nzvimbo yeavo vane zvavanoda zvisingawanzo furatirwa nesangano rengochani. Asi sehupenyu hwese, kupopotera radical yekuruboshwe, Marty anga ari kumberi kwese kwakakosha magariro ehupenyu muhupenyu hwake, aine peni yake nemunhu wake.
Akarondedzera matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika uye ega ega mumavhoriyamu matatu ememoirs izvo zvakamuita kuti ave muenzaniso, wekuzvitsoropodza muenzaniso weSartrean pachena, uye akaziva kuti is zvematongerwo enyika - izvo zvisati zvave imwe yemafungiro makuru echikadzi. Rimwe remabhuku iwayo, "Cures: A Gay Man's Odyssey" (1991), rave rekare rekare, nekuti rinotaura nezve kushinga kwake kukunda mhosva yemukati yakapinzwa muvazhinji nehomophobia uye heterotyranny yetsika yeUS pamwe chete. kurwadziswa kusinganzwisisike kwehunyanzvi hwepfungwa dzepfungwa panguva iyo rudo rwengochani uye chishuwo zvakaramba zvakaparwa mhosva uye pathologized. Iyo inyaya yekukunda kwake uye kubuda kwake seakasunungurwa uye ane mhirizhonga queer ane muenzaniso wakafuridzira zvizvarwa zvevangochani.
Akaenderera mberi nekunyora saga yake inoshamisa mumavhoriyamu maviri akakosha ezviyeuchidzo - 1996's "Midlife Queer: Autobiography yemakore gumi, 1971-1981" uye 2009's "Kumirira Kunyika: A (Kazhinji) Political Memoir, 1985-2008," akarondedzera mashandisiro aakaita mukurumbira wake muchikoro kuti aparadze sirin'i yelavender ndokuita kuti zvidzidzo zvengochani zvionekwe sechirango cheyunivhesiti chiri pamutemo. Kuburikidza nehondo yake yemakore gumi, achipokana nekupokana kukuru, akatanga chirongwa chekutanga chakadai pane chero chikoro cheAmerica chedzidzo yepamusoro - Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies paCity University yeNew York (CUNY), iyo yaakashanda semutungamiriri wesangano. makore gumi. Ndosaka achingozivikanwa se "Baba veGay Zvidzidzo."
Duberman akapawo chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwake kupatsanura kupatsanurwa kwemarudzi pakati pevatema nevachena vekuAmerica - kubva pazvidzidzo zvake zvekutanga zvesangano rekurwisa uranda, vatema nevachena, izvo zvakachinja zvachose kuti vanyori venhoroondo vanozviona sei; kumutambo wake wema1960, "In White America," iyo yakashandisa majenari netsamba dzevanhu vatema kutaura nyaya yekutsungirira kwavo uye kupona kuburikidza neuranda uye zana rakatevera rehudzvanyiriri rakatevera; kune yake magisterial 1988 biography yemukuru Paul Robeson, iyo yakaburitsa pachena zvakawanda zvisingazivikanwe zvehupenyu hwemutambi uye muimbi, kusanganisira kubatanidzwa kwake kwakadzama mukufamba kwevatema veAfrica.
Mabasa ehushingi ave zvakare uye zvakare ave zviratidzo zvehupenyu hwaMarty Duberman. Pakukwira kwehondo yeAmerica muVietnam, akatungamira "Vanyori neVapepeti Hondo Yekuratidzira Protest Pledge," achiramba kubhadhara mutero wemubatanidzwa kuti uipe mari. Taneta nekuedza kumutsa hana dzevana vakavharirwa uye vane ropafadzo haute bourgeoisie, akasiya chigaro chakachengeteka paPrinceton University, achisiya nzvimbo dzayo dzakashongedzwa zvakanaka uye dzakashongedzwa, kuti aende kunodzidzisa vana vekirasi dzekushanda paCUNY - uko rudzi rwake rwakasiyana rwekufunda uye kuratidzira kwaidiwa zvakanyanya uye kwaave iye zvino anoremekedzwa purofesa wenhoroondo. emeritus. Vashoma vadzidzi vaive nemafungiro akakwana ekuita kuzvipira kwakafanana kune vepasi.
Achicherechedzwa nevezera rake - kunyangwe avo vaipokana nezvematongerwo enyika ake - semumwe wevanyori venhoroondo dzeAmerica, akapihwa mubairo weAmerican Historical Association's Lifetime Achievement Award yebasa rake rose rinoshamisa uye rakasiyana.
Nezvese izvi nezvimwe, hakusi kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti hupenyu hwaMarty Duberman hwave hugamba. Kunyange zvazvo iye zvino ava nemakore makumi masere, zera harina kusvava tarenda rake kana kudzima hunhu hwake hunogara huri girinhi, uye basa rake rinonyadzisa iro renyanzvi diki zhinji.
Muna 2007, akatipa nhoroondo yehupenyu hwaLincoln Kirstein, mambokadzi aive akakosha aifambisa muAmerican arts uye tsika kwehafu yezana ramakore. Vhoriyamu yakahwina rumbidzo yakasarudzika.
Gore rapfuura, akaburitsa "A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming naDavid McReynolds," isingawanzo uye inoyevedza mbiri mbiri yevaviri vane mukurumbira vebapiro rekuruboshwe vaivewo magweta uye vane nzira dzakayambuka mune zvakawanda zvakafanana zvakakonzera zvikonzero.
Ikozvino, The New Press ichangobva kuburitsa bhuku razvino raMarty: "Howard Zinn: Hupenyu Kuruboshwe," ane hunyanzvi biography yemunyori ane mukurumbira we "A People's History of the United States," akataura nyaya yeAmerica kubva pasi zvichikwira. pachinzvimbo chepamusoro pasi uye akava mutengesi.
Sarudzo yaZinn, akafa muna 2010, inoita seyakasikwa kuna Marty, sezvo varume vese vaive varatidziri uye nyanzvi. Sokutsanangura kunoita Duberman munhanganyaya, akakwezvwa kuti anyore nezveZinn nokuti “takava nemaonero akafanana panyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzevanhu. Maonero edu akabatana pamusoro pekururamisira kwekurwa kwevanhu vatema uye kusaruramisira kwehondo muVietnam. Isu takagovana kuyemura - kuvimbika kwedu kuchidzokera kumashure nekudzoka - kune zvese anarchism uye socialism. Takashora kupatsanuka kwakadzika midzi uye kazhinji kusingazivikanwe munyika, kukura kwehupfumi mumaoko evashoma, uye kuzvikudza uye kuparadzwa kwemitemo yekunze yeUS. Isu takasarudza kudzidzisa kuburikidza nenhaurirano kwete kutaurisa, uye takagovana maonero ekusava nechokwadi nezvezvinonzi 'chinangwa' nhoroondo. "
Kunyora bio yeZinn yakanyatsorongeka rakanga risiri basa riri nyore, nokuti akanga apisa nemaune mapepa ose ane chokuita noupenyu hwake pachake, achisiya zvematongerwe enyika chete. Asi nekutsvagisa kwake kwakajairika, Marty akaburitsa chokwadi uye akatipa mufananidzo uzere, warts uye zvese.
Zinn, anoburitsa pachena, akaisa chinyoreso chake muinki yehungochani apo kuratidzira kwake kwakamuita kuti adzingwe kubva kuSpelman College, achirwisa mutungamiri wekoreji nekushivirira vazhinji "vakatsauka" pachikoro vachimudzinga. Duberman anopikisa Zinn akatadza kunzwisisa mafambiro engochani kana echikadzi.
Martin Duberman ndomumwe wevanhu vanoyemurika uye vakakosha vakangwara munyika ino - uye kana achitaura, kutariswa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa nevakangwara pakati pedu. Ndicho chikonzero, panguva yekubudiswa kwebhuku rake richangoburwa (nemamwe maviri ari mukugadzirira), Gay City News yakafunga kuti zvakakosha kumubvunza nezvedzimwe nyaya dzinopisa dzakatarisana neAmerica neAmerican queers. Teererai imi vanhu!
DOUG IRELAND: Sezvaunoziva, ini handisi fan mukuru waObama, wandagara ndakamuroverera semugadziri ane mukana, asi ndinokatyamadzwa nekushungurudzwa nedanho rakaitwa neRepublican nyonganyonga nevakasarudzwa nevachena, kunyanya vashandi. Semumwe wevadzidzi veAmerica vanotungamira rusarura, unoongorora sei iyi danidziro yemutungamiri wenyika uye mamiriro enyika ino mudambudziko?
MARTIN DUBERMAN: Ndinofunga kuti kune rusaruraganda rwakawanda rwakayangarara munyika yedu, zvekuti ndinotenda kuti vazhinji vakavhota vachena vepakati vaitsvaga chikonzero chekuvhotera Romney. Nharo yekutanga yakavapa. Kuita kwaObama kusingaverengeki, pamwe chete nekuita sekuenzanisa kwaRomney, kwakauya sechipo chikuru kuvavhoti vakadaro. Iye zvino vanogona kuzvitaurira nekusununguka kuti murungu chaiye ndiye mumiriri wepamusoro.
Ndicho chikonzero chikuru, mukuona kwangu, nei gakava rekutanga raive nemhedzisiro yakakura kudaro, kushandura Romney kuti ave mutsva wepamberi. Ndicho chikonzero nei vakawanda vakafuratira "mwero" mutsva Romney anopesana nezvinyorwa zvake (uye zvebato rake) panyaya dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri uye "mamiriro ezvinhu aripo" einishuwarenzi yehutano. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vasingateereri kushayikwa kwaRomney kwezvido panguva yekukakavadzana uye kusvetuka kwake kudzokera kurudyi kubva pakukakavadzana. Vavhoti vazhinji vakangoerekana vadirana kuchiyero chake havana kumbobvira vafarira "munhu mutema" uye vanofara kuva nechikonzero chekusamuvhotera.
AKAPA: Ndekupi kutsoropodza kwako kwesangano ranhasi rengochani, iro mumakore ano apfuura rakaita serakatsauka kubva kure nezvematongerwo enyika anorwira rusununguko awagara uchitsigira?
MD: Elizabeth Birch anogona kunge asisiri mutungamiri weHuman Rights Campaign, asi maitiro ake ekufungidzira akakunda ikoko nekumwewo mubato renyika yengochani. Ini ndinoona izvi senjodzi, asi inofungidzirwa. Isu vakasiya-bapiro tinogona kunge takafunga neimwe nzira mukutanga ma1970, asi tadzidza kuti vanhu vedu havamiriri bato ranguard. Ivo chido kupinda muchiuto. Ivo Tenda mu "utsvene" hwewanano uye kunaka kwepamusoro kwevakaroorana. Vanoda kuonekwa sevaAmerica vanoda nyika, vavakidzani vanoremekedzwa, uye vatendi vanotya Mwari. Pane imwe semi-conscious kana kusaziva, vanogona vachiri kuziva kuti ivo ndivo zvakasiyana nevanhu vemazuva ano vekuAmerica - zvakasiyana-siyana - asi havachadi kubvuma.
Ndinoona izvi sekuziva kwenhema. Tinoziva pane imwe nzvimbo mumatumbo edu kuti tinobva munhoroondo yekudzvinyirirwa uye kuti iyo nhoroondo yakaumba matiri mararamiro akasiyana-siyana uye maonero. Iwo makuru, ari kuora mukusaenzana kwehurongwa hwedu, anomira mukuda kweruzivo rwedu rwakakosha. Saka tinoita sei? Isu tinovaudza kuti chiroto chedu chikuru ndechekufanana navo, kuti chatinokumbira ndechekusaina pamutsara une madota. Hatidi chimwe chinhu - saka tinovaudza - kunze kwekugadzika muhukama hwechivanhu hwewanano uye kubatana nemuchina wekuuraya unozivikanwa seuto. Kumira kwakadaro kune yaichimbova nzanga yakapanduka unyengeri hunonyadzisa, kurambwa kwesimba redu rekupandukira kuti timirire nzanga yakarurama, kufananidzirwa kwenhoroondo yedu nenhaka yedu. Kudai taida kuva vechokwadi kwatiri uye kune yedu yekare, taizoita dambudziko kuita zvepabonde murume mumwe chete sechinhu chakanaka, rega stereotyping yechikadzi uye marudzi, uye deplore nzira dzoumwari dzakapiwa nechechi nehurumende senhungamiro yezviito.
Uye zvakadaro ... muhupenyu hupfupi huno, zvinonzwisisika kuti ngochani vangada kurasa kunyadziswa uye mhosva - uye zvinopfuura zvakasara - vanotakura se "vakatsauka" uye kuti vagamuchirwe sevanhuwo zvavo. Isu hatisi vakajairwa, isu hatisi kabhoni makopi eiyo mainstream. Asi o! - tinoshuva sei kuva. Avo vedu vanoda kuramba mapoka akaganhurirwa ehunhu hunogamuchirika uye kumutsidzira mamiriro edu ekare emasangano, vanogona kutarisira kuonekwa se Muvengi - isu, kwete Ngirozi Moronai nemahwendefa ake egoridhe.
AKAPA: Kana zvakaipisisa zvikaitika, uye kwete chete kuti Romney akasarudzwa asi maRepublicans anotora Seneti, sezvingaite sezvinotyisa, izvi hazvizoratidze sekusina mari yekuwana nzira yemasangano ane masimba engochani uye kuti vadzoke pakuronga sechinhu chinonyanya kutariswa. ?
MD: Muchidimbu, kana Romney akakunda, avo - kunyanya vachena vepakati - vanoisa zvirongwa zvemasangano makuru engochani vachawana nzira yekuita runyararo nemasimba-akadaro. Vanga vatoita zvakawanda zvekudzidzira. Ndinovimba ndakanganisa, ndinovimba ruzhinji rwengochani ruchabatana neOccupy. Ndinoshuva kuti dai ndaona humbowo hwekuti zviri kuitika.
AKAPA: Ungatarise sei mafambiro ezvidzidzo zvengochani mazuva ano, ayo anowanzo pinda mugwara redzidziso dzezvishoma kana chete zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwevapenyu?
MD: "Relevance" ishiri inoshamisa. Makore makumi mana kana kupfuura apfuura, ndiani angadai akafunga kuti zvidzidzo zvengochani zvine chero chinhu chakakosha chekubatsira mune zvesainzi uye vanhu? Asi nhasi zvayo goneko kuenderana nenyaya dzakasiyana sehushamwari, rudo, ruchiva, kurera vana, hukama hwakakura - kureva, if ngochani vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vachasimbisa kusasiyana kwemaonero edu, uye if nyika huru, inoita seisina matsi munzeve dzose dziri mbiri, ichadzidza kunzwa.
AKAPA: Ndinowanzo shungurudzwa nekusagona kuverenga nekunyora kwevadiki nezvenhoroondo yavo yezvematongerwo enyika netsika. Nei nhoroondo iyi—zvamazvirokwazvo, nhoroondo yose—yakakosha, uye chii chiri kushandiswa kwayo? Ndedzipi nzvimbo dze queer nhoroondo uko kwasara basa rakawanda kuti riitwe?
MD: Queers uye straights zvakafanana munyika ino ndezvenhoroondo. Pasinei nezera, murume kana mukadzi, dzinza uye dzinza, vanhu vekuAmerica vanonyanya kuona zvakapfuura seinofinha uye zvisina basa. Vanhu vekuAmerica vanonyanya kufunga nezvepano-uye-zvino uye vanongoziva kushoma kwekuti zvakaitika kare zvakakanganisa sei maitiro azvino. Vazhinji vekuAmerica vanotora maitiro avari kuona iye zvino akavatenderedza sepasirese - sekugara aripo kuburikidza nenguva uye netsika. Ivo havazive nezvekuti parochial uye nguva-yakasungwa sei tsika dzedu dzazvino uye masangano. Ini handisi kuona izvi zvichichinja chero nguva munguva pfupi.
AKAPA: Ndeapi mabhuku engochani akanyanya kukosha mumakore mashoma apfuura mumaonero ako?
MD: Mabhuku ekuvhura maziso haawanike. Ndinganyora izvi sepakati pevashoma: Deborah B. Gould's "Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP's Fight Against AIDS"; Cathy J. Cohen’s “The Boundaries of Blackness”; Lisa M. Diamond's "Sexual Fluidity: Kunzwisisa Rudo rwevakadzi uye Chido"; Lisa Cohen's "Zvose Zvatinoziva: Upenyu Hutatu"; Barbara Ransby's "Ella Baker uye Black Freedom Movement"; uye Jefferson Cowie's "Stayin' Alive."
AKAPA: Uri kuverengerei kungonakidzwa chete mazuva ano?
MD: Hilary Mantel's "Wolf Hall" uye "Udza Miviri."
DI: Ndedzipi nyaya idzo sangano rengochani ranhasi rinopa kusarudzika panjodzi yedu?
MD: Havana kuchinja zvakanyanya. Bato rengochani richiri kupa kupfupika kupfupi kune huwandu hwerusaruraganda, classism, uye sexism mukati medu pachedu.
AKAPA: Ini semusikirwo uye ongororo yepessimist, asi zvinyorwa zvako zvakagara zvichiratidza tariro isingazununguke pamusoro pemweya wemunhu. Chii chinokupa tariro yeramangwana redu rakanaka mumazuva ano akaoma? Uye iwe une meseji yaungade kutaura kune vadiki queers?
MD: Ah, tariro yangu haigoneki, zvakanaka! Kusvikira Occupy Wall Street yauya, ndingadai ndisina kupa plug nickel yemukana wenyika yedu weramangwana rinofambira mberi. Uye ipapo, hongu, kune nhau dzehusiku - chikamu cheSyria chete chakakwana kuvanza pasi pechivharo.
AKAPA: Iwe une bhuku idzva kana chirongwa chaunofunga panguva ino?
MD: Chirimo chino, The New Press ichaburitsa "The Martin Duberman Reader: The Essential Historical, Biographical and Autobiographical Writings." Ini parizvino ndiri kunyora mbiri mbiri yaMichael Callen naEssex Hemphill, vese vakafa nguva pfupi maprotease inhibitors asati aburitswa. Kana paine chero munhu ane anecdotes kana zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa - tsamba, nezvimwe - maererano nechero murume, ndinoda kunzwa nezvazvo pa [email inodzivirirwa].
AKAPA: Pane chimwe chinhu chaungade kubva pachipfuva chako?
MD: Ndokumbirawo, munhu wese, vhoterai yedu isina kukanganisa, centrist Obama. Kana Romney akahwina, mambure edu ekuchengetedza ane mashoma anochekwa kuita maribhoni. Kunotova nekutambudzika kwakanyanya kunze uko; ngatirege kuwedzera pazviri.
HOWARD ZINN: HUPENYU KURUboshwe | By Martin Duberman | The New Press | 400 mapeji | $26.95
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