Oscar Wilde aingova nemakore makumi maviri nemanomwe paakatanga rwendo rwekudzidzisa kuUS neCanada muna 27, uye bhuku idzva kubva kuHarvard University Press's Belknap Press - "Declaring His Genius: Oscar Wilde in North America" โโnaRoy Morris Jr. - anoronga rwendo rwake " basa rinoshamisa rokutsungirira mumuviri nepfungwa.โ
Pakapera rwendo urwu, Wilde "akanga afamba makiromita 15,000, akanga aoneka mumaguta nemataundi zana nemakumi mana kubva kuMaine kuenda kuCaliforniaโฆ Mukumuka kwake, sokurondedzera kunoita Morris, zvikoro โzvizhinjiโ zvomunzvimbomo zveunyanzvi, nzvimbo dzemabasa emaoko, uye masitudhiyo okuveza zvivezwa zvakatanga, uye โvanyori vasingazivikanwi, varume nevakadzi, vakakurudzirwa neshoko raWilde nomuenzaniso wake.โ
Kukosha kwebhuku raMorris ndekwekuti rinopenda zvakadzama kuti rwendo rwaWilde's American rwaive sei "chiitiko chakaoma chenhau, pamwe chakanyanya kuwanda chenguva yake. Wilde akashanda zvamazvirokwazvo somurume wake amene akafambira mberi, achiridza ngoma yehurukuro dzake dzaiuya uku achinyatsokudza chifananidzo chakakwirira zvikuru somutauriri anotungamirira weAesthetic Movement, yaakarondedzera mumhepo seโsayenzi yezvakaisvonaka.โโ
Wilde panguva iyi akange angoburitsa bhuku rimwe chete renhetembo nezvimwe zvinyorwa, asi akange atove "nemukurumbira unowedzera, kunyangwe pasina aigona kutaura chikonzero." KuMagdalen College, Oxford, kwaakahwina mubairo wepamusoro wechikoro weNewdigate wenhetembo, wake. bon mots yakave nemukurumbira uye yakatopinda mumutauro wakakurumbira wekirasi dzakadzidza - sekuona kwake kuti "zvese uye chimwe nechimwe chaive 'chakanyanya kutaurwa' kutaura."
Kutenda muchikamu kune anowanzoitika macaricatures ake neakatuni George Du Maurier mumagazini inoseka Punch, aive nemukurumbira zvekuti kunyangwe muchinda weWales - ramangwana Mambo Edward VII - akakumbira sumo, achiona kuti "Handizive. VaWilde, uye kusaziva VaWilde hazvifanirwe kuzivikanwa. " Wilde akange ave "anonyanya kutaurwa nezvake kubva kuna Beau Brummell," uye "akatamba chikamu chake nemazvo, akapfeka jasi rakapwanyika-velvet, bhurukwa remabvi resatin, masokisi matema esirika, netie yegirinhi yakacheneruka, nehofori yero-ne-brown. sunflower yakaroverwa pabeche rake.โ MaAesthetes, avo vaive nedemocracy kupfuura yeart-based pre-Raphaelites saWalter Pater (uyo Wilde akadzidza naye kuOxford), vakatora chido cheBritish chefashoni dzeJapan - chirangaridzo naGilbert naSullivan mu "The Mikado" - uye ruva, iro rakaunzwa kubva kuJapan muna 1862, rakatorwa naWilde sechiratidzo chekutanga.
Wilde aiziva uye ainyorerana naW.S. Gilbert, uyo akamuita chipfuro cheakabudirira Gilbert naSullivan comic operetta "Kushivirira, kana Mwenga waBunthorne." Akakurumidza kuzivikanwa kune vateereri veBritish semudetembi Bunthorne, "mudiki akashata akafamba pasi paPiccadilly aine poppy kana ruva muruoko rwake rwekare."
Kure nekunyadziswa nekusekwa kwe "Kushivirira," Wilde "akagamuchira chimiro cheBunthorne nemoyo wese, achipinda kuratidzwa kwechiratidziro akapfeka zvipfeko zvakazara uye nemhepo achibvuma kufara uye gibes dzevamwe vatambi vemitambo nemafungu uye uta. โChinhu chimwe chete chakaipisisa kupfuura kutaurwa nezvacho,โ akadaro, โkwakanga kusiri kutaurwa nezvazvo.โโ
Asi apo โKushiviriraโ kwakavamba muAmerica muna 1881, โmugadziri wayo anopenga, Richard D'Oyly Carte, anozivikanwa sa'Oily' nokuda kwokutsvedza kwebhizimisi rake, akaona banza rokuwana ziviso yokuwedzera kupfurikidza nokuunza [kuUnited States] vapenyu. , mufananidzo wekufema waReginald Bunthorne. Nekuti kuwedzera kwaWilde kwakamusiya achigara akasungirirwa mari, akabvuma chikumbiro chaCarte cherwendo rwekuAmerican lecture.
Kunyangwe asati aburuka muchikepe cheArizona, ichiri kuvharirwa pachiteshi chengarava cheNew York, mafashama ekuburitswa kwemapepanhau eWilde's American adventure akatanga. Zvaimuperekedza kwese kwaaienda. Musoro webhuku raMorris unobva mukuziviswa kwaWilde pakusvika kwake kune mukuru wezvetsika: "Handina chekutaura kunze kwehunyanzvi hwangu."
Mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvepaWilde zvakaunganidzwa mubhuku ra2010 "Oscar Wilde muAmerica: The Interviews," rakapepetwa naMatthew Hofer naGary Scharnhorst (University of Illinois Press), iro bhuku idzva raMorris rinotsamira zvakanyanya uye pane zvakawanda zveruzivo. uye maWildean quips akataurwa naye akamboburitswa.
Wilde paakataura nemhomho yainge yatengeswa muBoston's Music Hall, akanonoka kuoneka pachikuva apo boka risingadzoreki revadzidzi makumi matanhatu vepaHarvard "vakafora vachidzika nepakati penzira vari vaviri vaviri, vese vakatakura maringazuva uye vakapfeka zvipfeko zveWildean zvebhurugwa remabvi, nhema. masokisi, makaravati akapararira, uye wigi dzinosvika pamapfudzi.โ Asi kutaura kwoungwaru kwaWilde kwakashandura tafura kuvadzidzi, vaakakunda paakazivisa kuti โhaana kuona chikonzero nei munhu aitarisirwa kupedza kudzidza aisagona kuwana dhipuroma reHarvard rokupenda mufananidzo kana kuti kuveza chivezwa chakanaka zvikuru sokupedza chikoro. mu'chinyorwa chiya chinotyisa cheutsotsi chinozivikanwa senhau.'โ Pepa renhoroondo yeguta, Boston Evening Transcript, rakarondedzera, โMr. Wilde akawana rukundo chairwo, uye rwakanga rwuri nekodzero yekukunda, nechisimba chekuva murume munyoro, mupfungwa chaiyo yeshoko,โ achigadzira โkurangwa kwakasimba kwemweya yakawandisa yevatsva veHarvard.
Boka rakapfekwa zvakafanana revadzidzi veYale rakakwazisa hurukuro yaWilde muNew Haven, uye apo vakomana vepakoreji zana vepaBaptist-run University yeRochester vakavhiringidza hurukuro yaWilde muguta iroro โnemoto unoyerera wokuridza muridzo, kugomera, uye kuriraโฆ mheremhereโ kuti inzwi raAesthethe rakanga risinganzwiki, Rochester Union neAdvertiser vakabudisa chinyorwa chine musoro unoti โRochesterโs Deep Disgraceโ vachishora zviito zvevadzidzi seโkureba kwehudofo.โ
Zvakawanda zvebepanhau reWilde, zvisinei, zvaive zvisina kunaka, kunyomba, uye izvo zvataizodaidza kuti "homophobic" (izwi Morris harishandisi). The Washington Post yakamhanyisa katuni ichienzanisa Wilde neWild Man yeBorneo (inokwezva midget ye PT Barnum's circus) uye yakaratidza vatsigiri vaWilde se "majaya anopenda zvisoโฆ Uye Gondo reBrooklyn rakadaidzira, "Murume wechidiki akapfava uye asina simba, VaWilde, vachawana muguta guruโฆ Iyo ine mukurumbira Harper's Weekly yaimhanyisa katuni yepeji yekumberi yakashata ichidhirowa Wilde se "tsoko inoyevedza" yakazara nesunflower uye lily. ("Kuzivisa Genus Yake" kunosanganisira kudhindwa kweakawanda emakatuni akashata akatsungirirwa naWilde.)
"Vamwe vevarume vaive muvateereri vaWilde vangangove vaive ngochani, sezvakataurwa nepepanhau panguva iyoyo," anonyora Morris. โโMajaya mazhinji anoyevedza uye akapfava akapfeka masutu edhirezi nebvudzi rakashongedzwaโ (kureva mabheji) aizoonekwa achirembera kumashure kweimba yemitambo apo Wilde akataura kekutanga muNew York, mumwe mucherekedzi akanyora. 'Bvudzi rakaputika' raive danho rekufa kune vaverengi, sezvaivewo zano rekuti varume vacho vaingozeya kuseri kwekamuri. Kugara achitaurwa mumapepanhau enyika nezwi raWilde nemaitiro ake aimubatanidza nevateereri vake vanonzi ingochani. "
Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi ndeimwe yezvitatu chete zvinonongedza kune ungochani mu "Kuzivisa Hunyanzvi Hwake." Uye kunyangwe paine zvakawanda pano izvo zvinofadza kune isu tinoyemura Wilde, zvinondisuruvarisa kuti nditaure kuti iri ibhuku rine kukanganisa kwakanyanya.
Morris anonyora - kana ndikabvumidzwa kuita hunhubu - semuridzi; chinyorwa chenhoroondo yemunyori chinozvitutumadza nezvemukadzi wake nevana uye anozivikanwa semupepeti werimwe bhuku rinonzi Military Heritage. Anoti "zvaisave semutendeuki wezvepabonde izvo Wilde akazvipa kune veruzhinji veAmerica, asi semutauriri wehunyanzvi uye runako, mune chero nzira dzisiri dzekunze kana dzakajairika dzavanogona kuwanikwa muhupenyu hwevanhu. Zvimwe zvasara zvaisava hazvo basa rake.โ Iyo yemauto buff, pamwe, inoenderera mberi nekuisa yakawandisa stock mune iyo pfungwa yeUsabvunza, Usataure.
Tsanangudzo yakaipa yaMorris yeWilde inongogoneka chete nekuti anofuratira zvachose zvakaongororwa zvine hungwaru zvakawanikwa naNeil McKenna's superb investigative biography "The Chakavanzika Hupenyu hwaOscar Wilde," iyo yakaita seyakayemurwa nepasirese payakatanga kuburitswa muEngland muna 2003 uye yakarumbidzwa nerumbidzo yakaenzana apo. Basic Books akabuda nawo muno muUS muna 2005. (Ona my August 25-31, 2005 wongororo "Kupfuura Zvataiziva.")
Basa raMcKenna rakakosha hapana parinowanika muzvinyorwa zvepazasi zvebhuku raMorris. Achishandisa diaries, tsamba, nemamwe magwaro asina kumbonyorwa, McKenna akaratidza pasina kupokana kuti pakazopera 1870s, Wilde akange atobatikana nehuzivi hwekudanana kwengochani. Akashamwaridzana uye akapedza nguva yakawanda aine mudetembi uye munyori John Addington Symonds, uyo akabatsira kuwana akati wandei eWalt Whitman Societies kuchamhembe kweEngland - mapoka ekutanga akarekodhwa evarume vengochani munyika iyoyo akavamba kukurukura nezveungochani - uye akanyora pro-ngochani. โA Problem in Greek Ethicsโ (1883) Wilde akatanga kungwarira ushamwari nengochani munyori werondedzero uye mutsoropodzi Walter Pater - uyo akanga anyora nemutauro wakanyorwa werudo rwevakomana - asi akamuwana "akanyanya kuzeza, akanyanya kuhwanda pamusoro pezvaaifarira pabonde. .โ Uye akajairana nezvinyorwa zvegay liberationist piyona Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, gweta rekuGerman iro kubva kuma1860s pakabudiswa akawanda emabhuku nemapamphlet aizivisa kuti ngochani dzaive dzechisikigo uye dzakajairika, dzakakodzerwa nekuenzana kuzere mumagariro nemutemo, kusanganisira kodzero yekuroora. . Wilde akagamuchira zvose zviri zviviri uzivi hwaUlrichs uye kushandisa kwake shoko rokuti โrudo rweUranianโ (kubva muchiGiriki. urianos, kana kuti โrudo rwekudengaโ) mukutsanangura ungochani. Mutsamba, Wilde neshamwari dzake vakatanga kutaura nezvemushandirapamwe wekunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kweungochani se "Chikonzero," uye akabatana nesangano rakavanzika reUranian, Order of Chaeronea, kuirwira.
Kutadza kwaMorris kubvunza tsvakiridzo yaMcKenna inokatyamadza iri kunyanya kujeka munhoroondo yemusangano pakati paWilde naWhitman kumba kwaWhitman's Camden, New Jersey. McKenna anojekesa kuti chimwe chezvainyanya kukosha kwaWilde mukuuya kuAmerica yaive musangano naWhitman. Shamwari yaWilde Symonds akange aita tsamba refu naWhitman, achiedza kuburitsa maari chirevo chakajeka chekuda kwake pabonde, zvakavanzwa munhetembo dzake dzakanaka dzechingochani nezverudo rwechirume. Whitman akanga aramba achinzvenga.
Asi mushure memusangano wake naWhitman - panguva iyoyo ari mumakore ake makumi matanhatu, aine ndebvu chena dzinoyerera - Wilde akanyora "pasina kupokana" nezvemaitiro emudetembi mukuru wekuAmerica: "Ndichiri kutsvoda kwaWalt โโWhitman pamiromo yangu."
Hapana kana izwi reizvi rinowanikwa mu "Kuzivisa Hunyanzvi Hwake." Morris anovimba zvakanyanya naRichard Ellman's Pulitzer-anohwina Mubairo wa1988 biography "Oscar Wilde," inoyemurika munzira dzakawanda. Ellman anoronga chiitiko chekutanga chaWilde cherudo rwengochani kukunyengerwa kwake muna 1885 naRobbie Ross, shamwari yechidiki iyo yakazove mutevedzeri wake wekunyora.
Asi pane akati wandei tsvakurudzo yaEllman yakapfuura uye yakatsiviwa naMcKenna, uyo anoratidza zvinogutsa, mumashoko aWilde pachake, kuti izvo Wilde pachake akadana kuti "kumutswa kwepabonde" kwakaitika paakanga ari 16 paPortora Royal School. McKenna anonyorawo kuti Wilde, nguva isati yasvika kuUS, akararama kwemakore akati wandei nemudiwa wechirume waakasangana naye muna 1876 - mugadziri wemifananidzo wenharaunda Frank Miles. Wilde akaunzwa kuna Miles nemuvezi Lord Ronald Gower, "sodomite ane mukurumbira wakashata, ane rudo rwe" kutengeserana kwakashata," sezvakanyorwa naMcKenna, paari Wilde "aizoisa hunhu hwaLord Henry Wotton, muporofita anoshatisa wezvivi zvinoshamisa. โ mu โMufananidzo waDorian Grey.โ Mafungiro aWilde pachake ekuita kwake pabonde uye kumbundikira kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika kusunungurwa kweungochani, saka, zvakatangira mamwe makore rwendo rwake rwekuAmerica.
Zvakangofanana nekutadza kwaMorris kutaura bhuku raCarolyn Williams ra2012 "Gilbert & Sullivan: Gender, Genre, Parody," iyo inoona kutorwa kwaWilde kweBunthornian caricature mu "Kushivirira" se "kunamira kwakanyanyisa mhino-gumbo pakuremekedzwa kwebourgeois." (Ona yangu Nyamavhuvhu 28, 2012 wongororo "Maitiro aGilbert naSullivan Vakaita Oscar Wilde Persona."
Zvichipa huwandu hwenzvimbo iyo Morris anopa ku "Kushivirira" uye kukosha kwayo kurwendo rweWilde's US, kusaziva kwake basa rakakosha raWilliams kunoshamisa sekutadza kwake kubatanidza zvakawanikwa naMcKenna's revisionist.
Morris anopendawo Wilde seasina zvematongerwo enyika. Asi makore mashoma mushure merwendo rwake rwekuAmerica, Wilde - uyo akazvidaidza kuti "chimwe chinhu cheanrchist" uye akanyora chinyorwa chakasununguka chesocialist "Mweya weMunhu Under Socialism" - akabatana neshungu dzekunzwira tsitsi kune vasere Haymarket Martyrs, Chicago anarchist akaumbwa. uye akaurawa nokuda kwebhomba rakaputika mukuratidzira kukuru muguta iroro kwezuva ramaawa masere muna 1886. โDeclaring His Geniusโ hairevi kuti rwendo rwaWilde rweAmerica rungave rwakapesvedzera sei Wilde mukutora mativi muHaymarket furor.
Morris anonyora zvakanaka uye mune zvakawanda mubhuku rake zvinozojekesa nekuvaraidza. Asi munyori wenhoroondo angadaro, senge kwandiri, anga akanyanya kutarisisa kune yepakati pekuziva kwaWilde pabonde. Uye nyanzvi yakanyatsoteerera yaisazombofa yakafuratira mipiro yakakosha semabhuku aMcKenna naWilliams. Oscar anokodzera zviri nani pane izvi.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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