Pakupera kwemakore gumi ekutanga echirwere cheAIDS, mune chinyorwa cha1989 muna Gumiguru, avant-garde katatu yaakarongedza, akacherekedza ngochani akangwara uye muratidziri Douglas Crimp akarangarira zvaakaudzwa nemumwe murume wechidiki muACT UP mushure mekuona murume. kutanga '70s gay erotic film:
โAinakidzwa chaizvo nezvairatidzika kwandiri sechinhuwo zvacho chepabonde mufirimu, asi akabva ati: 'Ndinopa chero chinhu chipi zvacho kuti ndizive kuti cum inonaka sei, izvo zvomumwe munhu.' Izvozvo zvakandirwadza mwoyo, nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri zvakasiyana: kwaari nokuti akanga asingazivi, kwandiri nokuti ndinozviziva.'
Zvakataurwa naCrimp zvinobatanidza mirangariro yose ine simba, inosuruvarisa, inopokanidzana yaitenderedza varwiri vehondo mumakore ekutanga eAIDS sezvavaifunga โnyika yengochani iri kunyangarikaโvanhu, masangano, miitiro, magariro, imwe nyika yakasiyana,โ saDeborah. Gould anonyora mubhuku rake idzva rinokosha โMoving Politics: Emotions and ACT UP's Fight Against AIDS.'
ACT UP - iyo AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power - yakashandura nhoroondo mumakore mashoma mashoma apo zviito zvaro zvinoshamisa zvekusateerera kwevanhu, kurwisana, uye kunyengedza pfungwa kwakaita misoro yenhau nekumanikidza nyika (uye nyika) yaisada kuterera. denda kuita saizvozvo. Mukufamba kwehupenyu hwayo kutanga muna 1987, zvitsauko zvinodarika makumi masere zveACT UP zvakamuka munyika yese nehusiku humwe, zvichigadzira bato rinotyisa, renyika rakananga nyika iro rakatoenda pasi rose; pakupedzisira kwakave zvakare anopfuura makumi matatu ACT UP zvitsauko pasi rose.
Gould akamira zvakanaka kuti ataure nyaya yakakosha iyi uye kutora kubva mairi zvidzidzo zvinogona kutibatsira kuvaka ramangwana idzva. Kunyangwe iye nhasi ari mubatsiri purofesa wezvemagariro evanhu paUniversity of California's Santa Cruz campus, iyewo pachezvake muratidziri akapedza makore akadzama muchitsauko cheChicago ACT UP, uye aive chikamu cheWindy City inooneka queer kuruboshwe.
Gould anorwira varwiri vezvematongerwo enyika anoita kuti "Moving Politics 'ibude kubva paavhareji yako, yakaoma zvinyorwa zvedzidzo, nekuti pane dzimwe nguva anozvipinza murondedzero yake uye anokwevera kubva mutsime rezvake zvakadzama zvemanzwiro nezvematongerwo enyika mukuona kuti nhoroondo yeACT chii. UP inofanirwa kutiudza nezve swirl yemanzwiro anoperekedza kuvakwa kwekuzivikanwa kwequeer uye nezve chimiro chehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Gould anonyora, "Pamusoro pekukunda kwakawanda kwakakosha kwakarebesa nekuponesa hupenyu, kupindira kweACT UP kwakaunza dambudziko rakasimba kumanzwisisiro akajairika eungochani uye nezvepabonde zvakanyanya. Chokwadi, ACT UP yakazvara mutsva queer chizvarwa [kusimbisa mukutanga] chakazunza masangano engochani nematongerwe enyika akashata, ane hutsinye,' mukuita "kudzora uye kusimbisa marudzi ese ezvepabonde' mukupindura kwakasimba kumakore ekutanga asina kunaka pabonde. chirwere chapararira munzvimbo.
Ndinowanzoona kuti vechidiki vechidiki vakawanda nhasi havazivi kuti ngochani, ngochani, uye vapanduki vechikadzi vemarudzi ese vakambopfuura sei mumakore airwadza ekutanga eAIDS, aivewo makore ehutungamiriri hwaRonald Reagan. Gould anoita basa rakanaka rekudaidza nguva iyoyo, apo makore matanhatu mudenda Reagan akange asati ataura izwi rekuti AIDS, achirwa achirwa kutema mari yeCongress kurwisa denda iri.
Pakazosvika makore eReagan, mweya wehumbwende, wekupokana, wekupokana nekugadzwa kwerusununguko rwengochani iyo yakange yatanga hurongwa hwechingochani hwazvino mukutanga kwema'70s mumakore mushure mekunge Stonewall atove pedyo nekufa, sezvo zvematongerwo enyika zvengochani zvakatora "gwaro rakanangana nekuita. kusanganisirwa kwengochani pane kusandura magariro, kutarisisa kwezvemitemo, uye kumbundikira izvo zvinonzi nevamwe 'zvematongerwo enyika ekuremekedzwa' izvo zvaida kurerutsa kusiyana kwengochani,' sekutaura kunoita Gould.
Asi denda reAIDS, uye kusakwana kunotyisa kwemhinduro kwairi nehurumende uye masangano makuru akazara muvitriolic homophobia, zvakapokana kutsvaga kutsva kwengochani yekuremekedzwa nekubatanidzwa nenzira yekuti "vanhu vashoma pabonde uye vakadzi vaifanira kufunga zvakare kuti ndiani. vakanga vari uye kwavaikwana munzanga,โ uye manzwire avanofanira kuita pamusoro peboka renyeredzi iri rezvinetso.
Gould anoratidzira kurwisana kwougamba kwevaiti veAIDS vapakuvamba, uye nenzira yakarurama anotaura kuti โkufamba kwezviuru zvavazvipiri kupinda maASO [masangano ebasa reAIDS] kunofanira kunzwisiswa somubato mukuru unobudirira wezvamatongerwe enyika [uyo wakanga uri] wezvamatongerwe enyika mupfungwa yokuti kuda nokuitira hanya. kune avo vakatengeswa nenyika uye nzanga, kune avo vaionekwa vari nani kubva pakufa, kwaive kuramba zvine simba kubvuma pfungwa dzaivepo dzekukodzera' maererano nengochani nengochani.
Panguva imwecheteyo, ngochani zhinji dzakazviwana dzanyura munhaka yemazana emakore yekuzvivenga yakapihwa simba idzva nedenda, sezvavakaisa mukati memeseji kubva munhau dzemazuva ese dzekuti "kusangana kwengochani kwakatsveyamiswa zvekuti ngochani dzingangoitika. akakodzera AIDS' (kusimbisa mune yepakutanga).
Manzwi ekutanga ekupokana netemplate iyi muchirimo cha1983 haana kunyanya kufuratirwa kana kudziviswa. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika pachinyorwa chaLarry Kramer chave nemukurumbira uye chakadhindwa patsva โ1,112 and Counting,' chiratidziro cheapocalyptic chechiito chakananga mumigwagwa uye kusateerera kwevanhu kurwisa huwandu hwevanhu vanofa. Kana nekudaidzwa kwakaitwa naVirginia Apuzzo, ipapo director director weNational Gay neLesbian Task Force, yekuvandudza zviito zvehukasha. Mukutaura kwaityisa panguva yekuvhenekwa kwekenduru, akadanidzira, "Kana chimwe chinhu chikasaitwa nekukurumidza, hatisi kuzove pano paFederal Plaza husiku mukunyarara uku, tinenge tiri paWall Street!โฆ nzanga isingadi kuti aiwa!'
Zvikumbiro zvevadiki izvi zvekudzokera kurudzi rwechiuto, nzira dzinobata pfungwa dzakaiswa nevamiriri vengochani dzakashandiswa, kazhinji, dzakashorwa kana kudzingwa nenhepfenyuro dzengochani dzenguva iyoyo. Gould akaita basa reoman rekutsvagisa, uye zvinyorwa zvake zvekudzinga uye kuzvivenga-kuzvivenga zvinodaidzira maitiro ehutsvina mukutarisana nerufu munhau dzengochani pachavo mukupindura jeremiads yevanoda Kramer naApuzzo depressing account chokwadi.
Asi mamiriro acho ezvinhu akachinja zvinoshamisa pashure pemutongo weDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States muna 1986 mukutongwa kweBowers v. Hardwick uchitsigira unonzi โmitemo yesodomyโ panyaya yomurume wokuGeorgia akasungwa nemhaka yokuita zvepabonde nomumukanwa ari oga mumba make.
"Kubata kuti chiitiko chehungochani chakadzivirirwa sekodzero yakakosha kungave kuisa parutivi mireniyumu yedzidziso yetsika," akadaro Republican Chief Justice Warren Burger, akagadzwa Nixon, mune yake Hardwick maonero anoenderana achidonha nekunyomba homophobia.
Sarudzo yeBowers yaive yekumuka, uye ngochani dzakabva dzapinda mumigwagwa. Pamhemberero yaChikunguru 4 yemakore zana eStatue of Liberty naReagan nemukadzi wake varipo, varume 100 10,000 ngochani nengochani vaiimba "Kodzero dzevagari vemo kana hondo yevagari vemo" vakatyora mitsetse yemapurisa kuti vaunze kuratidzira kwavo nehasha kuruzhinji. nhepfenyuro yenyika. Uye masvondo mashoma mushure memutongo weHardwick, 4,000 queers muSan Francisco vakakanganisa kushanya kweDare Repamusorosoro Mutongi Sandra Day O'Connor nerwiyo rwehasha uye rwekutamba panguva imwe chete rwekuti "Tinodei? Sodhoma! Tinochida Rini? Iye zvino!'
Uku ndiko kwaive kuratidzira kukuru kwengochani kubva kuma'70s, uye kwakateverwa nedemo dzemumigwagwa dzakawanda mumaguta munyika yose. Zvichiwedzera, vatauri pakuratidzira uku vakatanga kubatanidza danho reHardwick nekushaikwa kwemhinduro yehurumende padenda reAIDS. Uye akafanotungamira ACT UP, Lavender Hill Mob, boka rengochani nengochani rakaumbwa nguva pfupi mushure memutongo weHardwick, mushure mekuronga kuvhiringidzwa kwekutaura kweNew York neMutongi Mukuru Burger, vakatanga kutendeudzira kudambudziko reAIDS. Muna February 1987, Lavender Hill Mob yakadzongonyedza musangano weCenters for Disease Control ichida kudzidziswa kwevatano yakachengeteka uye kutarisira vanyajambwa vedenda racho.
Mwedzi wakatevera, Kramer akapa hurukuro kuNew York LGBT Community Center iyo yakadzokorora kudana kwake kune varwiri vehondo kupindura denda reAIDS, musangano wakapindwa zvakanyanya nenhengo dzeLavender Hill Mob. Husiku huviri gare gare, 300 ngochani, ngochani, nevanoda zvebonde vakapinda musangano wekutanga weACT UP.
Kana mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro weHardwick waive nguva inokonzeresa, ndizvo zvakaitawo muna 1987 Kurume paWashington yeLesbian and Gay Rights, iyo yaitungamirwa nevanhu vane AIDS, vazhinji vavo vari mumawiricheya. Varongi veKurume vakadaidzira kuti zviitwe zvakananga, vachipokana, "Kusateerera kwechivanhu uye kuramba kwechisimba kwakashandiswa senzira yekupedzisira kana mimwe mishonga yakundikana. Manzwiro acho ndeokuti chisarudzo cheBowers v. Hardwick, pamwe chete nokuramba kuchidaviro kusina kukwana uye kusina kukodzera kwehurumende kudambudziko reAIDS, kunoratidza kuti kuedza kwedu kwose kwekare kuwana kodzero dzedu dzevanhu kwakakundikana.'
Muchiitiko chikuru chekusateerera kwevanhu kubva pakuratidzira kweHondo yeVietnam, 800 Kurume vatori vechikamu vakasungwa kuDare Repamusorosoro, uye pavakadzokera kumusha vazhinji vakatanga kuita zvakananga mapoka eAIDS. Uye 200 Kurume vatori vechikamu vakasangana svondo iroro kuronga hurongwa hwakarongeka hwekuratidzira kweAIDS kwechirimo cha1988, vachitora zita rekuti ACT ZVINO (AIDS Coalition to Network, Organise, and Win). Bato reACT UP rakanga rava renyika.
Nhoroondo yaGould yeACT UP kubva kumahombekombe kuenda kumahombekombe inoratidzwa nemimwe mifananidzo gumi nemaviri yezviito zvayo zvekugadzira uye zvechisimba uye mapepa. Anorondedzera kugara-mukati, kukanganisa kwemisangano yehurumende, kutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye muzinda wekambani yemishonga, macanduru anofamba aine madota eavo vakafa nechirwere ichi, icho mune imwe nguva chakapararira paWhite House lawn, uye kufamba nepakati. migwagwa yeNew York yakatakura mutumbi wenhengo yeACT UP Mark Fisher achipindura kudanwa kwake ku"Ndivige Nehasha."
Uye, hongu, Gould anopa nzvimbo yakakura kuongorora manzwiro ane chekuita nekutora chikamu muACT UP - hukama hune rudo mukurwisa rufu, kubatanidza hukama hwakasimba pakati pengochani nengochani apo mapoka maviri aya akange ave nenguva yakareba akaparadzana, hutsinye uye hutsinye. yemisangano yeACT UP iyo yakasimbisa kubatana uye kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Gould akabvunzurudza gumi nevaviri vevarwi veACT UP uye akatsvaga muzvinyorwa zvavo kuti vawane ruzivo, uye manzwi eavo vakaumba iyi sangano rine simba uye vakakunda kukunda kwavo kukuru anopenya.
Munhu haafanire kubvumirana nedzidziso dzake dzese pamusoro pemanzwiro nebasa rezvematongerwo enyika kuti akoshese kuedza kwaakaita mukugadzira iyi nhoroondo yakakosha yenhoroondo. Handikwanise kuzvidzora kubva pakuona kuti kazhinji anoshandisa zvisina basa jagoni rezvidzidzo rinokanganisa rondedzero yake; sei mayunivhesiti edu achidzidzisa vadzidzi vedu kunyora nenzira iyi? Nhanganyaya inonyanya kurema panhau iyi.
Zvisinei necaveat iyi, Gould akaita basa rinoshamisa mukuratidzira nguva dzakapa ACT UP, kukanganisa kwayo kukuru pakuziva kwenyika nemaitiro kunyangwe kushoropodzwa neThe New York Times nemamwe midhiya makuru, kukanganisa kwayo pakuziva kwebenzi, uye. kuderera kwayo kunosuruvarisa.
โKuora mwoyo kwakaparadza ACT UP,โ Gould anonyora kudaro, achiwedzera kuti โkuora mwoyo kwakakonzerwa nokuwedzera kwenzufu mukuvamba kwema1990 kwakanga kuri kukuru, uye migumisiro yako pasangano reAIDS renyika haigoni kukwidziridzwa.' ACT UP yakaputsika mukurwisana kwemapoka apo vazhinji vevaratidziri vayo vakanaka uye vakajeka, vazhinji vaive pamberi pehondo yerusununguko yengochani, vakakukurwa nevakohwi vakaipisisa, denda reAIDS, mumazuva apfuura. kuwanikwa kwehupenyu hurefu hweprotease inhibitors. Hapana rimwe bato rinokosha remagariro evanhu rakamborasikirwa zvakadaro munguva pfupi.
"Tarisiro yavo uye zvavanotarisira zvichiputsika, vanhu vakawedzera kunzwa vasina simba pamberi pehutachiona," Gould anonyora. "Semaonero avo, hutachiona hwaingokunda sainzi, uye hapana chaigona kuitwa neACT UP nezvazvo.'
Kubva kuNew York kuenda kuParis, kuchine zvidimbu zvesangano iri rakamboita simba rinoedza kuenderera mberi nebasa raro. Asi kunyangwe usiri chikamu chetsika iyi, "Moving Politics" ndeyemumasherufu engochani yega yega sechapupu chakanyorwa kwenguva pfupi munhoroondo yedu apo zviuru zvevapambi vakaungana kuzorwira hupenyu uye mumwe nemumwe. Vanhu vakawanda pasi rose vari kuramba vachifa neAIDS, uye utachiona hweHIV, kunyanya vechidiki, huri kuwedzera zvakare. Munyika yanhasi yengochani, umo AIDS yakavharirwa parutivi senyaya nemasangano anoti anotitaurira, tinofanira kukurumidza kurangarira kuti ACT UP payakanyanya kunaka yaive nezvei.
Doug Ireland inogona kusvikwa kuburikidza neblog rake, DIRELAND, pa http://direland.typepad.com/.
Ruzivo Rwakazara:
ZVINHU ZVINOFAMBA: EMOTION UYE ACT UP'S โยจKURWA NEAIDS
NaDeborah B. Gould
Yunivhesiti yeChicago Press
536 mapeji; $23 papepa
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