Dai usingazive zviri nani, waifunga kuti Lloyd Marbet aive murimi wemukaka kana kuti zvimwe mudzidzisi wemuchitoro akarega basa. Ndebvu dzake dzakakora, dzakapfava, uye ipfumbu, bvudzi rake rakadhonzwa muswe webhiza. Pakati pemakore makumi manomwe, achiri shongwe pamusoro peanenge munhu wese. Kubata ruoko rwake kwakasimba, asi hapana chinotyisa paari. Anofamba-famba sekamba yakachenjera, yakwegura.
Takamira muimba yekutandarira yeKiggins Theatre iri mudhorobha reVancouver, Washington, tave kuda kuona Atomic Bamboozle, chinyorwa chitsva chinoshamisa chemugadziri wemufirimu Jan Haaken anoongorora ichangoburwa simba reatomu uye "renaissance" yenyukireya muPacific Northwest. Lloyd, murwi weVietnam, chimwe chinhu chegamba revanhu vezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo idzi, ane akatungamira kuedza kwekutanga kwema1990 kuvhara Oregon ine mukurumbira wakashata Trojan Nuclear Plant. Ndiyewo mumwe wenyeredzi dzisina kuzvikudza dzemufirimu rinoratidza basa rake rinokosha mukubudirira kweTrojan kutora uye kuramba achipikisa teknolojia yenyukireya.
Ndagara ndichifunga Lloyd semunhu ane tariro, asi manheru ano ndinonzwa kutya.
“Zvinondinetsa zvikuru kuti kurwa uku hakusati kwapera,” anondiudza kudaro mumuromo make. Anga ari mune izvi kwemakore uye zvino anobatsira kutungamira Oregon Conservancy Foundation, iyo inokurudzira simba rinogona kushandiswa, kunyange sezvaanopfuurira kupikisa simba renyukireya. "Takadzidza zvakawanda kubva kuTrojan, asi yaive nguva refu yapfuura uye ino inguva nyowani, uye vanhu vazhinji havazive nhoroondo yesimba renyukireya uye anti-nuclear movement."
Iko kutsva kwesimba reatomu muPacific Northwest hakusi kungouya kubva kuindasitiri yenyukireya inotsigirwa nemari, zvinosimudzira kuDhipatimendi reMagetsi, kana mabhirioni akaita saBill Gates. Ndizvo zvakare maungira mukufamba kwezvakatipoteredza pakati pevaya vanowedzera kuona teknolojia semuponesi wemamiriro ekunze.
In rapfuura kubvunzurudzwa neABC News, Bill Gates haaigona kunge akajeka pamusoro pekuti sei akagamuchira tekinoroji yezvinonzi diki modular nuclear reactors, kana SMRs. "Simba renyukireya, kana tikariita nemazvo, richatibatsira kugadzirisa zvinangwa zvedu zvemamiriro ekunze," akadaro. Sezvinoitika, akaisawo mari yakawanda mukambani "yepamberi" yekutanga simba renyukireya, TerraPower, iri muBellevue, Washington, iyo iri kutarisira kuvaka diki 345-megawatt atomic simba reactor kumaruwa Kemmerer, Wyoming.
Indasitiri yenyukireya iri kubhengi parumutsiriro uye nekuisa mabheti ayo paSMRs seyakatsanangurwa nePortland, Oregon-based. Nhoroondo ye NuScale Power Corporation, ane novel 60-megawatt SMR dhizaini yakabvumidzwa ne Nyukireya Regulatory Commission (NRC) muna 2022. Kunyange zvazvo fizikisi yepasi yakangofanana nemagetsi ose emagetsi enyukireya, SMRs iri nyore kuvaka uye yakachengeteka kumhanya kupfuura chizvarwa chekare chezvivakwa zvenyukireya - kana kuti kuenda kune zvirevo zveavo vari kutsvaga purofiti kubva kwavari.
Kugamuchirwa kwedhizaini yeNuScale yaive yekutanga munyika ino uko 21 SMRs vava muchikamu chebudiriro. Zvivako zvakadaro zviri kutorwa sedzimwe nzira dzekuvandudza kune hulking commercial reactors ari pakati nepakati imwe gigawati yemagetsi kubuda pagore uye kutora makumi emakore uye mabhiriyoni emadhora kuvaka. Kana maSMR achigona kuunzwa pamhepo nekukasira, vatsigiri vavo vanoti, vanozobatsira kudzikisira kuburitsa kabhoni nekuti simba renyukireya isimba rinoburitsa simba rezero.
Hazvinei nazvo hazvisi, sezvo magwenya emagetsi enyukireya achiburitsa gasi regreenhouse kubva kumigodhi yeuranium kusvika pakuvaka zvirimwa kusvika pakurasa marara. Hupenyu kutenderera kwekuongorora kuburitswa kwekabhoni kubva kwakasiyana simba masosi vanoona kuti, kana nhanho yega yega ikatariswa, simba renyukireya rine kabhoni tsoka yakafanana ne, kana isiri yakakura kupfuura, zvirimwa zvegasi zvakasikwa, yakapetwa kaviri iyo ye simba remhepo, uye zvakanyanya kudarika simba rezuva.
"MaSMR haasisiri pfungwa isinganzwisisike," Mutevedzeri weMunyori weNuclear Energy Kathryn Huff, anotungamira mumiriri wenyukireya ane nzeve yehutongi hweBiden, akasimbisa. "Ndezvechokwadi uye dzakagadzirira kuendeswa nekuda kwekushanda nesimba kweNuScale, nharaunda yemayunivhesiti, maLab edu emunyika, vatinoshanda navo mumaindasitiri, uye NRC. Uku ndiko kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya uye isu tichangotanga muno muU.S.! "
Bhizinesi rine Njodzi (uye Rinodhura).
Kunyangwe Huff achiti maSMR "akagadzirira kuendeswa," hazvina kudaro. NuScale yekutanga SMR dhizaini, iri pasi pekuvandudzwa muIdaho, haiite shanda kusvika angangoita 2029 mushure mekuchenesa zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zveNRC. Masayendisiti eIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ari kutodaidzira kuti fossil-mafuta atemerwe. zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu pamusoro pemakore gumi anotevera kushanduka kubva kune carbon-intensive energy, purogiramu iyo, kana ikachengetwa, zviduku zvakadaro hazvizokwanisi kukurumidza.
Uye ramba uchifunga kuti iwo anoita seanorambidza mitengo yeSMRs idambudziko rakasiyana. NuScale yekutanga fungidziro ye55- $ 58 paawa megawati yeprojekiti yakarongwa muUtah - yatokwira kupfuura mhepo uye solar zvinopinda mukati. $50 per megawatt-awa - ikozvino skyrocketed kusvika pamadhora makumi masere nemapfumbamwe paawa megawati. Uye izvi mushure mekudyara kwemadhora mabhiriyoni mana musimba rakadaro nevateresi veUS, iyo ichavhara 89% yemutengo wekuvakwa kwemiti yakadaro. Izvi zvakavakirwa pane zvinokatyamadza rosy, kana zvisiri izvo zvisingaite, fungidziro. Mushure mezvose, simba renyukireya muU.S $373 per megawatt-awa.
Uye seInstitute for Energy Economics uye Financial Analysis chiisei:
"[N]o munhu anofanira kuzvinyengedza kuti atende kuti uku ndiko kuchave kwekupedzisira kwemutengo weNuScale/UAMPS SMR. Iyo purojekiti ichiri kuda kuenderera nekuwedzera dhizaini, kupihwa rezenisi neUS Nuclear Regulatory Commission, kuvaka, uye pre-operational bvunzo. Chiitiko chemamwe mareactor chakaratidza kakawanda kuti kuwedzera kwakakosha kwemitengo uye kunonoka kwehurongwa kunofanirwa kutarisirwa pane chero matanho ebudiriro yeprojekiti. "
Kuno kuPacific Northwest, NuScale inotarisana nechimwe chipingamupinyi chisinganyanyi kukosha: Zvichaitei nemarara ese ane njodzi akadaro maSMR ane chokwadi kuburitsa? Muna 1980, vavhoti veOregon vakapfuura zvakanyanya Kuyera 7, chirongwa chikuru chekuvhota chakamisa kuvakwa kwegwenya idzva remagetsi enyukireya kutozosvikira hurumende yemubatanidzwa yagadza nzvimbo yechigarire yekuchengetera mafuta enyukireya akashandiswa uye mamwe marara ane mwaranzi wepamusoro-soro. Zvakare zvakasanganisirwa muChiyero che7 chaive gadziriro yakaita kuti zvimera zvenyukireya zvese zveOregon zvipiwe mvumo yevavhoti. Makore makumi mana nematatu gare gare, hapana nzvimbo yakadaro yemarara enyukireya iripo chero kupi zvako muUnited States, izvo zvakakurudzira vatsigiri vemakambani kuindasitiri yenyukireya kusundira mabhiri akati wandei angaite. kunyanya kubvisa kuti mutemo weOregon.
NuScale, isina fan yeChiyero 7, yafunga kuitenderedza nekuvaka maSMR ayo mhiri kweColumbia River muWashington, nyika ine zvirambidzo zvishoma. Ikoko, Clark County iri, mune yayo fashoni, inokwezva indasitiri na kuisa $200,000 kupinda muchidzidzo chekugona kuona kana SMRs inogona "batsira dunhu.” Pane chimwe chikonzero NuScale iri kutarisa Columbia River corridor: zvirimwa zvayo zvinoda mvura. Sezvivakwa zvese zvekutengesa zvenyukireya, maSMR anofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuti arege kupisa nekunyungudika, achigadzira maChernobyls madiki. Chokwadi, kuva "chiedza-mvura” reactors, maSMR ekambani anoda kuti mvura irambe ichishanda kuti ishande nemazvo.
Kufanana nemamwe mareactor enyukireya, maSMR achashandisa fission kugadzira kupisa, izvo zvinozoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi. Mukuita izvi, ivo vachagadzirawo huwandu hunoshamisa hwemarara, angave ari zvakatonyanya kunetsa kubata nayo kupfuura tsvina kubva kune yechinyakare reactor. Parizvino, NuScale inotarisira kuchengetedza zvinhu zvakashata padivi pepfuti iyo Trojan Nuclear Plant inogadzira mumakasi makuru akaoma neColumbia River muOregon, pedyo nePacific Ocean.
Sezvakaita marara ose akaiswa panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyukireya munyika yose, makaseti eTrojan chinhu chipi nechipi asi chigadzikiso chechigarire kuchinetso chetsvina yakadaro. Mushure mezvose, marara eplutonium achave ane radioactive mazana ezviuru zvemakore. Kazhinji zvakakwana, kunyangwe isiri kushanda, Trojan ichiri njodzi yakakura sezvo inogara pedyo ne Cascadia Subduction Zone, uko kudengenyeka kwepasi kwe“megathrust” kunotarisirwa rimwe zuva kuzunungusa nharaunda yacho zvine simba uye kuinyudza mumafashamo makuru emvura yomugungwa. Kana izvo zvikaitika, yakawanda yemahombekombe eOregon yaizoparadzwa, kusanganisira makasi akabata marara anouraya eTrojan. The kudengenyeka kukuru kwekupedzisira yerudzi urwu yakarova nzvimbo iyi makore anopfuura 300 apfuura, asi ingori nyaya yenguva isati yasvika imwe Big One - pasina mubvunzo, nepo tsvina yemwaranzi mumabhokisi akaoma ichiri kutyisidzira hupenyu.
Nyanzvi yenyukireya MV Ramana, izwi rakapfava asi rine chiremera muJan Haaken's. Atomic Bamboozle documentary, zviise seizvi kwandiri:
“Zvirongwa zvemaindasitiri zvemarara eSMR hazvina kusiyana nehurongwa hwavo hwemarara emwaranzi kubva kumareactor ekare, kureva kuti vanoda kutsvaga nzvimbo yakakodzera uye nharaunda inoda kutambira njodzi yekusvibiswa mune ramangwana uye kuviga marara pasi pevhu. .
"Asi pane kubata [nemarara eSMR]. Mamwe eaya akarongwa ma SMR magadzirirwo anoshandisa mafuta ane zvinhu zvinonetsa kubata nazvo makemikari. Iyo sodium-yakatonhorera reactor dhizaini yakakurudzirwa naBill Gates yaizofanira kufunga nzira yekugadzirisa iyo sodium. Nekuda kwekuti sodium haiite zvakanaka pamberi pemvura uye matura ese anotarisana nemukana wekuti mvura ipinde mazviri, tsvina ine radioactive inogadzirwa nemagadzirirwo akadaro inozofanirwa kugadziriswa kubvisa sodium. Izvi zvakasiyana neboka remareactors [ari kushanda pari zvino].
Mamwe matambudziko aripo, zvakare, anotsanangura Ramana. Imwe, kunyanya, ine chekuita nezvakadzama: tsvina kubva kuSMRs, semarara anogadzirwa mumiti yenyukireya yese, inogona kukonzera kuwanda kwezvimwezve zvombo zveatomu.
Nuclear Hot Links
Sezvo pro-mauto Atlantic Council yakatsanangura muna 2019 ripoti pahukama hwakadzama pakati pesimba renyukireya nezvombo zvenyukireya munyika ino:
"Bato remasimba enyukireya ehurumende rinoita basa rakakosha mukutsigira zvinangwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika zveU.S. Kubatana kwechiuto nemauto enyukireya kukosha kweketani - kusanganisira midziyo yakagovaniswa, masevhisi, uye hupfumi hwevanhu - kwagadzira inosimbisa mhinduro, umo indasitiri yakasimba yenyukireya inotsigira zvinhu zvenyukireya zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. "
Muchokwadi, hurumende dzepasi rose, kubva kuFrance kuenda kuPakistan, United States kuenda kuChina, vane zano rekukurudzira kuti varambe vakatarisa pazvikamu zvadzo zvesimba renyukireya, kwete nekuda kwetsaona dzingangoitika asi nekuti tsvina yenyukireya inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya.
Mafuta akashandiswa, kana marara anenge asara kubva mukuita fission, anobuda achipisa uye ane radioactive zvakanyanya. Inofanirwa kukurumidza kutonhodzwa mumadziva emvura kudzivirira mukana wekunyungudika kweradioactive. Sezvo US isina nzvimbo yekuchengetera mafuta anoshandiswa, marara aya ese anofanirwa kugara akaiswa - kutanga mumadziva kweinenge gore kana kupfuura uyezve mumabhokisi akaoma umo mweya unofanirwa kugara uchitenderedzwa kuti mafuta ashandiswa asakonzera bongozozo.
United States yatova nedambudziko rinonetsa uye rakaomarara-marara enyukireya, iro rinowedzera zuva nezuva. Gore negore, U.S. inogadzira 88,000 metric matani emafuta akashandiswa kubva kune mareactor ayo ezvokutengeserana enyukireya. Nekusundirwa kwazvino kuvaka zvimwe zvidyarwa, kusanganisira maSMRs, mafuta anoshandiswa achange achikwira chete. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, sekutaura kunoita Ramana, maSMR ari kuenda gadzira zvakawanda yeiyi incendiary tsvina pachikamu chemagetsi nekuti ivo vanozoratidza kushoma kushanda pane hombe reactor. Uye imomo ndimo mune dambudziko, kwete chete nekuti huwandu hwemarara eradioactive iyo nyika hainyatso kuziva maitiro ekuita nayo huchawedzera, asi nekuti marara akawanda anoreva mamwe mafuta emanuki.
Sezvo Ramana anotsanangura:
“Kana mafuta euranium akavhenekerwa mureactor, uranium-238 isotope inotora manyuturoni uye [transmutes] kupinda plutonium-239. Iyi plutonium iri mumafuta anoshandiswa anoburitswa nereactor asi anogona kupatsanurwa kubva kune yasara uranium nemamwe makemikari ari mumafuta anovhenekerwa kuburikidza nemakemikari maitiro anonzi reprocessing. Kana yangoparadzaniswa, plutonium inogona kushandiswa muzvombo zvenyukireya. Kunyangwe paine misiyano yehunyanzvi pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzemareactor enyukireya, mareactor ese, kusanganisira maSMR, anogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya… Nyika yese inowana simba renyukireya inosimudzira kugona kwayo kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya. Kuti zvidaro here kana kuti kwete inhau yokuzvisarudzira.”
Ramana ane hanya nechikonzero chakanaka. France, sezvaanotaura, ine pfuti huru yeEurope yezvombo zvenyukireya, uye indasitiri yayo yezvombo zveatomu yakabatana zvakanyanya nekugadzira kwayo "runyararo" simba renyukireya. "Pasina simba renyukireya revanhu hapana kushandiswa kwechiuto kwehunyanzvi uhu - uye pasina kushandiswa kwechiuto hakuna simba renyukireya revanhu," akabvuma Mutungamiri weFrance Emmanuel Macron muna 2019. Hazvishamisi ipapo, kuti France iri kuisa mabhiriyoni mune SMR tekinoroji. Mushure mezvose, akawanda SMR madhizaini anoda yakafumiswa uranium uye plutonium kuti ishande, uye zvivakwa zvinogadzira zvinhu zveSMRs zvinogona zvakare kugadziridzwa kugadzira mafuta ezvombo zvenyukireya. Isa imwe nzira, nyika zhinji dzine tekinoroji iyi, ndipo panobva panyanya kugona kugadzira mabhomba eatomu.
Sezvo zvikwereti zvakatenderera mberi Atomic Bamboozle, ndakadongorera muimba yemitambo yakanga yakazara nevanhu. Ndakabva ndanzwa kuvhunduka kwaiitwa nevaienda mumabhaisikopo avo vaisaziva kuti simba renyukireya raitanga kudzoka kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero. Lloyd Marbet, akachinjika maoko, akange akagara kumashure kweimba yemitambo, achitaridzika kudzikama kupfuura vazhinji. Zvakadaro, ndaiziva kuti aive nechido chekutungamira kurwira kumisa maSMR kuti asasvike kumahombekombe eRwizi rweColumbia rwuri pedyo uye aizozadza chizvarwa chidiki nechishuwo chekuramba nyukireya-industrial complex yaange achinetsa kwemakumi emakore.
"Unogona here kutenda kuti tiri kurwisa shit iyi zvakare?" akazondibvunza pave paya nekamwe kake kekukurumidza uye hasha. "Takambovarova uye unogona kubheja kuti tichazviita zvakare."
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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