"Varwi veTin naNixon vari kuuya,
Takazosara toga zvedu.
Zhizha rino, ndinonzwa ngoma '
Vana vakafa muO-hi-o. . .”
-"Ohio," Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970)
Mutungamiri Richard Nixon akazvikudza nekururama kwekufungidzira kwake kwezvematongerwo enyika. Haana kumbobvira aziva kupfuura mumashoko akaitwa makore makumi mashanu apfuura mwedzi uno kuna mabharani wake, nguva pfupi asati ataura kero yeWhite House yakazivisa kurwisa kwemauto eUS kuCambodia. "Zvinogoneka," Nixon akamuudza, "kuti makampasi ari kuzoputika mushure mekutaura uku."
Vakaridza mhere, sezvo kuwedzera kwaNixon kusingatarisirwi kwehondo yaitove isingafarirwe muVietnam yakakonzera zviitiko zvakawanda zvinoguma nekuramwa kukuru kwevadzidzi munhoroondo yeUS.
Muna Chivabvu 1970, vechidiki vanosvika mamirioni mana vakapinda mukuratidzira kwakavhara makirasi mazana manomwe emakoreji, mayunivhesiti, uye zvikoro zvepamusoro munyika yose. Mazana akamanikidzwa kuramba akavharwa kweimwe yese semester yechirimo.
Mukati memhirizhonga iyi isati yamboitika, vadzidzi vangangosvika zviuru zviviri vakasungwa. Mushure mekunge zvivakwa makumi matatu zvakashandiswa neReserve Officers 'Training Corps (ROTC) zvakabhombwa kana kupiswa, Vachengeti veNyika vaive nezvombo zvakanyanya vakaiswa pamisasa makumi maviri neimwe mumatunhu gumi nematanhatu.
Musi waMay 4, paKent State University muOhio, nhengo dzevarindi dzichangobva kumapurisa echikwata cheTeamster wildcat chakapfura ndokuuraya vadzidzi vana uye vakakuvadza vapfumbamwe. Mazuva gumi gare gare, Mississippi State Police yakavhura moto paimba yekurara yevakadzi paJackson State University, ikauraya vamwe vadzidzi vaviri.
Hondo inodhura yeAmerica muSoutheast Asia yakazopedzisira yadzoka kumba zvine simba rinokatyamadza, zvichigadzira izvo zvakazonzi Komisheni yeMutungamiriri weCampus Unrest yakarongwa naNixon (aizivikanwa seScranton Commission) yakadana "dambudziko risingaenzaniswi" mudzidzo yepamusoro.
Kuramwa mabasa kwepamakambasi kwakaratidza simba rekuita kwevanhu vose. Vazvarwa kunze kwekuvharwa, kwakave nekuputika kwechiitiko nemazana ezviuru zvevadzidzi vasina kumbobvira vaita basa rekurwisa hondo, zvichigadzira kudedera kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika munyika yose, kusanganisira kubatsira kudzikamisa kupindira kwemauto muSoutheast Asia.
Sezvakataurwa naNeil Sheehan mukati Nhema Kupenya, nhoroondo yake yeHondo yeVietnam yakahwina mubayiro, "moto mukuru wekuratidzira" wakabatidzwa "nekupinda" kwaNixon muCambodia waive mukuru zvekuti White House "yakange isina imwe sarudzo kunze kwekukurumidzisa kubuda" kwemauto eUS munharaunda. Nehurombo, kumisa nhanho yekudzingwa kweAmerica kwakaenderera mberi kwemamwe makore mashanu, mukati mekuwedzera kudeurwa kweropa pakati pevaVietnam (avo vakatambura kufa kunofungidzirwa kwemamiriyoni matatu evarwi nemauto).
Nzira Yekupikisa
Vamwe vecampasi radicals vakatanga kuramba mutemo weUS muVietnam mutemu yekutanga yemutungamiri waNixon, Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson akaita mushandirapamwe muna 1964 se "mumiriri werunyararo" munhangemutange yemutungamiri wenyika vachipesana naSenator Barry Goldwater, weRepublican ane hasha. Asi mumakore maviri akatevera, Mutungamiri Johnson akatanga kuvaka mauto ekudzivirira mubatsiri wake, Republic of Vietnam, kubva pakupunzirwa kumaodzanyemba kwenyika nechisimba chinotungamirwa nemakomunisti.
Kutsoropodza kwaJohnson kwakawana kutaura kwacho kwekutanga uye kweruremekedzo mu "teach-ins" - pa-campus gakava uye dzidziso nezveVietnam. Asi kutaura kwakawanda kwakakurumidza kuita chiito. Mazana uye pakupedzisira zviuru zvekuratidzira munharaunda zvakarongwa - vachipokana nekupinzwa muchiuto uye kudzidziswa kwevakuru vekambasi, Pentagon-inotsigirwa nemari yekutsvagisa yunivhesiti, uye kushanyira vanotora makambani kubva kune vanogadzira zvombo seDow Chemical Company.
Kurwisa kwevapanduki muna Kukadzi 1968 uye kuwedzera kwekufa kweUS (izvo zvakazosvika zviuru makumi matanhatu) zvakaparadza tariro yaive naJohnson yekukunda muchiuto. Kunyangwe mushure mekunge mutungamiri wenyika aramba kukwikwidza musarudzo, varatidziri vekurwisa hondo vachiri kudzika kuWashington, DC, muhuwandu hunowedzera. Muna 1967, zviuru makumi mashanu zvevanhu vakafora paPentagon. Makore maviri gare gare, mazana matatu ezviuru akaungana mukuratidzira pedyo neWhite House.
Nixon akatsiva Johnson muna Ndira 1969, mushure mekunge mumiriri weDemocratic Hubert Humphrey, mutevedzeri waJohnson uye mutsigiri akavimbika wehondo, akakundwa mujaho remazuva matatu. Nixon akati ane "chirongwa chakavanzika" chekuunza runyararo kuVietnam uye kubvisa mazana mashanu ezviuru zvemauto eUS achiri kuendeswa ikoko.
Pakangovhurwa, hurongwa hwaNixon hwakazove "Vietnamization" - kushandura mutoro wekurwa kumauto akavimbika kuhurumende inotsigirwa neUS muSaigon, uku achiitisa mabhomba makuru muVietnam, Laos, neCambodia. Pakazosvika Kubvumbi 30, 1970, United States yakanga ichitumira mauto epasi kuCambodia zvakare.
Vadzidzi vezvikoro zvakazvimiririra zvechikuru zvakagara zvakabatana nekurwisa-hondo kusagadzikana vaive pakati pevekutanga kuita. Kuramwa kwekuratidzira kwakakurumidza kuziviswa kuColumbia, Princeton, Brandeis, neYale, uko vadzidzi vazhinji vaive vatovhota kuti varambe kirasi vachitsigira Bato reBlack Panther, kutongwa muNew Haven.
Zvichakadaro, mhirizhonga yeChishanu manheru kunze kwemabhawa evadzidzi mudhorobha reKent, Ohio, yakateverwa nekupiswa kwechivako cheKent State ROTC pakupera kwesvondo. Gavhuna weOhio, James Rhodes, akaraira chiuru chemauto eNational Guard kuti atore kambasi uye adzivise kuungana kwechero rudzi.
Guard akauya akashongedzerwa nemabayonets, magirinedhi ehutsi hunokachidza, pfuti, nemaM1, pfuti yemauto ine hurefu hwakareba uye kumhanya kwakakwirira. Kudzingirira mhomho ine hutsinye asi isina nhumbi yevadzidzi pamusasa wose muna Chivabvu 4, imwe unit yevarwi vekupera kwesvondo yakangoerekana yafamba nemavhiri nekudzingwa, ndokuuraya vadzidzi vana.
Kuunza Hondo Kumba
Sezvo vanyori venhoroondo Nancy Zaroulis naGerald Sullivan vakatsanangura chiitiko ichi Ndiani Akataura?:
Yakanga iri nguva apo nyika yakanga yasundwa kushandisa zvombo zvehondo pahuduku hwayo, nguva apo mhirizhonga yose, ruvengo, uye kurwisana kwemarudzi kwemakore gumi apfuura zvakatsikirirwa kuita masekondi gumi nenhatu apo vaitya, vaneta, National Guardsmen, vachiita. zvichida mukuvhunduka kana kuti kuvhiringidzikawo zvako, vakanga vapandukira vashori vavo ndokutsiva.
Mushure meiyi fusillade, vakuru veGuard vakaronga kuvharidzira kwakafumurwa mukati Kuuraya kuKent State: Mhondi Yakafamba sei isina kurangwa, nemutori wenhau anoongorora IF Stone. Kunyangwe FBI yakazowana kuti kupfura kwevanhu vakawanda "kwaisafanira."
Rufu rwaJeffrey Miller, Allison Krause, Sandy Scheuer, naBill Schroeder rwakava nepesvedzero ine simba pamazana ezviuru zvevadzidzi paKent State nekumhiri. Panguva ino, vakakuvara muhondo vaive vasiri vanyori kubva munharaunda dzevarombo muUnited States kana varimi veVietnamese - vese vanga vachifa muhuwandu hwakakura kwemakore. Uye vaisava maAfrica ekuAmerica, sevadzidzi vatatu vairatidzira vakapfurwa vakafa kuSouth Carolina State University makore maviri apfuura, kana vaviri vakapondwa nemauto ehurumende paJackson State University gare gare Chivabvu.
Vadzidzi vari munzvimbo yekuuraya kuKent State vainyanya kuwana mari yevachena uye yepakati, vaine dhizaini. Vamwe vakanga vapikisa zvine hukasha kuvapo kwaGadhi, asi vazhinji vaingova vamire, vakarembera pauswa pakati pezvidzidzo. Chimwe chinangwa chaiva ROTC cadet akanga achangobva kirasi yesainzi yemauto asati awana bara kumusana. Mumwe mudzidzi, uyo akapukunyuka, akaoma mitezo kwoupenyu hwose. (Kutaura nezvemunhu wekutanga, ona Kent State: Rufu uye Kupokana mumakore makumi matanhatu naThomas M. Grace, mukuru wenhoroondo akakuvadzwawo zuva iroro.)
Mumafoto emapepanhau uye kuvharwa kweTV, vapukunyuki veKent State vairatidzika sevadzidzi vekoreji kwese kwese. Sokuyeuka kunoita mumwe murongi wekuramwa mabasa paMiddlebury College muVermont, mifananidzo iyoyo “yakagadzira pfungwa yekusagadzikana uye dambudziko rakanga risati ramboonekwa nevanhu vazhinji.”
Mafoni anokonzeresa ekuvharwa kwekambasi akabva kumativi ese. Vadzidzi veMIT vakatsvaga kuti zvikoro zvipi zviri kuramwa mabasa kuNational Strike Information Center inoshanda paBrandeis padyo. Nenguva isipi runyoro rwakanga rwakareba mamita gumi. Pasinei nekubatana kwayo kwekutanga nekuratidzira kwevarwi, chiitiko chakawanda chekuramwa mabasa chaive cherunyararo uye chiri pamutemo. Yaisanganisira magungano evadzidzi aitora mavhoti ekuramwa mabasa, vozoenderera mberi nemisangano mizhinji, hurukuro nehurukuro, kusvinura uye masevhisi echirangaridzo, pamwe nekusingaperi "rapping" yezvematongerwo enyika nehondo.
Kukunda Kwakasimba
Kuramwa kwacho kwakaunza pamwe huwandu hwakawanda hwevasati vapedza kudzidza, nhengo dzevadzidzisi, uye maneja - zvisinei nekusawirirana kwavo kwakapfuura nezve chiitiko chekuratidzira pacampus. Makumi matatu nevana emakoreji nemayunivhesiti vakatumira tsamba yakavhurika kuna Nixon vachidaidzira kuti hondo ipere nekukurumidza. Kuramwa mabasa uku kwabatanidzawo vadzidzi vekumakoreji akazvimirira nevehurumende pamwe nezvikoro zvepamusoro soro munharaunda dzevashandi. Musi waChivabvu 8, muPhiladelphia, vadzidzi vanobva kwakasiyana siyana nevavakidzani vakafora kubva kumativi mashanu akasiyana kuenda kuIndependence Hall, uko mhomho yezviuru zana yakaungana panze. Kupinda chikoro chepamusoro kweguta zuva iro kwakaderera kusvika kugumi muzana, sekureva kwePhiladelphia Inquirer.
Hamilton College purofesa Maurice Isserman, munyori we America Yakakamurwa: Hondo Yevagari vemo ye1960s, vanodavira kuti vakanga vari vadzidzi vane mwero zvikuru, avo “vakanga vasingadi hondo asi vakadzingwa nekutaura kwokupedzisira kwema60 Mutsva Kuruboshwe” avo “vakazobuda sesimba rinotungamirira” mumashure mekuputika kukuru. Hongu, vazhinji vatsva vanotora vakakwevera kune kurwisa-kurwira hondo, kukumbira, uye kukwikwidza kwesarudzo pane kuita chimwe chinhu chakananga.
Zvakadaro Komisheni yeScranton yakaona kuita zvematongerwo enyika kwedzidzo yepamusoro sekukunda kwevanopikisa vadzidzi. Maererano nomushumo waro wapashure, “vadzidzi havana kurwisa mayunivhesiti avo; vakabudirira kuita kuti mayunivhesiti avo aramwe mutemo wenyika.” Kudzivirira izvo kuti zvisaitike zvakare uye kuti hupenyu hwekambasi hudzokere kune zvakajairika, makomisheni akabvuma kuti "hapana chakakosha kupfuura kupera kwehondo."
Mubvunzurudzo yeBoston Globe pamusoro pegore rechimakumi matatu rouku kumukira, Isserman akataura kuti “chakanga chiri chibereko chemigariro yechienzi icho, nenzira isingashamisi, chakanyandura hasha dzechizvarwa chavadzidzi vakanga vatojaira kuratidzira nokuratidzira. Hazvigoneki kuti tichazoona kufamba kwakafanana neizvi zvakare. "
Icho chaive chokwadi kwemakore mashoma aitevera, sezvo Hondo yeVietnam yakarova uye Nixon, mushure mekukunda patsva, akarangana nzira yake yekumupomera mhosva, kunyadziswa neveruzhinji, uye nekumanikidzwa kusiya basa muna 1974 nekuda kwekunyomba kweWatergate.
Zvakadaro mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, vadzidzi vekukoreji nevekusekondari vakabuda zvakare, munyika yose, nenzira inooneka uye yakarongeka. Muna Kurume 2003, vakadurura kubva muzvikoro mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu vachiratidzira nechisimba chekuUS muIraq. Makore gumi nemashanu gare gare, vadzidzi vangangosvika miriyoni imwe pazvikoro 350 vakabuda kuti vapinde mukurinda kwemaminetsi gumi nemanomwe kwakarongwa mukupindura kupfurwa kwevanhu vakawanda paParkland High School muFlorida. Uye kungopera kwaGunyana apfuura, mazana ezviuru zvevadzidzi vakasiya chikoro kuti vapinde mumisangano nekufora kwakarongwa sechikamu cheGlobal Climate Strike.
Makunivhesiti nezvikoro zvepamusoro zvave kusangana nekuvharwa kwemakampasi avo, zvisinei nerudzi rwakasiyana. Asi kana masangano aya avhurwa, mamiriro achada seti nyowani yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinodiwa. Kudzokera kune zvakajairika kuda kusakwana. Kana chikoro chadzoka muchikamu, nhoroondo yekuramwa kwakaitika mushure mekunge mumvuri werufu wawira pamakampasi makore makumi mashanu apfuura, nekuda kwaRichard Nixon, inogona kuve yakakosha kune inonetsa "mutemo wenyika" pasi pehupfu hwaDonald Trump.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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