Kumira kunze kweTopography yeKutyisa muBerlin, tichitarisa kunze kwayo kune grey isina kwayakarerekera, zvakaoma kunzwisisa hukuru hwekutyisa kweNazi kwakabuda kubva pane izvi zvikonzero. Mazuva ano mabhazi anokwira, anotakura vashanyi kuenda nekubva kumiziyamu kunoshanyira Cold War akadhirowewa zvisaririra zveBerlin Wall, iri padyo Checkpoint Charlie uye chivakwa chenhoroondo asi chemazuva ano cheBundestag. Pazvikonzero izvi, zvisinei, pakanga paine masangano aive musimboti wehurongwa hwekutambudzwa uye kutyisa kweNazi.
Kubva muna 1933 kusvika muna 1945, zvisati zvaparadzwa nokukoromorwa, zvivakwa pano zvaigara Secret State Police (Gestapo), hutungamiriri hweSS (Protection Squad of the Nazi Party) neReich Security Main Office. Aya masangano akashandisa nzira dzinotonhora uye dzehutsinye kushandira zvinangwa zvinotonhora uye zvehutsinye. Hondo Yenyika II yapera, mapurisa epachivande eBato reCommunist muEast Germany aiongorora tsamba dzevanhu, runhare uye vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika. Ne 500,000 nyanzvi uye ruzivo rwevanhu - uye inofungidzirwa zvinosvika miriyoni maviri (kana vanopota vachipa ruzivo vachisanganisirwa) - kuongorora huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika miriyoni gumi nemanomwe, Stasi yakatsanangurwa semasangano ekuongorora anopindira munhoroondo yenyika.
Utongi hwehudzvanyiriri muGermany hwakashandisa zvakanyanya kuongorora kwevanhu vakawanda kuitira kutonga rusununguko uye kuita mhosva dzinotyisa. Hazvishamisi ipapo kuti Germany nhasi ndiyo iri pamusoro-chinzvimbo nyika pasi rose yemitemo yekuvanzika nekudzivirira, iyo Berlin yakashanduka kuita imwe yeayo misoro yenyika yevanobira uye vamiriri vekuvanzika kwedata, uye iyo imwe yekutanga peer-to-peer computational Mapuratifomu kuvimbisa kuvanzika kwemushandisi kubva kusingadiwe zvemagetsi kuongororwa, Enigma, yakatumidzwa zita rechishandiso chaishandiswa nemaNazi kutepfenyura mameseji ekodhi kubva. Asi, zvinoshamisa, simba remazuva ano ekutarisisa maitiro - senge eNSA, akajekeswa nezvakazarurwa naEdward Snowden - anodarika zvakanyanya izvo zvaimbofungidzirwa nehurumende dzehudzvanyiriri. Kuongorora kwakapararira sedenda.
Snooping on Ordinary Citizens
Mass surveillance, Privacy International Anotsanangura, kuzviisa pasi kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi kana kuti chikamu chikuru cheboka mukutariswa kusingasaruri. "Chero sisitimu inogadzira uye inounganidza data pane vanhu pasina kuyedza kudzikamisa dataset kune vakanyatsotsanangurwa vanhu vakanangwa inzira yekuongororwa kwevanhu vakawanda," inonyora kudaro.
Iyo NSA, pamusoro pezvose, yakaisa nzira dzakashata dzekutarisa kwevanhu vakawanda uye cyber warfare. Kutenda kuna Snowden isu tave kuziva nezve yakavanzika "Maziso Mashanu" mubatanidzwa, hurongwa hwekutarisa hwakasiyana-siyana pakati peUnited States, Canada, Australia neNew Zealand iyo inogonesa nyika imwe neimwe iri kutora chikamu kuongorora vagari vayo nekurima basa kune dzimwe nyika dziri kutora chikamu. . Munguva ichangopfuura, muna Nyamavhuvhu 2016, sangano rinozivikanwa se "Shadow Brokers" rakaburitsa gakava reNSA cyber zvombo izvo aimbove mushandi weNSA. yakatsanangurwa se“kiyi dzoumambo.” Kuburikidza nehutachiona hwemalware uye kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza NSA yakashandisa zvishandiso izvi kwemakore kubira vanhu, makambani nehurumende. Iyo agency yakashandisa kusavimbika mumasisitimu ekuchengetedza emakambani anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, akadai seCisco, asina kumbozivisa kambani nezvematambudziko avo ekuchengetedza.
Madimikira anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuti tinzwisise kuongorora kwakawanda kwanhasi - senge mareferensi eNazi Germany, Stasi kana George Orwell's Big Brother - vanoisa njodzi yekukanganisa pfungwa kubva kunotyisa uye mhosva dzehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwakapfuura. Asi sematanho ekupokana nekushandiswa zvisizvo kwesimba, senge chokwadi chekuti NSA anogona unganidza 5 bhiriyoni serura marekodhi pazuva, kuenzanisa kwakadaro kunogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha. Iyo Germany-yakavakirwa OpenDataCity kuenzaniswa uwandu hwemarekodhi akachengetwa neStasi kuti NSA ikwanise kuchengeta data. Vakafunga kuti mafaera eStasi aizozadza 48,000 ekuisa makabati, nepo imwe NSA sevha yaizozadza makumi mana nemaviri. trillion kufaira makabati. Sangano rinopedzisa kuti NSA inogona kutora 1 bhiriyoni yakawanda data kupfuura iyo Stasi inogona.
Haisi iyo NSA chete inoshora vagariwo zvavo, zvakadaro. Muna Gumiguru 2016, dare reUnited Kingdom rekuferefeta masimba akatonga kuti vezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika (GCHQ, MI5 neMI6) vakaunganidza zvisiri pamutemo huwandu hukuru hwemashoko ekufambisirana mashoko, “kuronda mashandisirwo efoni nemunhu mumwe nemumwe padandemutande nemamwe mashoko akavanzika emunhu, pasina dziviriro yakakwana kana kutariswa kwemakore gumi nemanomwe.” Vesevhisi havachafanirwa kuve nehanya nezve pamutemo kwezvavanoita, zvakadaro, nekuti mwedzi wakatevera iwo bhiri rekuongorora masimba - rinozivikanwawo se "snooper's charter" - raive akabvumidzwa, nekudaro kunyoresa ruzhinji kuongororwa kwedhijitari munyika.
Kudzora Matambudziko Akakosha
Nhasi, hurumende nemakambani anodzora zvikamu zvakakomba zvewebhu, kusanganisira mepu yedomasi, tambo dzepasi pemvura, software uye hardware, kodhi yepurogiramu, uye nzvimbo dzedata. Izvi zvinoreva kuti dandemutande rave nepakati, rakatariswa, rakadzidzwa, rakashandiswa, uye riri pasi pekukanganisa kukanganisa data. Vazhinji vari kunetsekana kuti nekuda kweInternet yezvinhu iri kubuda - kusanganisira "smart homes", "smart maguta" uye matekinoroji anopfekeka - munguva pfupi ichave nekuputika kwe data remunhu rinounganidzwa, kubva pamukaka wako wakapera kusvika kuropa rako, nezvimwe. Izvi zvakavhura mikova kuhuwandu hwezvinetso zvetsika.
Kuunganidzwa uye kuisa pakati pe data rako pachako kwakatogonesa zvinoshamisa kuyedza magariro. Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS rakaita akadzidza zvakanyanya maitiro ekupesvedzera vashandisi paFacebook, Twitter, Pinterest uye Kickstarter kuti vanzwisise kubatana kwevanhu uye kuti mameseji anopararira sei pakati pemanetiweki. Mameseji aya aisanganisira nhau dzine chekuita neOccupy Wall Street uye kumukirana kwe“Arab Spring”. Uye zvakasiyana, Facebook zvine nharo vakatsvaka kudzidza maitiro ekupesvedzera manzwiro evashandisi nekugadzirisa nhau dzayo.
Webhusaiti Yepasi Pose yakadzika masisitimu esimba nekuvagonesa kuita zvine hungwaru uye nekuvanda pesvedzero inetiweki uye “kusudurudza” vanhu mune imwe nzira kana imwe. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitwa naLuciano Floridi, Purofesa wePhilosophy uye Ethics of Information, rinotsanangura se "simba regrey" idzva. Simba regrey harisi simba rezvematongerwo enyika kana simba remauto, Floridi anotsanangura. Harisi simba rekupesvedzera vamwe zvakananga, asi isimba rekupesvedzera avo vane simba.
Muzana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe neremakumi maviri, maindasitiri akapfeka masutu egrey ndivo vaive nesimba regrey, Floridi anopikisa. Nhasi, ndeaya anodzora masocial network, injini dzekutsvaga uye maindasitiri akatenderedza tekinoroji yedhijitari akabata grey simba. Iyo Google Transparency Project, semuenzaniso, ine akazivikanwa 258 zviitiko zve "revolving door" chiitiko pakati peGoogle neUS Federal Government, Congress nemakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika panguva yemakore masere ekutonga kwaPresident Obama. Aya magonhi anotenderera anofamba pakati pevakuru veWhite House, vaimbove kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, vehungwaru nevakuru vePentagon vakasiya manejimendi kuti vashandire zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro muGoogle, uye vatungamiri veGoogle vakabatana nemasimba epamusoro muWhite House neDhipatimendi reDziviriro.
Simba rine ngozi rekuongorora kwevanhu vakawanda naizvozvo haringogari chete nehurumende dzehudzvanyiriri dzekare. Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuongorora dzinoshandiswa nemakambani nehurumende zvakafanana, dzimwe nguva dzichishanda pamwe chete kushandisa, kunyengera uye kukanganisa ruzhinji rwevanhu. Hazvinei nekukurudzira kuseri kweaya masisitimu anoparadza, zviri pachena kuti anogara aine njodzi, kunyanya kana akawira mumaoko asiri iwo.
Maoko Akashata
Kutyisidzirwa kwekure-kurudyi kwevachena supremacist kufamba kukwira kumusoro muUS kwave kuri mukana. Asi vashoma vangadai vakafungidzira kuti bhiriyoni muzvinabhizinesi Donald Trump angadaro chaizvoizvo kukunda musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica. Izvozvo zvingangove zvakaoma kubvuma. Akanga asina ruzivo rwekubata basa rehurumende. Asi chokwadi chinokatyamadza chave kutanga kunyura mukati. Se "mukuru-mukuru" weUS, murume ane njodzi uyu achange aine maoko ake pamabatiro emasimba anotariswa nehutongi hwakapfuura hwaBarack Obama. Izvi zvinosanganisira masimba ekuongorora kwevanhu vakawanda uye zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru.
Kunyora Time Magazine zuva rakatevera kukunda kwaTrump, transgender uye murwiri wekodzero dzedhijitari Evan Greer akacherechedza kuti Obama ane "nyaya yemavhiki ekuita chinhu chimwe chinogona kubatsira kudzivirira United States kuti isapinda mufascism: kusvibisa nekubvisa zvakanyanya zvehurumende yemubatanidzwa isingazvipindure, yakavanzika, yekuongororwa kwevanhu vakawanda sezvaanogona - Trump asati ari iye ari kumhanya. izvozvo.” Musi waNovember 10, Edward Snowden tweeted: “Masimba ehurumende imwe anogarwa nhaka neinotevera. Kuvagadzirisa ikozvino ibasa guru remutungamiri wenyika uyu, rave nenguva. " Snowden akaenderera mberi: “Kujekesa, 'mutungamiri uyu' zvinoreva ichi mutungamiri, izvozvi. Kwete inotevera. Pachine nguva yekuita." Muparidzi wevapanduki WikiLeaks tweeted chiyeuchidzo kune avo vari muUS "vanorega Obama pamutemo" kuuraya chero munhu, kusora munhu wese uye kupomera vaparidzi uye masosi zvakafanana. "Zvese ndezvaTrump mumazuva makumi matanhatu nemapfumbamwe," vakayambira.
Munguva yesarudzo yake, VaTrump vakapfura litany yezvombo zvekutaura izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakanyudza chigaro chake. Ichitaura nguva dzakasviba munhoroondo yeUS, senge FBI's COINTELPRO iyo yakaita zvakavanzika, zvechisimba uye zvisiri pamutemo zviito pamapoka epamba, Trump. akadana yekutariswa kwemamosque, Yakataurwa anogona kutungamira gweta rake guru kuti riongorore kufamba kweBlack Lives Matter, uye kunzarwo vatori venhau uye rusununguko rwenhau. Uku kutyisidzirwa naTrump, sekunetsa sezvavari, hazvisi zvitsva. Mushure mekurwiswa kwehugandanga kwaSeptember 11, 2001, mapurisa eNew York City akaongorora maMuslim. FBI yakaongorora bato reBlack Lives Matter muBaltimore zvichitevera kufa kwaFreddie Grey muna Kubvumbi gore rapfuura. Uye munguva yake yemakore masere, Obama akatambudza vanhu vakawanda vanoridza muridzo pasi pemutemo wekare we1917 Espionage kupfuura vatungamiri vose vakambobatanidzwa.
VaTrump vanayo akapikira kudzosa nzira dzekubvunzurudza mvura uye kunyange kushandisa "zvisingafungidzike" nzira dzekutambudza. Akazviita akarondedzerwa chido chake chekuzadza musasa wejeri weGuantánamo Bay muCuba nevasungwa vakawanda. Akakumbira kuti Apple ibatsire FBI kuvhura iyo iPhone yeSan Bernardino shooter. Iye achatarisa chirongwa chaObama che drone. Rondedzero yaTrump yezvipikirwa zvakashata uye mikana inotenderera kubva murima uye macabre kusvika kune rima uye comedic. Kunyangwe izvo zvaDr Strange Love zvikamu zvinoisa macabre kuzvidzora nezvemamiriro ezvinhu. Vaimbove vakuru gumi vekuAmerica vekuparura zvombo zvenyukireya vakaratidza kushushikana nekuwana kwaVaTrump zvombo zvenyukireya. Aya maofficial, aive nebasa rekuita mirairo yenyukireya, rakasaina tsamba yambiro yekuti Trump haafanire kuve ne "munwe wake pabhatani" nekuda kwehunyoro hwake.
Pane zvikonzero zvakanaka zvekunetsekana zvakanyanya pamusoro pezvichaitwa naTrump nechiremera chake chitsva chemutungamiri wenyika. Pashure pezvose, ane akapika kutsiva vadzivisi vake. Kuti anoreva kutyisidzira uku here kana kuti aitamba ruvengo rwenzvimbo yake yesarudzo ye xenophobic kuti arove mavhoti hazvizivikanwe. Asi chatinoziva ndechekuti sarudzo yaVaTrump inotisvitsa munzvimbo ine njodzi uye isina kutaurwa.
Kutanga vauya kune ma hashtag…
Sarudzo dzemutungamiri weAmerica dzisati dzaitwa, muna Kubvumbi 2016, nhengo dzedzimwe nyika dzemuAmerica dzinodarika makumi mapfumbamwe dzakaungana paStanding Rock kuNorth Dakota kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzinoyera dzemadzinza nemvura yadzo. Vaungana vachitsutsumwa nekuvakwa kwepombi yemafuta yeDakota Access vachityisidzira kupinda nemunzvimbo iyi. Pakazosvika Mbudzi, pakange paine mishumo yekutarisa kwakananga kunosanganisira kutariswa kwepasi nemhepo. Varatidziri vakashuma zvikopokopo zvinobhururuka zvakaderera kazhinji zvichitenderera pamusoro pemisasa, dzimwe nguva zvichipenya mwenje pakati pehusiku. Varatidziri vainetsekana nekupindirwa kwekuvanzika kusanganisira nhaurirano dzichirekodhwa kunyangwe ivo vasina chokwadi chekutariswa chero nguva.
Kunetsekana kwekugara vachitariswa paStanding Rock kwakaramba kuchityisidzira varatidziri mukupera kwaGumiguru, pakabuda paFacebook kuti bazi reMorton County sheriff raishandisa Facebook cheki-ins kunanga vanhu pamusasa wekuratidzira. Mushandirapamwe wakatanga pasocial network uchidaidzira vanhu kuti "vatarise" paStanding Rock, uye kuti vagovane chikumbiro ichi nemanetwork avo, kuti vakunde nekuvhiringa mapurisa. Pangopera maawa makumi maviri nemana mushure mekufona vanhu vanodarika miriyoni imwe chete vapinda munzvimbo yeStanding Rock. Vamwe vari kutyira kuti mapurisa anogona kushandisa data-check-in kuronda network dzevanhu vanonzwira tsitsi mapoka ari kuratidzira.
Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa inosimbisa kuti kushandiswa kwemapurisa kwesocial media surveillance software kutora ruzivo rwemunhu rwatinoburitsa pamanetiweki edu kuri kuwedzera. MunaGunyana 2016, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakagamuchira zviuru zvezvinyorwa zveveruzhinji zvichiratidza kuti vezvemitemo mudunhu rese reCalifornia "vari kutora muchivande software yesocial media spying inogona kutsvaira varwi muwebhu yekuongororwa kwedhijitari." Iyo software yakatarisisa "kutyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kweveruzhinji" nekutevera ma hashtag akadai #BlackLivesMatter, #DontShoot, #PoliceBrutality nezvimwe.
Iyo ACLU inoshuma kuti, pamakumi matanhatu nenhatu vezvemitemo muhurumende, makumi maviri vakawana maturusi ekutarisa masocial network akadai seMediaSonar, X63 Social Discovery uye Geofeedia. Zvakatonyanya kuipa, ACLU inocherekedza kuti havana kuwana humbowo hwekuti masangano ezvemitemo ane chinangwa chekupa chiziviso kuruzhinji, kuita gakava, kuunganidza nharaunda kana mavhoti emutemo nezvekushandisa tekinoroji iyi. Hapana sangano "rakagadzira mutemo wekushandisa waizodzikamisa mashandisirwo emidziyo uye kubatsira kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwevanhu." Zvinoita sezviri kuitika uye zvinosuwisa kuti mapurisa anoongorora nharaunda pasina kutanga atsvaga mvumo yeveruzhinji. Zvichida vanofungidzira kupikiswa nevoruzhinji.
Maziso Mhiri Kwematenga
Kumira kunze kweDare Redunhu reBaltimore Guta mukupera kwaChikumi, vanhu gumi nevaviri held zviratidzo zvinoda kururamisira kwaFreddie Grey. Grey, murume mutema ane makore makumi maviri nemashanu, akafira muhusungwa muna Kubvumbi 25. Mukati medare, muchuchisi akapikisa kuti mupurisa Caesar Goodson akanga atyaira motokari yake yemapurisa zvisina hanya muguta achikandira mutumbi waGrey nemaune kumashure kwekombi. . Kuchonjomara kwacho kwakatyora mutsipa waGrey.
Kunze kwedare, mumwe murume akamira nevaratidziri akashamisika kuti sei, nemazana emakamera emumugwagwa akatenderedza, mapurisa eBaltimore City akange asina vhidhiyo yechiitiko chakakonzera kufa kwaGrey. Kwakanga kusati kuri bedzi makamera akawanda angadai akarekodha chimwe chinhu asi mapurisa eguta racho kwanga kuri kuedza, pasina kuzivisa veruzhinji, aerial surveillance system yakagadziridzwa kubva kumauto eUS kuvhiya muIraq. Ongororo yakaitwa neBloomberg kwakaratidza kuti iyo surveillance system inoshandisa yakakura-angle makamera kutora anenge 30 square mamaira chero nguva, kutumira mifananidzo munguva chaiyo-nguva kune vanoongorora pasi. Iyo firimu inozochengetwa uye inowanikwa kuti iongororwe, mavhiki gare gare kana zvichidikanwa. Mutongi akasunungura mupurisa Goodson pamhosva dzose dzaive dzapomerwa Gray. Uye zvakadaro iyo aerial surveillance system yeBaltimore mapurisa ari kuyedza akamiswa pamusoro peavo vari kuratidzira kunze.
Nepo makamera asina kutaurwa kuti akatora zviitiko zvakakonzera kufa kwaGrey, FBI ine akasunungurwa yavo yevhidhiyo vhidhiyo inosimbisa kuongororwa kweBlack Lives Matter kufamba. Marekodhi eFBI anotanga Kubvumbi 29 kusvika Chivabvu 3, 2015, uye akapfurwa kubva mundege dzakaedzwa uye drones. Izvi nezvimwe zvinyorwa, senge FBI's ongororo kwekutanga kuratidzira kweBlack Lives Matter kwakaitika mushure mekupfurwa nemapurisa muna 2014 kwemurume mutema Michael Brown ane makore 18 muFerguson Missouri, zvinopokana nezvakataurwa nevakuru veFBI vanoti Bureau haishandisi ndege dzevasori kuona kuratidzira murunyararo.
Muchokwadi, ongororo yakaitwa ne North Star Post muna 2015 kwakaratidza kuti ndege dzinosvika zana dziri kushandiswa nevemitemo yeUS kusora vagari. Ndege idzi dzakashongedzerwa nehunyanzvi hwekufungidzira, hwepamusoro-soro uye vhidhiyo tekinoroji - kunyanya StingRay, tekinoroji yakavanzika yenharembozha yekutevera, uye ingangoita infrared kana imwe yekuona husiku hardware. Iyo Associated Press Zvinonzi kuti mukati memazuva makumi matatu chete yakatsvaga ndege dzinosvika makumi mashanu kudzokera kuFBI uye yakanga yaona ndege dzinopfuura zana mumatunhu gumi nerimwe. Asi FBI yakaramba ichivhiya chakavanzika kubva kuruzhinji rweUS nekunyoresa ndege kumakambani egomba asipo.
Sechikara cheGreek mythological, Argos Panoptes, FBI yakaisa maziso ayo mudenga renyika kuti iongorore veruzhinji nekusora varatidziri. Panoptes - kubva muchiGiriki "Παν" (ese) uye "οπτικος" (kuona) - aiona zvese nekuti aive nemeso zana akavhara muviri wake kubva kumusoro kusvika kuzvigunwe. Chikara ichi ndicho chaive kurudziro yemuzivi wemuzivi Jeremy Bentham akaronga jeri, iyo "Panopticon." Achishandisa modhi iyi sedimikira, muzivi wechiFrench Michel Foucault akataura kuti yairatidza kutsanangura hukama hwesimba muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Vakuru vanotarisira kuti kana paine kamera yekusora pamusoro - nendege, drone, CCTV, chero mudziyo wemagetsi, kana geolocation tekinoroji mumamepu ako uye masocial network - kuti uchazvigadzirisa wega maitiro ako. Kunyangwe ivo vasiri kunyatsokusora iwe, kutyisidzira kwemumwe munhu anoita izvi kuchaenda kure kure kuchengetedza kurongeka.
The Economics of Surveillance Capitalism
Mubhuku rake ra1964, Mumwe-weDimensional Man, muzivi Herbert Marcuse akaita nharo kuti munzanga dzine ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu udzvanyiriri hunogona kuiswa pasina ugandanga. Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza nekushandurwa kwehupenyu hwepachivande kuita chikamu chehurongwa hwese hwekutonga. KwaMarcuse, nzvimbo yekushandiswa kwevazhinji, semuenzaniso, yakapfuura kuzadzisa zvidikanwi zvekupa kunyaradza kwakawanda, humbozha uye hupfumi. Kurudziro idzi hadzingovharidzi kudzvinyirirwa kwemazuva ose kunoitwa nevanhu, asi dzinoita sechinhu chinoteya fungidziro dzevanhu kubva mukuona mararamiro akasiyana, pamwe ari nani.
Munyika yanhasi ine ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro uye kufambiswa kwemashoko, hurongwa hwekushandura hupenyu hwepachivande huve hutongi hwepamusoro hunoitika zvisinganzwisisiki - kunyange kana chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chichionekwa kwese.
Yahoo, Semuyenzaniso, iri kuvavarira kupa patent "smart billboards" anozoiswa padivi pemigwagwa yemahara, munhandare dzendege, pazvikepe, mumabhawa nemahotera, masisitimu ekufambisa kwevanhu, mharadzano uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji nedzakavanzika. Aya mabhodhi edhijitari anozovimba neakasiyana-siyana ekutarisa matekinoroji akadai senharembozha, nharembozha, mifananidzo, makamera evhidhiyo, kufamba kwemotokari, satellite, drones, maikorofoni, ma detectors ekufamba uye "biometric sensors" senge zvigunwe zvemunwe, retinal uye yekuziva kumeso zvishandiso. . Yahoo's smart billboards inovavarira kuona vanhu chaivo, uye avo vari munzvimbo imwechete panguva imwe chete, kuti vatarise dhata yavo yehuwandu uye mamiriro ehupfumi nemagariro. Ivo vanovaka maprofile pane vanhu vari munharaunda yavo vasati vapa ads zvemunhu kwavari. Yahoo yakadana maitiro aya "grouplization." Vamwe vakadaro rakanyorwa uku kushandiswa kwedata remunhu kuti awane mari yekambani se "Stasi capitalism." Mafungiro matsva emagariro evanhu ari kukurumidza kubuda munzvimbo iyi.
Maitiro ayo tekinoroji inopindura kune vanhu nemapoka kuti atarise uye agadzirise maitiro evanhu nenzira dzinotyisa uye dzine pundutso akatsanangurwa naShoshana Zuboff, Muzvinafundo Emerita paHarvard Business School, semhando nyowani ye capitalism inozivikanwa se "surveillance capitalism." Zuboff rinotsanangura kuongorora capitalism se "pfungwa nyowani yekuunganidza." Iri "itsva shanduko yehupfumi yakasimudzwa kubva mukubatana kwechivande kwemasimba makuru edhijitari nekusakendenga kwakasimba uye nehana yezvehupfumi capitalism uye chiono chayo cheneoliberal chakatonga kutengeserana kweanoda kusvika makumi matatu emakore, kunyanya muhupfumi hweAnglo."
Iko kunoshamisa kushanduka kwesimba rekugadzirisa komputa, yakaoma algorithms uye kusvetuka mukuchengetedza data kusanganisa kuita kuti kuongorora capitalism kugoneke. Ndiyo nzira yekuunganidza nekubvisa data inogadzirwa nevanhu. Zvinoitika nenzira mbiri dzakadzama uye dzinoita sedzakanaka.
Beyond Virtual Reality kune Chaiyo Liberation
Nharaunda dzakasimukira tekinoroji dzinogadzira hupenyu hwehupenyu hwakanyanya. Anopindura algorithms anoratidza inotevera Netflix vhidhiyo akatevedzana isu tinogona kubiridzira kuona. Amazon Prime inokurudzira zvigadzirwa zvatingade kuunzwa zuva rinotevera. Augmented Reality uye Virtual Reality mitambo, iyo inowedzera uye inopa shanduko yedhijitari mikana, iri kuwedzera. Iyi dhiraivha yakanangana nekusarudzika inosanganiswa neazvino budiriro muhunyanzvi hwekuita kuti ipe pfungwa yesarudzo uye kugutsikana kwehupenyu munyika izere nekusaenzana nekusarongeka.
Chitarisiko chehupfumi, manzwiro ekuti ruzivo rwese uye zvingangoitika zviripo pawebhu, pamunwe wedu, muchanza cheruoko rwedu, zvakatikomberedza kwese kwatinoenda, iko kuvhiringidzwa kwepixilated kubva mukudzvinyirirwa kwemaitiro akaiswa mukuzara kwezuva nezuva. hupenyu. Icho chinodhaka chinovhiringidza kubva kune avo vanonetseka kuchengetedza nharaunda dzavo, sevanhu veko paStanding Rock basa uye neBlack Lives Matter movement. Icho chinovhiringidza kubva mukusarurana, kusasimbaradzwa, kuparara kwezvakatipoteredza, kutonga kwekirasi uye rusaruraganda, nepo munzira dzakawanda zvakare ichikurudzira matambudziko mamwe chete aya.
Chinodiwa nhasi fungidziro huru yekuona zvakare kuti shanduko ine simba sei tekinoroji inogona kudzoserwa kudyisa nekugara varombo, kupa hutano, dzidzo uye tsika kumunhu wese, kuendesa nharaunda uye kuwana kuzvitonga, kusadzidza uye kuzvitonga kwedemokrasi. Nhamba yevashandisi vechokwadi vanoshingaira ndeye kushurudzira kukura kusvika 171 miriyoni panosvika 2018. Kune vanhu vanofungidzira nyika itsva dzese nguva dzese, vachingofungidzira nyika itsva imwe chete - yedu pachedu - umo mune dzimba dzakangwara dzine ushamwari, maguta akangwara, zvikoro zvakangwara uye zvipatara zvakangwara zvemunhu wese hazvifanirwe kuve. zvakanyanya kuoma. Tekinoroji iripo. Kubudirira"communal luxury” kumunhu wese zvino zvinogoneka kupfuura nakare kose.
Zvakadaro mafemu mahombe nemasangano ehurumende akagovera nekushandura matekinoroji eruzivo uye zvekufambiswa kwemashoko kuita mamwe maturusi ane simba kwazvo ekutonga magariro angambozivikanwa nenyika. Manetiweki avo, mapuratifomu uye zvigadziriso zvekutarisa zvakagonesa kusangana kune njodzi kwesimba reveruzhinji nerakavanzika uye zvakagadzirirwa kusimbisa zvinzvimbo zvavo zverombo uye kutonga. Zviri kwatiri isu, vanhu nenharaunda dzakanyanya kutambudzika, kurwira kugovewa patsva, kuendesa matunhu pamwe nekusikwa patsva kwemichina iyi kuitira kuti tive nemararamiro matsva uye ari nani.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta