Rufu rwemunyori uye munyori wezvinyorwa Martin Amis musi wa19 Chivabvu rwakakonzera 'mainstream' wave, kwete wekuyemura chete, asi wekunamatwa. Zviripachena kubva mukuvafirwa kuti Amis akafa aine mbiri yake uye isina kusvibiswa.
In tweeting chinongedzo kurufu rwake rweGuardian, aimbova mupepeti wezvinyorwa akazvimiririra Boyd Tonkin akatora musimboti wemhinduro:
'Ndakanga ndichitarisira zvikuru kuti izvi hazvizooni chiedza chezuva kwenguva yakareba kwazvo. Asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti ndizvo zviripo. Nhoroondo yangu ye #MartinAmis'
Munyori mukuru wemabhuku eThe Guardian, Lisa Allardice, akanyora weAmis:
'Kwenguva yakati, airatidza kufara kuzadzisa basa remunyori senyanzvi dzeveruzhinji. Akataura zvine mutsindo pazvinhu zvese kubva kuindasitiri yezvinonyadzisira kusvika kumhuri yehumambo.'
Zvimwe hazvisi zvese. Allardice akacherekedza kuti Amis aive muzivi weruzhinji aine tarisiro chaiyo:
'Muhondo yake yekunyora kwakanaka uye kuzivisa kwake kwehondo pane cliché, Amis akaita kuti munhu wose aite mutambo wavo.'
shamwari Zvinonzi kubva kumberi kweiyi 'war against cliché':
'Munoziva, pese paunonyora kuti, “Kupisa kwanga kuchidzika”, kana kuti, “Akatsvangadzira mubhegi rake”, izvi zvinhu zvakafa, munoziva. Uye nenzira, hondo inotambanudzirwa kune imwe nzvimbo. Vanhu vanoshandisa zvinyowani izvi zvekuumba senge, "Vakazviona, vazviita, vatora T-shirt", "Akaenda ballistic!", "Handifunge kudaro. Mhoro!" - zvese izvo. Aya mazwi akafa. Iwo mazwi emombe. Chii chinonzi cliché, kunyora kwemombe, kufunga kwemapoka uye kunzwa kwemombe.'
shamwari aiva psychologically akangwara uye aipikisa zvine mutsindo kuti herdthink. Zvinoshamisa sei, saka, kuti muna 2007 - mushure me9/11 uye London, 2005, 7/7 mabhomba - munyori mumwe chete. Wapikisa:
'Pari zvino vanhu vanopfurikidza mwero ndivo vane masimba masimba, kutyisidzira, uye kuzviita vakarurama.'
Edward Herman, munyori pamwe naNoam Chomsky we'Manufacturing Consent', akapindura:
'Bush, Blair, Olmert nemapoka avo zviri pachena kuti havasi ivo "vanopfurikidza mwero" naAmis mundangariro-Bush neshamwari ndivo vanhu "vanodzivirira" vanhu vari kungovavarira kuchengetedzeka uye kodzero dzevanhu, uye kurwisa kupindirwa. nharaunda yavo neIslamo-fascists. Hofori inosiririsa, ine 50 muzana yemari yezvombo yepasi, inopinda kana kubhomba dzinenge nyika nhatu pari zvino, iri kukurirwa nevanhu vane chisimba, “ikozvino.”’ (Edward Herman, “Tarisa kumberi, kwete kumashure. ,” nemamwe maClichés, Idiocies, and Abused Words', Z Magazine, Kubvumbi 2009)
Hongu, sekuda kwaaigona kunge akashora mareferensi evakadzi vaitsvanzvadzira mumabhegi, Amis aive pano achiburitsa zvine simba 'mazwi emombe' akavakirwa pa'kufunga kwemombe uye kunzwa kwemombe'.
Kana kuti funga zvakataurwa naAmis muna 2008, vachipokana 'Kupokana nedanho rekuti America yarasa [sic] masimba ayo':
'Nyika dzese dzinoda kutanga kuremekedzwa. Asi iyo America inotsanangura kusanzwisisika ndeyekuti inoda kudiwa. Ngatirangarirei kupenga kusingafi uye kunotyisa, mauto eUS paakapinda muIraq chii chawanga uchitarisira? Yakanga ichitarisira kusangana nezviwitsi nemaruva uye kutamba munzvimbo dzeguta.'
Izvi zviri kure kwazvo kubva kune chokwadi chesimba reUS uye rinoshanda kuti riite, rinoda kutadza kutaura. Amis akawedzera kuti:
'Ndinokukumbira kuti usatsigire ruvengo urwu rwakadzama, rusina gwara uye rusina kuchena rwehegemon. Hutongi hwazvino huri kusvika kumagumo uye tinogona kutarisira kuti mutungamiri mutsva achanyatso kutarisisa izvo zvakaregeredzwa zvisina tsarukano. Nepo chiri chokwadi kuti vavariro dzakanaka dzinogona kutyisa zvakakwana, paavhareji dziri nani kupfuura vavariro dzakaipa.' ('The Great Debaters', The Independent, 1 Chivabvu 2008)
Chokwadi, 'mutungamiri mutsva', Barack Obama, aiva 'kunyatsoteerera' kunyika dzeMuslim dzaida kutsva kana kudzokorora bhomba, kurwisa zvinomwe zvadzo mumakore masere, zvichisiya Libya yava dongo. Zviripachena, 'America' inongoda 'kudiwa'.
Amis, pano, airwa hondo pamusoro peanouraya clichés anofambisa kuuraya kwevanhu vakawanda nekuvhara zvinangwa nechisimba cheSimba Guru? Hatifungi kudaro. Mhoro!
Mubhuku rake rehupenyu, 'Mukati meNyaya', Amis akarondedzera (kana kududzira, kana kugadzira) hurukuro neshamwari yake yepedyo Christopher Hitchens nezveGore Vidal, Noam Chomsky nehugandanga. Hitchens anoti:
'Kana dzidziso yekurangana ikateedzera America, saka Gore achainyorera kwairi. NaGore ingori fatuous posture. NaNoam, ndine hurombo kutaura, zviri pamwoyo. Haangodi America.' (Amis, 'Mukati Nyaya,' Vintage, 2020, e-bhuku, p.133)
Basa raVidal naChomsky - vaviri vevakanyanya kuchenjera, vakatendeseka uye vakashinga vaongorori vanofumura zvematongerwo enyika mendacity - saka rinorambwa sekurangana dzidziso: chinhu chinoshamisa quirk muVidal, asi basa rakakosha reruvengo rusina musoro muChomsky.
Mhinduro yaAmis:
'… Zvakanaka ramba wakadaro, Hitch. Iwe ndiwe wega wasara waratidzwa hunhu. Iropa rako remauto - ropa reRoyal Navy. Uye unoda America.'
Muna Gumiguru 2015, The Times Zvinonzi Kufanotaura kwaAmis kuti Kushanda pasi peCorbyn kwaizove 'kudzokera shure, kuzvidzora, kuzvinzwira tsitsi uye kuzviita vakarurama, vasinganyare nekutsamwa kwavo (kwakareba makore), zvichitowedzera kuvengana nedemocracy uye, mune chero maonero ane njere, asina kufanira. vhoti imwe chete'.
Kusvika pakuita kuti izvi zvive zvine musoro zvachose, yaive yevakuru, inodzosera chokwadi-inodzosera mombe yekuramba mukana weBritain wega muchizvarwa (kana kureba) chekusarudza mutungamiri anogona kupa tariro yechokwadi inonzwira tsitsi zvematongerwo enyika zvinopesana nehondo, kusaenzana uye kuparadzwa kwehondo. zvakatipoteredza. Zvakare, kufanana kusingafungi kwemumwe munhu ari kurwa 'nehondo yekurwisa' kunoshamisa.
Amis akarwisa maonero aCorbyn pamusoro pehugandanga, achiti kuenzanisa kwake pakati pemauto ekumadokero uye 'vanyengeri vanouraya veIslamic State' muenzaniso we'maitiro akashata ekutsvaga hunhu "kuenzana" pamukana wese'.
Sezvatiri yakakurukurwa muchenjedzo yezvinobudisa nhau, 'mainstream' anotarisisa 'kuenzana kwetsika' idingindira rinogara riri re'mainstream' vanofunga.
'Mamwe Sosaiti Achangoshanduka-shanduka Kupfuura Mamwe'
Edza kufungidzira kusimba kwemhinduro kana Jeremy Corbyn, kana mumwe wepamusoro-soro kuruboshwe, akataura izvi zvemuenzaniso wekupedzisira wehutsinye wekucheneswa kwemaPalestine nenyika yerusaruraganda yeIsrael:
'Chii chatingaite kukwidza mutengo wavo kuita izvi? Pane chishuwo chaicho - hauna here? - kuti, "Nharaunda yevaJudha ichatambura kusvika yagadzirisa imba yavo." Kutambura kworudzii? Kwete kuvatendera kufamba. Kudzingwa - kuenderera mberi munzira. Kuderedzwa kwerusununguko. Kubvisa vanhu... Zvinhu zverusarura, kusvikira zvakuvadza nharaunda yese uye votanga kuomesera vana vavo.'
Sezvatinoziva tese, vezvematongerwo enyika nevezvenhau vaizosimuka mukuputika kwekutsamwa kukuru pakudaidzwa uku kwekurangwa kwakabatana, kwete kwevaIsrael chete, kwete venharaunda yese yemaJuda, asi yemaJuda. vana? Kutaura kwakadaro kunganzi zvinonyadzisa, zvobva zvaita kuti nyika yose nepasi rose ishore. Uye zvisinei nekuti Corbyn angazoramba kana kukumbira ruregerero zvakadii, mashoko ake haambofa akakanganwika; ivo vangangodudzwa vasingaregi sechikonzero chikuru nei asingambofaniri kutorwa zvakakomba, kubatikana naye, kana kuti kunyange kutaurwa, zvakare.
Mubvunzurudzo yaGunyana 2006 pamusoro pehugandanga naGinny Dougary, Amis akati:
'Chii chatingaite kukwidza mutengo wavo kuita izvi? Pane chishuwo chaicho - hauna here? - kuti, "Nharaunda yeMuslim ichafanira kutambudzika kusvika yagadzirisa imba yayo." Kutambura kworudzii? Kwete kuvatendera kufamba. Kudzingwa - kuenderera mberi munzira. Kuderedzwa kwerusununguko. Kubvisa mbatya vanhu vanoita sevanobva kuMiddle East kana kuPakistan… Zvinhu zverusarura, kusvikira zvakuvadza nharaunda yese uye votanga kuomesera vana vavo.'
The New York Times 'Amis obituary haitaure nezve ichi chinokatyamadza chirevo cheveruzhinji, kucherechedza chete:
'Muna 2008, VaAmis vakaburitsa "Ndege Yechipiri," muunganidzwa wezvikamu gumi nezviviri zvezvisiri zvenhema uye nyaya mbiri pfupi pamusoro penyika yekuMadokero nehugandanga. "Uri muIslamophobe here?" akabvunzwa nebepanhau reBritish The Independent paainyora bhuku racho.
'"Kwete," akapindura kudaro. "Zvandiri iIslamismophobe. Kana kuti zviri nani nditi anopikisa Islam, nokuti 'kutya' kutya kusina musoro, uye hapana chinhu chisina musoro nezvekutya vanhu vanoti vanoda kukuuraya.'
Asi chii is 'Islamismophobe'? Muna 2007, satirist uye mugadziri wefirimu Chris Morris Akadaro muGuardian:
'Kunyange Hitchens anobvuma kuti Amis inokanganisa zvisirizvo Islamism neIslam. Nekupopota, Amis anowedzera huremu hwekuita kwake kurwisa hugandanga mukuzvidza kwake maMuslim. Tora "Islamism". Zvinorevei chaizvoizvo?'
Mune yake Guardian obituary, Boyd Tonkin akanyora:
'Rash kubvunzurudza zvirevo zvakakonzera mhosva dzeIslamophobia. Zvine mwero, Inside Story inopedzisa kuti "ngozi chaiyo yehugandanga haisi mune zvahunoita asi zvahunomutsa". Zvakadaro, muongorori wenhema Amis aigona kudonhedza kambasi yake yekutaura, kunyange yetsika.'
'Rash' zvirevo? Ko Amis akango‘donhedza’ kambasi yake yetsika nguva nenguva here? Zvichienzaniswa neramangwana rakashata ringadai rakamirira Corbyn, kana chero mumwe wepamusoro-soro akasara mutsigiri mune yedu yekufungidzira, uku ndiko kwaive kurohwa kudiki diki paruoko rwemukurumbira waAmis.
Nenzira yakafanana, Lisa Allardice Akadaro muGuardian:
'Amis muchengeti wechidiki anoyevedza akatarisa mungozi yekufukidzwa naAmis murwi wekare akagumbuka, nemashoko asina mhosva pamusoro peIslamism uye euthanasia.'
Zvakare, 'kutongerwa zvisizvo'? 'Kugumbuka'? Uye ndizvo zvazviri - hapana ruzivo rwakapihwa.
Kutaurwa kwenguva pfupi kwegakava rakavigwa pakati nepakati kuburikidza neMucherechedzi Piece naSarah Shaffi:
'Amis akapomerwa mhosva yeIslamophobia zvichitevera kubvunzurudzwa kwa2006 naGinny Dougary umo akati "pane kurudziro chaiyo… kutaura,' nharaunda yeMuslim ichafanira kutambudzika kusvika yagadzirisa imba yavo". Achitaura naThe Guardian muna 2020 akati "zvirokwazvo akazvidemba nezvandakataura; patova pakati pemasikati pazuva iroro ndakarega kutenda pane zvandakataura”.
Asi ruvengo rwaAmis ku'chiIslam' rwakanga runopfuura nhanho inopfuura. Mubvunzurudzo imwechete naGinny Dougary, akati:
'Ipfungwa inotyisa nekuti chinhu chega chinodiwa nemaIslam nezvechizvino-zvino zvombo zvemazuva ano. Uye ivo vachaita zviri nani uye zviri nani pane izvozvo. Vari zvakare kuwana patiri demographical pamwero mukuru. Chikamu chechina chevanhu ikozvino uye ne2025 ivo vachave vechitatu. Italy yakaderera kusvika pamwana 1.1 pamukadzi. Isu tichangove tawanda.'
He Akadaro kumwewo:
'Kukurudzira kubvunza zvine musoro iko zvino hakuna kusimba padanho nefaira remurume wechiMuslim.'
PaCheltenham Literature Festival muna 2007, Amis akati Nyika dzeMuslim dzaive dzisina 'budiriro' pane nzanga yekumadokero:
'Dzimwe nzanga dzakangoshanduka-shanduka kupfuura dzimwe.'
He akawedzera:
'Hapana nzira inogumbura yekuisa izvi. Nekushanduka-shanduka, ndinoreva kuva akabudirira. Tine rukudzo kuruzhinji rwevanhu.'
Gore rakanga rapfuura, Amis akange ataura kuti Iran, 'muvengi wedu wechisikigo,' angave akagadzirira kubvuma kurwiswa kwenyukireya kuti azadzise zviroto zvayo zverima:
'Vanofunga kuti vanogona kutora kurohwa uku ndokuparadza Israeri.' (Amis, Svondo rino, 12 Gumiguru 2006)
Muchokwadi, Iran yakanga isina zvombo zvenyukireya uye, according kumasangano eungwaru eUS muna 2007, 'yakamisa chirongwa chayo chezvombo zvenyukireya' muna 2003. Asi zvakadaro, kutaura kuti Iran yainyanyisa zvekuti ingada kubvuma kufa kwemamiriyoni evanhu kwainyadzisa zvikuru.
The Telegraph obituary Akadaro chete kuti mudzidzi Terry Eagleton 'akapomera Amis nerusaruraganda mushure mebvunzurudzo umo akayangarara pfungwa yekudzinga vaMuslim (zano rakazorambwa naAmis se“benzi”).'
Nhoroondo yerufu yakawedzera kuti:
'... aipomerwa zvakasiyana-siyana nezve misogyny, Islamophobia, ageism, makaro asina kupfeka, ushamwari, kunyengera kwehunyanzvi, hudiki, kurapa mazino kwakanyanyisa, uye kuva mwari asina hanya'.
Amis akapomerwa mhosva chinhu chose, ipapo - Islamophobia yaingova nyaya imwe pakati pevakawanda.
The Mail musi weSvondo akacherechedza kuti Amis akanga 'achipomerwa mhosva yeIslamophobia kana kuvenga vaMuslim mushure mekurwiswa kwehugandanga kwe9 / 11' paaipa kuzvidzivirira kwake - kuti aipikisa "Islamism", kwete maMuslim.' Hapana mashoko akataurwa.
Muzvikamu zvavo zveMucherechedzi. munyori wenyori Martha Gill uye munyori Geoff Dyer haana kutaura nezve gakava zvachose.
'Maitiro Anoita Rufu Hondo' - Iyo Brown University Report
Chiedza chinovhenekerwa pamusoro pekukosha kwehunhu hwepfungwa yekukurumidza yaAmis yekuti 'Nharaunda yechiMuslim ichafanira kutambudzika kusvika yagadzirisa imba yavo', uye nevezvenhau "vepamusoro-soro" kusava nehanya kwakazara nekutaura uku, neshumo idzva reBrown University. kudhirowa paUN data uye nyanzvi inoongorora.
Musi waMay 15, iyo Washington Post yakatsanangurwa iyo chirevo, 'Maitirwo Erufu Runopedza Hondo: Iyo Inodzoreredza Impact yePost-9/11 Hondo paHutano Hwevanhu', yakaedza 'kuverenga huwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nehondo yehugandanga, mukukonana muAfghanistan, Pakistan. , Iraq, Syria, Libya, Somalia neYemen'.
The Post akati:
'Kuverengera, kusvika pazvinogona kuyerwa, kunoisa huwandu hwe4.5 miriyoni kusvika 4.6 miriyoni - nhamba iri kuramba ichikwira sezvo kusawirirana kuri kuramba kuchikwira. Panzufu idzodzo, mushumo wacho unofungidzira kuti mamiriyoni 3.6 kusvika ku3.7 aiva “nzufu dzisina kunanga” dzakakonzerwa nokuderera kwemamiriro ezvinhu eupfumi, zvakatipoteredza, zvepfungwa uye zvoutano.’
The ripoti inojekesa kuti nhamba idzi dzinochengetedza uye dzinogara dzichikwira:
'Vamwe vevanhu ava vakaurayiwa muhondo, asi vakawanda zvikuru, kunyanya vana, vakaurayiwa nemigumisiro yehondo, yakadai sokupararira kwezvirwere. Idzi dzekupedzisira kufa dzisina kunanga - dzinofungidzirwa pa 3.6-3.7 miriyoni - uye zvine hukama matambudziko ehutano zvakakonzerwa nehondo dzepashure-9/11 kuparadzwa kwehupfumi, mabasa eruzhinji, uye nharaunda. Kufa kusina kunanga kunokura pamwero nekufamba kwenguva. Kunyangwe muna 2021 United States yakabvisa mauto kubva kuAfghanistan, ichigumisa zviri pamutemo hondo yakatanga nekupinda kwayo makore makumi maviri apfuura, nhasi maAfghan ari kutambura uye kufa nezvikonzero zvine chekuita nehondo pamwero wakakwira kupfuura kare.'
Ongororo ye2018 yevapoteri veSyria, Afghan, neIraqi 'yakaratidza kuti vanopfuura 60% vakashungurudzwa nezviitiko zvehondo, kusanganisira kurwiswa nemauto, kurarama nekupondwa kana kutsakatika kwehama, kurarama nekutambudzwa uye kuvharirwa vari voga, uye kupupurira kuponda, kushungurudzwa, nekushungurudzwa kwepabonde. Vanopfuura 6% vakanga vabatwa chibharo'.
Vana, kunyanya kutarisisa kwe'kukurudzira' kwaAmis, vakatarisana nekutambudzika kusingafungidzirwe. Chirevo ichi chinoverengera kuti vanopfuura mamirioni 7.6 vana vari pasi pemakore mashanu vari kutambura nekushaya chikafu chinovaka muviri, kana kupera, muAfghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, neSomalia:
'“Kupambadza” kunoreva, kungoti, kusawana zvokudya zvakakwana, kutambisa ganda nemapfupa, zvichiisa vana ava panjodzi huru yorufu, kusanganisira kutapukirwa nezvirwere zvinokonzerwa negadziriro yavo yokuzvidzivirira nayo ine simba.'
Ongororo ye2014 yakaratidza kuti vana kubva pavana gumi vechikoro (pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu) muMosul, Iraq vaive nezvirwere zvepfungwa senge post-traumatic stress disorder. Kune mamwe akawanda anokatyamadza maonero, anogara achifuratirwa neBritish corporate media, pakuparadza kweUS-UK kweIraq:
'Zvirango zvehupfumi zveUnited Nations zvemakore ekuma1990 zvakaita kuti varapi vehutano vakawanda vabve muIraq, uye mumakore mashanu akatevera kurwisa kweUS muna 2003, varapi vanosvika zviuru gumi nezvisere - vanopfuura hafu yeavo vakanga vasara panguva iyoyo - vakatiza munyika. Muna December 18,000, masoja eUnited States paakabuda zviri pamutemo, vanachiremba muBaghdad vaiurayiwa pamwero we2011 panyanzvi 47.6 1,000 pamwedzi, uye vanachiremba vanoda kusvika 5,400 XNUMX vaienda kune dzimwe nyika gore negore.'
Pakati pe2014 ne2017, varwi vakasiyana-siyana muIraq vakaparadza maguta e63 nemisha 1,556; kuparadzwa kwezvivako zvekugara chete kwakaunza matani anopfuura mamiriyoni 55 emarara.
Kutambura kunowedzera:
'Mhuri dzekuMiddle East dzinotungamirirwa nechirikadzi dzine urombo zvikuru; kune chirikadzi dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe muIraq uye mamiriyoni maviri muAfghanistan.'
Nezve kuparadzwa kweNato kweLibya:
"Ipo hondo yeLibya isati yatanga, indekisi yekusimudzira vanhu munyika yaive yepamusoro-soro muAfrica, hondo yakakanganisa hutano uye yakavhara zvipatara munyika yose. Makore ehondo akaunza kuderera kukuru kwoupenyu hunotarisirwa (makore mapfumbamwe kuvarume uye matanhatu kuvakadzi), uye zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakadai setibhii zvakawedzera.'
Muna 2021, 50% yemhuri muLibya yaivimba nemvura yemubhodhoro uye 22% chete ndiyo yakawana hutsanana hwakachengeteka.
Iyo icing pakeke rinotyisa inyaya yekuti makambani ekuMadokero akaisa maoko awo pamafuta mukati Iraki, Ribhiya uye Siriya.
Muna 2007, mune imwe nguva isingawanzo kuitika yekupokana yakanzi, 'Shame on us', yakaburitswa neGuardian, munyori wenhau weIrish uye munyori wescreen Ronan Bennett. akatukwa vezvenhau vakanyarara vachipindura zvakataurwa naAmis:
'Sei vanyori vasina kutanga kunyora? Kune Eagleton uye kune munyori wenhau weIndia uye munyori wezvinyorwa Pankaj Mishra, akaparadzanisa chinyorwa chaAmis chisinganzwisisike uye chine mhirizhonga pamusi wechitanhatu wegore ra9/11. Asi vamwe varipi?'
Bennett akapedzisa achiti:
'Amis ndasiyana nazvo. Akapokana nekupopota kwerusaruraganda sezvakamboita munhu wese munyika kwenguva yakareba. Nyarai nezvaakataura, uye kunyara kwatiri kuti takazvishivirira.'
Hapana chakashanduka. Somumwe munyori wenhau ane mukurumbira, Mark Twain, akati:
'Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinosetsa munyika; pakati pavo, pfungwa dzevachena dzokuti iye haana utsinye kupfuura mamwe mashefu.' (Twain, 'Kutevera Equator - Uchenjeri nehuchenjeri hwaMark Twain', Dover, 1999, p.4)
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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