Kwakabva: Foreign Policy in Focus
Kana Mutungamiriri-vakasarudzwa VaJoe Biden vatanga chigaro muna Ndira 21, vachasangana nemamwe matambudziko anodhura, kubva pakubhadhara hupfumi hweCOVID-19 kusvika pakubata shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Kudzivirira vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu hakuzove kwakachipa, uye kurwira hupfumi hweUS hydrocarbon-based munzira yesimba rinodzokororwa kuchauya nemutengo wakakura.
Imwe nzvimbo yekuwana imwe yemari iyoyo ndeyekupindura kuRussia, Chinese, uye United Nations (UN) zvikumbiro zvekubvisa nzvimbo, kuenda kune izvo zvichave zvinodhura - uye zvinokanganisa - nhangemutange yezvombo yenzvimbo itsva yakakwirira.
The Militarization of Space
Zvita wapfuura, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS (DOD) rakagadzira Space Force, kunyangwe danho rakakura rekuwedzera kuvepo kwemauto muchadenga rakadzokera kuhutongi hwaObama.
Muchokwadi, nzvimbo yagara iine chimiro chemauto kwairi, uye hapana nyika inotsamira pane iyo chiyero kupfuura United States. Gore chairo rekuona masatelliti anosora mhandu, pinda munhaurirano, uye kuona mafambisirwo emauto uye bvunzo dzezvombo. Yakanga iri US Vela Hotel satellite yakabata maIsrael neveSouth Africa vachiyedza muchivande hondo yenyukireya kumaodzanyemba kweIndia Ocean muna 1979.
Kunyange dzimwe nyika dziine mapuratifomu akafanana mudenga, iyo US ndiyo chete nyika ine mauto epasi rose, uye iri kuramba ichitsamira pamasetellite kuti iwedzere mauto ayo. Masetiraiti akadaro anobvumira vanofambisa drone kuti vafonere kurova kwezvikasha kubva hafu yenyika kure vasingaise hupenyu hwevatyairi panjodzi.
IU.S. haisiriyo chete nyika ine drones ane zvombo. Drones dzeTurkey neIsrael dzakaratidza kushanda kwazvo muhondo ichangoburwa pakati peAzerbaijan neArmenia, uye nyika zhinji dzinogadzira drones dzine zvombo. Asi hapana imwe nyika inorwa hondo kubva kumakumi ezviuru zvemamaira kure.
American drones stalk vadzivisi muAfrica, South Asia, uye Middle East vakatyaira kubva kune air conditioned trailer kumaodzanyemba kweNevada. "Iyo chete iyo US inoda kuita mauto chero kupi zvako pasi rose nguva ichipokana nemunhu," Brian Weeden weSecure World Federation akaudza Scientific American muchinyorwa chaNovember chemagazini yacho, “Kurwisana Kwekutenderera: Tinodzivirira sei hondo muchadenga?”
Sekureva kweDOD, ndevekuRussia nemaChinese vakatora danho rekugadzirisa nzvimbo, kunyangwe mazhinji acho ari nhau dzekare uye mazhinji acho akavakirwa zvakanyanya pakufungidzira pane chokwadi. Moscow, Beijing, neWashington vagara vaine kugona kutora masatellite eanopikisa, uye vakaratidza izvozvo kakawanda. Hazvidi unyanzvi hukuru kuita kudaro. Satellite kazhinji ane matenderedzwa nemamhanyiro anofanotaurwa. Nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi Laura Greco weUnion of Concerned Scientists anoadana kuti “madhadha akagara.”
Zvisinei, masatelliti ane simba rekufamba. Chokwadi, kwaive kusangana kwazvino pakati peRussian Cosmos "yekuongorora" setiraiti uye US spy satellite yakatanga kutenderera kwazvino kwe "maRussia ari kuuya!" rhetoric kubva kuPentagon. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakapomera Cosmos kuti inogona kutyisidzira satellite yeAmerica nekuswedera pedyo nayo, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vataridzi vakazvimirira vakakwenya mapendekete avo. "Ndizvo zvinoita setiraiti yekuongorora," anodaro Weeden. "Zvakaoma kuona panguva ino kuti sei US iri kuita chinhu chikuru."
Iyo 'Star Wars' Lobby
Chikonzero chimwe chete? Nokuti blaster rattling inosunungura Congressional purse tambo.
Bhajeti yemauto nevagari vemunzvimbo yeChina inofungidzirwa kuita mabhiriyoni masere nemazana mana emadhora. Russia ine mwero madhora mazana matatu emadhora. Kusiyana neizvi, iyo US space bhajeti iri pamadhora 8.4 bhiriyoni uye kukwira, uye iyo nhamba haiverengeri zvakavanzika zvitema bhajeti zvinhu senge X-37B ndege yemuchadenga isina munhu.
Iyo DOD inonongedza kune chokwadi chekuti maChinese akatanga mamwe masatellite mugore rapfuura kupfuura iyo US, asi icho chiratidziro chechokwadi chekuti US parizvino inotonga nzvimbo, zvese kumauto uye kudivi revanhu. Dzimwe nyika - dzakaita seIndia neEuropean Union - dziri kungoyedza kubata. Kunze kwe3,200 mhenyu masetelliti arikutenderera parizvino, iyo U.S. inodzora 1,327.
Nzvimbo, zvechokwadi, yakakosha kune nyika yanhasi. Satellite haangosori kana kunanga ma drones. Ivo vari pakati pehurongwa hwekutaurirana, kubhengi, kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kutarisa zvese kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kusvika kune tectonic plate kufamba. Hondo chaiyo yemuchadenga yakaparadza masetiraiti network yaizokonzeresa kudzima kwepasi rose uye zvinogona kutungamira kuhondo yepasi.
Ndosaka zvakakosha kugara pasi neRussia, China, uye UN uye kuronga nzira yekuchengetedza nzvimbo nzvimbo yerunyararo, kwete hondo. Nepo kune zvibvumirano zvinofukidza nzvimbo yezvombo, zvine misi. Chibvumirano che 1967 cheOuter Space chinochengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya kubva pakuiswa, asi haivharidzi zvombo zvakatsikiswa pasi kana kuti nzvimbo-yakaparurwa kurwisa satellite, kana kuti setiraiti inofanirwa kusvika padyo sei kune imwe nyika setiraiti kuti ionekwe senjodzi.
Muna 2008, uye zvakare muna 2014, Moscow neBeijing vakaronga Kudzivirira Kuiswa Kwezvombo muOuter Space. Chibvumirano. Parizvino, iyo US haisati yapindura zviri pamutemo, uye rakarambwa zvisungo zvina zvakatsanangurwa neUN General Assembly pamusoro pekudzivirira kuita mauto emuchadenga. Pakave nehurukuro dzisina kurongeka pakati pevaRussia neAmerica, asi matatu ekupedzisira eUS manejimendi ane dzakavakwa nematombo hurukuro dzakakomba.
Ehe, iyo U.S. parizvino inobata akawanda emakadhi, asi ndiko kufunga kupfupi. Vavengi vanogara vachifunga kuti vangakunda sei kukanganisa kwavo. IUS yaive nyika yekutanga kuburitsa chombo chekurwisa satellite muna 1959, asi maRussia akachifananidza makore mana gare gare. China yakaparadza imwe yemasetellite ayo ekare muna 2007, uye India inoti inewo chombo chakadaro.
Asi kune kushorwa kwakasimba kuchibvumirano chakadaro muPentagon neCongress, muchidimbu nekuda kwekukakavadzana kuri kukura pakati peRussia, China, neUS, uye muchidimbu nekuda kwesimba remakambani. Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Raytheon, Northrop Grumman, uye General Dynamics vanomira kukohwa mabhiriyoni epurofiti nekupa Hardware kutonga nzvimbo. Kuwedzerwa kune simba rinotyisa rekudaidzira remakambani makuru ezvombo imwe nhanho yekumusoro uye inouya seMhandara Galactic, SpaceX, uye Blue Origin.
Hard Choices
Iyo Space Force inewo bipartisan rutsigiro. Vamwe 188 Democrats vakabatana 189 Republicans kupasa National Defence Authorization Act ye2020.
Kusikwa kweSpace Force hakuna kunyatso sangana nazvo vhura maoko nemamwe mabasa echiuto. Imwe neimwe yemasevhisi ine yavo yenzvimbo-yakavakirwa masisitimu uye mabhajeti anoenda pamwe neizvozvo, uye ivo negodo vanorinda turf yavo. Kwenguva iri Space Force iri pasi pemapiro eAir Force, asi bhajeti rayo rakaparadzana, uye vashoma vanokahadzika kuti ichakurumidza kuva sevhisi pachayo.
Panguva ino iyo outlay nokuti Mauto achaita $200 bhiriyoni mumakore mashanu, asi bhajeti remauto rine nzira yekuwedzera geometrically. Yekutanga kuburitsa kweReagan manejimendi yekumisa "Star Wars" system yaive diki, asi yakadya mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni mazana maviri emadhora kusvika parizvino uye ichiri kufamba-famba, kunyangwe ichizivikanwa zvakanyanya nekukundikana pane kubudirira.
Hutongi hweBiden huchafanirwa kuita sarudzo dzakaoma dzakatenderedza denda uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichienderera mberi nekushandisa mari inosvika madhora miriyoni imwe pagore pamauto ayo. Kuwedzera rimwe basa remauto apo nyika dzeAmerica dziri kuzununguka kubva mukudonha kwehupfumi kweCCIDID-1 uye makungwa ari kudziya ari kubuda mashura chimwe chinhu chisingagonekwi neUS kana pasirese.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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