Kusvika pari zvino, nyanzvi yejoographer David Harvey anga achionekwa semukuru weMarxist, kunyangwe vamwe vari kuruboshwe vakashoropodza akati wandei edzidziso dzake se "mutsigiri." Sekuona kwangu mipiro yaHarvey kukufunga kweMarxist, maererano nemaitiro ake edzidziso uye kuedza kwake kuita kuti Marxism iwanikwe nevanhu vakawanda, hazvirambiki. Kunyanya chikonzero chekuodzwa mwoyo nedzidziso yake yazvino.
Muhurukuro yevhidhiyo munhevedzano yake "Anti-Capitalist Chronicles,” Harvey anonyevera pamusoro pokupidigura kwechimurenga kwecapitalism nechikonzero chokuti zano rakadaro rava rechinyakare. Nharo yake yepakati ndeyekuti capitalism "yakanyanya kutadza kukundikana" uye nekudaro zvakanakisa zvatingatarisira ndezvekuwedzera shanduko kutsigira hurongwa. Sezvo capitalism yakakurisa kuti isakundike, Harvey anopokana, zvakafanira kuti tisaibvumira kuti ikunde: “Tinofanira kunyatso tora nguva tichiisimudzira [capitalism] kumusoro, tichiedza kuironga patsva, uye pamwe kuishandura zvishoma nezvishoma uye. nekufamba kwenguva kune imwe gadziriso. Asi kupidigura kwechimurenga chehurongwa hwehupfumi hwemacapitalist hachisi chinhu chingafungidzirwa panguva ino. Izvo hazviitike, uye hazvigone kuitika, uye isu tinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti hazviitike. "
Imwe yenharo dzaHarvey pakuda kudzoreredza capitalism pane kuitsiva ndeyekuti kune njodzi pakati penyika yose kunofanirwa kudzivirirwa nemuripo wese. Anodaidza kuruboshwe kuti aedze "kutonga iyi capitalist system nenzira yekuti tinoimisa kuve yakashata kuti tirarame panguva imwe chete isu tichironga capitalist system kuitira kuti ive shoma uye ishoma inotsamira pane pundutso ... uwandu hwevanhu vepasi rose hunogona kuberekana murunyararo nerunyararo, kwete mafambiro azviri kuitika iye zvino, usiri runyararo nerunyararo zvachose, asi kuputika. Uye kuputika uku kunogona, hongu, kutungamirirawo kumakakatanwa pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi, nemakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika, nezvimwe zvakadaro. "
Sekuona kwangu, kutaura kwaHarvey kunodonha pane akati wandei zvikonzero.
Kutanga, nhaurirano izere yekupokanidzana kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwechete capitalism inofumura unyengeri hweiyo "yakakura kwazvo yekutadza" thesis. Yakanyanya kutadza kukundikana haina musoro kana sisitimu isingagadzirike zvekuti "kugonesa" kunosanganisira kuzvipira kusingatsungirike kune vanhu vese (sekuita kuti veruzhinji nevemakambani vadzore chikwereti). Harvey anotaura nezvekupokana muhurongwa asi anongoratidzira kusaenzana uye kuparadza kwezvakatipoteredza. Asi aya angori maviri chete, uye nokudaro anosiya fungidziro yekuti zvimwe tinogona kurarama nekupokanidzana kwacho uye kungoedza kupfavisa marwadzo azvo. Kunyangwe zvazvo Harvey asina fungidziro pamusoro pekuparadza kwecapitalism, kupokana kunoda kuunzwa pakati penhaurirano ipi neipi pamusoro pezviitiko zveramangwana.
Marx akaratidza makore 150 apfuura kuti kupokana kunowedzera kudzika nekudzika, kunyangwe paine kutaridzika kwebudiriro huru. Kupokanidzana kwemuzana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe capitalism iri kujeka: chikwereti chikuru cheruzhinji, chakavanzika uye chemakambani; chikamu chikuru chehupfumi chinoburitsa zvinhu zvisina kunaka kana zvinoparadza uye masevhisi; iyo chokwadi chekuti shanduko ye40-awa yevhiki yebasa iyo yave kuita semaawa makumi mashanu neshanu kana makumi matanhatu kune vanhu vazhinji, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kukuru kwevakadzi mubasa rekushanda, kunoitika panguva iyo kusimukira kwehunyanzvi (makomputa, AI, nezvimwewo). .) inofanira kunge ichideredza vhiki yebasa kanenge nehafu. Pamusoro pezvose Harvey anosiya imperialism zvachose kunze kwemufananidzo.
Kumwe kupokana kune chekuita nekugadzirisa mari, kureva mukaha (kunyangwe kusiri kurambana kwakazara) pakati pehupfumi hwehupfumi, neWall Street inorekodha rekodhi-inopwanya mabhenefiti, uye Main Street, nekumira kana kusiri kuipa kwemamiriro ehupfumi kune ruzhinji rwevanhu. huwandu hwevanhu mumakore makumi mana apfuura. Mukana uyu wasvika pachikumbaridzo chitsva mumavhiki apfuura nekupora kwemusika wemasheya panguva yekushaikwa kukuru kwemabasa kwakakonzerwa nedenda.
Chechipiri, hudzamu hwekupokana uku hunonongedzera kumhedzisiro yakasvika Harvey nezve "kusimudzira" sisitimu. Muchokwadi, Harvey anoita kuti zviratidzike sekunge isu, vanhu, tinogona kuita kudzivirira dambudziko rehupfumi ne "kusimudzira" capitalism. Marx akaisa "mhirizhonga yekugadzirwa" zvinoreva kuti hapana hurumende, uye hapana capitalist, inogona kudzivirira matambudziko ehupfumi. Uye saka nei Harvey achifunga kuti vanhu vane chido chakanaka vanogona kudzivirira kuparara?
Chechitatu, vanhu vashoma vari kuruboshwe, kana varipo, vari kuti ino inguva yekuchinja yakanakira kubvutwa kwesimba muUS kana dzimwe nyika dzakabudirira. Saka Harvey haasi kutaura chero chinhu chatisingazive. Nyaya huru ndeyekuti mareforms here and there are going to do the job and if not, unoudzei vanhu. Unoudza vanhu kuti vazorore uye vagutsikane nezvimedu? Kana kuti iwe unoudza vanhu kuti shanduko yechokwadi nekukurumidza kana gare gare inhoroondo yakakosha, pfungwa iri kushomeka zvachose kubva muhurukuro yaHarvey. Kana iwe ukayambira vanhu pamusoro pekuchinja kwehurongwa, uye uchiti chishuvo chakadaro hachina basa, saka kutaura kuti uri muvengi wehurongwa huripo hunorasikirwa nekuvimbika kwese, sezvaunoita zvitupa zvako zvekuve anti-capitalist.
Chokwadi, dambudziko neiyo thesis yaHarvey harisi imwe yenguva, yekumirira nguva chaiyo yekuchinja kwesystem. Paanoti "capitalism yakakurisa kuti isakundikana," haisi nyaya yenguva, kunze kwekunge uchifunga kuti makambani ecapitalist ari kuzova madiki mune ramangwana uye kuti makambani achaparara. Reformism ndiyo nyaya yacho. Kana iwe usingafungi kuti system yacho inogona kuchinjwa, saka iwe unosara uine chii? Ini handisi munhu anozvidza vanochinja zvinhu asi ndinofunga kuti vari kunyengera vanhu. Kana kupokana kuri kuramba kuchikura saka kutaura kuti capitalism yakakurisa kusakundikana kufuratira chokwadi. Pane anotenda here kuti chikwereti chezvikamu zvakazvimiririra, zveveruzhinji uye zvemakambani chiri kuzodzikira nekufamba kwenguva? Zvese zvinopesana (3 mabhiriyoni emadhora akawedzerwa mumwedzi miviri yapfuura). Pane anotenda here kuti pasi pecapitalism vhiki yebasa ichaderedzwa? (kune vazhinji yakawedzera) Pane anotenda here kuti pasi pecapitalism tichakwanisa kushandura dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza? Idzi ndidzo nyaya dzaifanirwa kunge dzichitarisana naHarvey mukuedza kwake kupenda mufananidzo wezvingaite nyika mune ramangwana.
Chechina, Harvey anofunga kuti maitiro echimurenga achasanganisira kuparara kwakazara uye kwenguva refu uko nyika, kana nyika, "icharambira nemamiriro ezvinhu ... isu tese taizofa nenzara." Muchokwadi, hapana nzira yekuziva kuti chimurenga mune imwe nyika yeindasitiri yepamberi ichataridzika sei, nekuti hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika. Asi hapana pese muhurukuro yaHarvey pane izwi nezve shanduko kune socialism.
Uye yechishanu, kutaura kwaHarvey kuti kupidigura kwecapitalism "hakuzoitike" kunoda nhaurirano yakabatana yemamiriro ekunze pane zvaanopa. Harvey angangodaro asiri kutaura zvaanotaura nezve kusimba kweiyo capitalist system uye kukosha kwekuidzivirira kana bato rekuruboshwe rakarongeka rakasanganiswa nekuratidzira kuri kuitika munharaunda kwakakunda padanho repasi rose. Saka nyaya ye anti-hegemonic movement yakanyatsokodzera.
Muhurukuro yake pamusoro pekubudirira kwekufamba kwevanhu munyika yose, Harvey anoita seane tariro uye asina tariro. Anocherekedza kuti masangano ekuratidzira akapararira sei, munzvimbo uye nekuchenjera. Asi anotaurawo kuti “kuunganidza vanhu vakawanda hakugari kwenguva yakareba kudaro. Zvizhinji… zvinoitika, zvino vonyarara, uye vanhu vanokanganwa nezvavo, vobva vaputika zvakare. " Anoenderera mberi achisimbisa kupatsanurwa kwemafambiro, "kuti mapoka akasiyana anotora chikamu mukuunganidza uku asi haanyatso kurongeka pamwechete." Zvadaro, pamashoko ane tariro, Harvey anoratidza kuti "zvatiri kuona iye zvino zvichida kutanga kwezviratidzo muzviitiko zvose izvi zvekuuya pamwe chete" kweavo vanofarira muenzaniso wegutsaruzhinji panzvimbo yeneoliberal.
Nekudaro, mafambisirwo emagariro akadai saSeattle, ma "indignados," bato rekugara, mhirizhonga yepfuti yevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari, bato reMe-Too, bato reBlack Lives Matter etc. . Semuyenzaniso, sirogani ye99% inoiswa mberi nesangano rekugara yave chikamu chehurukuro uye kwete kuruboshwe chete.
Chiri kushaikwa chaizvo ndizvo zvinonzi neveMarxists se "subjective" factor. Kureva, bato rezvematongerwo enyika rekuruboshwe (kana mapato) rinokwanisa kubatanidza madots uye kubatanidza matambudziko akasiyana kupfuura chirongwa chegutsaruzhinji. Iyo FBI inonzwisisa njodzi yetsime iri, ndosaka yavanodaidza kuti "mesiya," vanova vamwe vane hunyanzvi hwekuruboshwe (uye kunyangwe vasiri vekuruboshwe), vanopedzisira vava chinangwa. mesiya mutungamiri ane simba rekubatanidza vepasi, boka revashandi uye zvikamu zveboka repakati, kubatanidza mumarudzi nemadzinza, nezvimwewo kuunza shanduko inorambwa neboka rinotonga. Ndakatanga kunzwa nezve izwi iri mubvunzurudzo nemunyori wehupenyu (Jeffrey Haas) yaFred Hampton uyo airatidza kuti akarohwa chaizvo nekuti FBI yakamuona ari rudzi irworwo rwemutungamiri. Martin Luther King naMalcom X vese vakapondwa chaizvo pavakatanga kusvika kumapoka makuru. Asi chinodiwa haasi mutungamiri anogona neimwe nzira kuti chimurenga chiitike. Chiri kushaikwa ibato rezvematongerwo enyika rinogona kubatanidza pakati pemafambiro akasiyana, zvido zvakasiyana, masirogani akasiyana, nemapoka akasiyana emagariro, marudzi nemadzinza.
Kuti tidzokere kuHarvey, zvinoshamisa kuti panguva ino, apo mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara aunza mwero wetariro, nekuratidzira kweBlack Lives Matter uye kusagutsikana kwakapararira nehurongwa, zvekuti Harvey anouya nemutsara uyu wekufunga. Paiva ne nguva nekukundwa kwesarudzo kwevaSandinistas muna 1990, uyezve kuparara kweSoviet Union, apo vamwe vanhu vari kuruboshwe vakadai saMarta Harnecker vakataura nezvekuguma kwekurwisana kweimperialist. Asi ipapo Chávez akauya uye Marta, pakati pevamwe, akagadziridza kufunga kwake. Kufungazve kwakafanana kana kujekeswa pane chikamu chaHarvey chingave chakarongeka.
Steve Ellener purofesa akasiya basa kubva kuVenezuela Universidad de Oriente uye parizvino ari Associate Managing Editor we. Maonero echiLatin American. Bhuku rake rakagadziridzwa "Latin American Extractivism: Dependency, Resource Nationalism uye Resistance muBroad Perspective" (Rowman & Littlefield) ichaburitswa gare gare gore rino.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta