Dancin 'mu Suites?
September 2013
By Roger Bybee
Muna 1964, "Dancin" muMigwagwa - Martha neVandellas zvine hungwaru hit hit yakanyorwa kuDetroit's Motown Records - yakatungamira machati uye Detroit yaizivikanwa seParis yekuMidwest. Mushure mekushanda seArsenal yeAmerica yeDemocracy panguva yeWWII nemidziyo yayo yemotokari yakashandurwa kuita matangi akawanda uye zvombo, mushure mehondo Detroit yairatidza kukwira kwevanhu vanoshanda vakabatana kubva muhurombo kuenda kuchengetedzo.
Detroit yaizvikudza yechina pahuwandu hwevanhu vemuAmerica vangangosvika mamirioni maviri, zvichibva pabudiriro iyo United Auto Workers yaihwina kumhuri dzinoshanda. Hunhengo hukuru hweUAW hwaisanganisira vatami vekuAfrica-America kubva kuJim Crow South avo, vaine ruremekedzo ruchangobva kuwanikwa, vaive zvino vachifora vachirwira kodzero dzavo sevanhu vakazara, chikonzero chinotsigirwa zvakasimba nemubatanidzwa.
Asi muna 2013, hakuna kumbove nekutamba mumigwagwa muDetroit zvichitevera chiziviso chaGavhuna Rick Snyder chekubhuroka musi waChikunguru 18. Mafambiro aSnyder—nepo kukakavadzana kwakanyanya kuri kuitika mumatare edzimhosva—kunogona kungobata “dancin” mumasuites” nevemari, sezvavanowana dziviriro kubva kumhedzisiro yekudyara kwavo kune njodzi muDetroit mabhondi emunisiparati.
Zvichakadaro, zvibvumirano zvevashandi vemuguta uye vanomiririra mubatanidzwa, penjeni dzevarega basa, uye hupfumi hweveruzhinji zvese zviri panjodzi.
Panguva ino, kubhuroka kwaDetroit kunogona kuratidza kuunzwa kunoshamisa kwehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri muUS.
Kwemakumi emakore akati wandei, Detroit yakaona kubhururuka kwekugadzirwa kweauto uye mamwe mabasa ane chekuita neauto-parts, nguva pfupi yadarika kuChina neMexico (yakanyorwa kuti Detroit South mune mukurumbira. Business Week chivharo). Mauto akatarisana neDetroit anosanganisira:
· Vane mari—mamaneja emidziyo, veinishuwarenzi, uye vemabhanga—vanoda kudzivirirwa neveruzhinji kubva mumari yavo ine pundutso asi ine njodzi.
· Vatungamiriri veRepublican vanoda kushandisa masimba paDetroit uye kuparadza mibatanidzwa yeruzhinji muDetroit nemuMichigan yese.
· Kuwanda kunoramba kuripo kweguta uye nyika zvinokurudzira zvisina zvibereko zvakanangana kukwezva mari yemakambani asi zvinongopedza Detroit neMichigan mihoro inodiwa zvakanyanya.
Kusada kwaObama kupindira vakamiririra vashandi veDetroit, vanodya penjeni, uye masangano everuzhinji akaoneswa njodzi inoshamisa nekuda kweMichigan yakasarudzika uye isina rusununguko Emergency Financial Manager Act.
Kuenderera mberi kwekushaikwa kwegwaro remaindasitiri nehurumende yemubatanidzwa kuchengetedza, kuwedzera, uye kusimbisa hwaro hwenyika hwemabasa anochengetedza mhuri mukugadzira.
Zvido zvikuru zvemari - kusanganisira mafemu e "asset-management" anobata chikamu cheshumba chechikwereti cheDetroit chemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemasere muchikwereti chakakura, chisina mutero chekanzuru - vari kuda kuti vakuru vehurumende nevenzvimbo vavadzivirire panjodzi uye vabvise mari yavo kubva muguta. vashandi vane zvibvumirano zvinogona kurambwa uye mibatanidzwa yavo ikadzikiswa, uye midyandigere yevagari vemuguta inoderedzwa. Kana zvichidikanwa, kutengeswa kwemidziyo yeruzhinji kunogona kuve chikamu chekubhadhara mari kune vane mabhondi. Zvivakwa zveveruzhinji zviri kufungwa kutengeswa zvinosanganisira Belle Isle Park, pendi yemamuseum, mvura netsvina zvekushandisa, uye zoo.
Kupfuurirazve, kana kubhuroka kweDetroit kukaitika senge dambudziko reNew York rema1970, kusikwa kweboka revamabhanga nevamwe vane mari kuti vabatsire kutonga guta zvingangoitika. Guta iri riri kutotungamirwa naKevyn Orr, aimbove gweta rekubhuroka kwaChrysler, ane chinzvimbo cheEmergency Financial Manager chinomupa simba rekukunda sarudzo nevakuru veguta vakasarudzwa nedemocracy. “Pose apo vatsigiri vezvemari vanoda kudzorerwa mari yavo kubva mumaguta, ivo vanotevedzera gadziriro yegutsaruzhinji ndokumanikidzira udzvinyiriri hwezvemari,” anonyevera kudaro William K. Tabb, ane bhuku rake. Iyo Yakareba Default: New York uye Iyo Urban Fiscal Crisis yakatsanangura kugadzwa kwezvido zvebhanga panguva yedambudziko reNew York nekubhadharisa hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji.
Detroit's hombe bondholders "asset-management" mafemu anotenga mabhondi ekanzuru sechikamu chemapotfolio avanotarisira vatengi vavo vakapfuma. Kufanana nemabhondi ese emanisipala, Detroit haina mutero, chinokwezva chikuru kune vanoisa mari. Asi Detroit, nekuda kwematambudziko ayo emari kwenguva refu, yakamanikidzwa kuwedzera zvinotapira zvekudzoka kwakanyanya, kurova 16.3 muzana pakutanga kwegore rino, mubairo unoshamisa kune vanoisa mari. Mabondholders makuru anosanganisira:
· Franklin Resources, inogara muSan Mateo, California, ine $232 miriyoni mumabhondi ekuDetroit. Franklin anobata mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana masere nemakumi mashanu emadhora uye akawana purofiti yemadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora muchikamu chazvino, uye kubudirira kwayo kwakakonzera kupatsanurwa kwemasheya matatu-ku-815.
· CEO Gregory Johnson akawana $12.3 miriyoni muna 2012. Nuveen Assets Management, iyo inotarisira mari inosvika mabhiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemana emadhora, inobata madhora 224 miriyoni mumabhondi ekuDetroit.
· Berkshire Hathaway Assurance Corp., mumwe mubati mukuru, uyo, maererano nemushumo wayo wepagore, ane $901 miriyoni mumabhondi eDetroit. Iyo Berkshire conglomerate, yebhirionaire Warren Buffett, yakaona hupfumi hwayo ichikwira ne14.4 muzana, "ipa Berkshire $73 bhiriyoni yemari yemahara yekuisa mari"
Zviripachena, mabhondi aya ane zviwanikwa zvakakura zvaizovamisa kana Detroit ikatadza kuvadzorera dhora nedhora. Nekudaro, ivo vane diki diki rekuita kuzvipira, sekureva kwaSteve Kreisman, director wevashandi vehurumende AFSMCE mubatanidzwa anoti: mabhondi "vanoti hunyanzvi hwavo hunopembedza mibairo yavo yakawanda yemari, iyo, chokwadi, haifanirwe kubhadhariswa mutero. Asi njodzi padzinovava, vanokasira kunongedza nemunwe, voda kubvisirwa mari.
Vatauriri vehomwe inotungamira mari inobata chikamu cheshumba chemadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemasere emadhora muchikwereti cheguta, pamwe nemabhuku ebhizinesi anotungamira, varatidza chivimbo chekuti vachabhadharwa zvizere. Manzwiro aya anotsigirwa nehurumende isingafarirwe neEmergency Financial Manager Act. Mutemo uyu, waiwanzo shandiswa naSnyder kutora hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri pamusoro pehurumende dzemumaguta evatema seBenton Harbour's, wakapisa kupikisa kukuru zvekuti wakabviswa nevavhoti muna Mbudzi 18.5. akazvidzorera muna December.
The Emergency Financial Manager Act inotaura zvakajeka kuti matanho emari ekukurumidzira anofanirwa kuvimbisa "kubhadhara kuzere kwezvakarongwa zvechikwereti zvinodiwa pamabhondi ese, manotsi, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemanisipala ehurumende yenzvimbo." Asi vashandi vehurumende - vane zvibvumirano zvinogona kuvharwa vachipihwa masimba ehudzvanyiriri anopihwa Orr pasi peEmergency Finance Act - uye mapenjeni evakaenda pamudyandigere anogona kuve panjodzi. "Kutsigira chinodikanwa cheMichigan chekuti mabhondi abhadharwe zvizere kunoisa mutoro wese wekucheka chikwereti cheguta kune vashandi varo," nyanzvi yegweta rekubhuroka yakaudza Crain's. Detroit Business Journal.
Penjeni yevashandi inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa neMutemo weMichigan. Asi dziviriro idzi, pekutanga dzakatsigirwa negweta guru reMichigan uye mutongi akapa mutongo wekutanga kurambidza kuchekwa kwemudyandigere, ari pasi pezvinetso zvinoenderana neEmergency Financial Management Act uye mutemo wemubatanidzwa wekubhuroka, uyo unowanzo wanikwa uchitsiva matanho ehurumende. Kugadziriswa kwekupedzisira kwemitemo inopokana kunogona kuunza hondo refu mudare, panguva iyo Snyder - kana akabatirira pachokwadi - achaita sekunge pasina danho repamutemo rinomurambidza.
Vakuru vehurumende nevenyika veRepublican vane shungu yekushandisa kubhuroka kweDetroit senzira ye (1) kuratidza mutsara wakaoma weGOP uchipokana nekubhadhara mari yemutero (kunze kwekunge yaiswa kumabhanga, makambani anofarirwa, uye nzvimbo dzeSouthern coastline dzinowanzosangana nenjodzi dzenyika) uye ( 2) kurova rimwe danho pamusoro pemasangano evashandi vehurumende, avo vanoramba vari musara wakasimba wasara wevashandi vekuUS zvichitevera makumi emakore eiyo Bhizinesi reVhiki rakange rave ratidzo muna 1994 se "imwe yehondo dzakabudirira kwazvo dzinopesana nemubatanidzwa, kudzinga zvisiri pamutemo zviuru zvevashandi nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo. kodzero dzekuronga."
Kuwedzera Hondo yeAnti-Union
Mumakumi maviri emakore adarika, hondo yekurwisana nemubatanidzwa yakawedzera zvakanyanya, nekupfurwa zvisiri pamutemo kwevatsigiri vemubatanidzwa kunodarika 31,000 muna 2005. Uyezve, Gavhuna weWisconsin Scott Walker, achivimba nemafambiro asina demokrasi, akanyima vashandi vehurumende kodzero dzemubatanidzwa. Zvakare, Michigan, neIndiana vese vakatora mitemo inopesana nemubatanidzwa "kodzero-ku-basa" isina mukana wekutariswa kwegutsaruzhinji. "Chirevo ndechekupwanya mibatanidzwa yeruzhinji muMichigan uye munyika, kuuraya penjeni uye kuishandura kuva hurongwa hwekupa hwakatsanangurwa sebazi rakazvimirira," anodaro Tabb. Dambudziko harisi chete rinozokonzera kurwadziwa kwakanyanya kwevashandi vemuguta - vane muhoro wepakati iUS $42,000 mushure mekuderedzwa kwegumi kubva muzana muna 10 - uye vanoenda pamudyandigere vanowana avhareji yemadhora zviuru gumi nezvisere nemazana maviri nemakumi manomwe neshanu mumabhenefiti epagore, asi zvichakanganisa zvakanyanya kugona kwemubatanidzwa kupa hunyanzvi hwesangano uye mipiro yemari kuDemocratic Party. "Pasina zviwanikwa zvemubatanidzwa, rusununguko rwedemokrasi inhoroondo," anodaro Tabb.
Gavhuna Snyder-sevamwe magavhuna ekuMidwestern Scott Walker naJohn Kasich weOhio-anosundwa nekutenda kwakasimba mune izvo zvinganzi "free-market fundamentalism," vachivimba ne "musika" -chaizvoizvo, simba remakambani makuru ane hukama nezvematongerwo enyika. anokunda mamwe maitiro ese. Snyder-akatsanangurwa muGuardian naMark Binelli se "heti-bvudzi rakasimbiswa public accountant (uye venture capitalist) ... akabhejera mushandirapamwe wake kusvika pamamiriyoni matanhatu emadhora" - anoda uye anotoda kukanda hurongwa hunokosha hwegutsaruzhinji mumhepo yake. kushingairira kushandira zvido zvemakambani nemabhangi.
Aya maitiro anoita kuti kuvharira rubatsiro rwemari kuDetroit kuve chinhu chekutanga kune veRepublicans - kunyangwe kune avo vanoshingairira musika wemahara vakavhotera madhora zviuru gumi nemazana mashanu emadhora ekubhengi indasitiri. Maseneta mashanu emuRepublicans anonzi akagadzirira kudzika mutemo unorambidza kubhadhariswa mari kwechero dhorobha remuAmerica, kunze kwekunge kwaitika njodzi.
Zvichakadaro, Mutungamiriri weDemocratic Barack Obama - uyo akadzokorora kurumbidza Mitt Romney kusava nehanya nedambudziko reDetroit rinoratidzwa kuburikidza nekupikisa kweRepublican kusunungurwa kweGM naChrysler mumushandirapamwe wemutungamiri we 2012 - zvinoshamisa zvinoratidza chido chiduku chekutsvaga kubhadhara Detroit nevashandi vayo. , pasinei nechinzvimbo chavo chisina njodzi. Kune ese aObama anopisa rhetoric panguva yemushandirapamwe nezve kukosha kwekuponesa Detroit, akanyatso kudzika dudziro yake ye "Detroit" kune chete General Motors naChrysler semasangano emakambani.
Asi kunyange VaObama vatora toni yakasimba yeruzhinji nguva pfupi yadarika, vachisimbisa mafambiro akasiyana evakuru vakuru vari kukwirisa mihoro inosvika zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana kubva muna 40, nepo mari yemumba yepakati yakadzikira kubva pamadhora makumi mashanu nemakumi mana ezviuru muna 2009 kusvika pamadhora makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu nesere gore rino. Zvisinei, Munyori wePfuma yaObama, VaJack Lew, vakaratidza kuti Hurumende haina chido chekupindira muDetroit, pasinei nenzira dzisina hurumende dzinoisa pangozi zvibvumirano zvevashandi uye mabhenefiti emudyandigere.
Hapana Push For Industrial Policy
Mutungamiri Obama vakati, pasina humbowo humbowo, hwekuti kugadzira kweAmerica kuri kubatsirikana nemaitiro e "insurance" sezvo vashandi vekuChina vanoda mihoro yakakwira. Muchokwadi, anoratidza Mary Frederickson mubhuku rakeKutarisa Maodzanyemba, vagadziri vakachinja mabasa kubva kuChina kuenda kunyika dzine mari shoma dzakaita seVietnam neBangladesh.
Panzvimbo pekutora matanho ekupa mibairo mafemu ekuchengetedza mabasa muU.S. uye kuvaka patsva kugadzirwa kweUS, vatungamiri veDemocratic Party, Clinton naObama vakatangisa mitemo ye“free-trade” inopa kurudziro nedziviriro pakuchinja kwemabasa kunyika dzine muhoro wakaderera se. Mexico neChina. Chibvumirano cheNorth America Free Trade Agreement chakadhura mabasa anofungidzirwa miriyoni emuUS, Michigan ichirasikirwa nemabasa zviuru makumi mana nezvitatu nemazana mashanu, zvichibva pahuwandu hweEconomic Policy Institute (EPI). Kutengeserana kwemahara neChina kwakadhura mabasa anofungidzirwa kusvika miriyoni mazana maviri nenomwe, neMichigan zvakare yakatora chikamu chikuru, ichirasikirwa nemabasa makumi manomwe neshanu nemazana mashanu.
Mutungamiri Obama, kunyange zvazvo vachimhanya pa-anti-free trade platform muna 2008, vakatendeuka vakagadzira zvibvumirano zvitsva neSouth Korea, Colombia, nePanama. Hutungamiri hwake parizvino huri kushanda pachibvumirano cheTrans-Pacific Partnership chakashoropodzwa se "NAFTA pane steroids" nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwayo kwakasimba kwesimba rekambani kurwisa kuedza kwehurumende kuchengetedza vashandi nevatengi.
Kubatsira Detroit nemamwe maguta ari kurwara, iyo US inofanirwa kufuratira mitemo inopesana nekugadzira inosimudzira kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwemabasa eUS uye, panzvimbo pezvo, kubatanidza masangano ehurumende mukufurira makambani eUS kuti avake zvivakwa zvekugadzira muUS, sekureva. economist Jeff Faux, munyori we Iyo Global Kirasi War.
Pasina hurongwa hwakanyanya hwehupfumi hwakadai, maguta akaita seDetroit neU.S. sese haana nzira dzekukunda kusafambiswa zvakanaka kwemakambani makuru matatu emotokari ane muzinda wakatenderedza Detroit. Panguva iyo United Auto Workers yakaita mibairo inokatyamadza iyo yakabatsira kusimudza mihoro nemamiriro evashandi vese vekuUS uye boka rinowanzo-kusatenda renyanzvi, mubatanidzwa wakanzvenga GM, Chrysler, uye Ford pakunetsa kwavo kuita sarudzo. pamusoro penyaya dzakaita sekutamisa mabasa, sekutaura kunoita Thomas Sugrue Midzi Yedambudziko Remaguta.
Vachiita vega, “Vaiti vezvisarudzo vanokosha—vanemasheya makuru muGeneral Motors, Ford, Chrysler, zvichingodaro, uye mabhodhi evatungamiriri vavakasarudza—vakaita zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvine ngozi,” anotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi yezveupfumi Richard Wolff achinyoramuchengeti. Vakakundikana mumakwikwi neveEurope neJapan vemotokari dzemotokari, uye vakarasikirwa nemugove wemusika kwavari, uye vakapindura zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisina kukwana kudikanwa kwekugadzira matekinoroji matsva ekuchengetedza mafuta. "Uye, pamwe zvakanyanya, vakapindura kukundikana kwavo nekufunga kubvisa zvigadzirwa muDetroit kuti vakwanise kubhadhara vamwe vashandi mihoro yakaderera."
General Motors nokudaro yakava mushandirwi “wekutanga” weMexico muma1990, achitora mukana wemitengo yebasa paanenge 10 muzana yenhanho dzeU.S. GM yakapa mamwe mabasa ega ega kupfuura chero imwe femu kusvika yatsiviwa neWal-Mart. GM iri kuwedzera mune dzimwe nyika dzine muhoro wakaderera seChina neIndia, ichidzvanya iyo yekupedzisira pasuru yakakura yekukurudzira.
Ford Motors inogadzira 62 muzana yekugadzirwa kwayo mhiri kwemakungwa uye yakaderedza zvinoda kusvika 50 muzana yevashandi vayo vekuU.S. mumakore achangopfuura. Muna 1995, Mutungamiriri weFord akatsanangura mafemu anotungamira huzivi: "Ford haisati iri kambani yeAmerica, kutaura chaiko. Isu tiri pasi rose. Isu tiri kudyara pasi rose…. Mamaneja edu ndeemunyika dzakawanda. Tinovadzidzisa kufunga nekuita pasi rose. "
Chrysler yanga ichikurawo pasirese kuenda kunyika dzine mari shoma, dzakadzvanyirira dzakaita seMexico neChina kugadzira mota dzekuunza kunze kwenyika mumusika weUS. Nehutongi hwaObama husingade kuisa chero mamiriro ekubhadharisa mota kuti vawedzere basa reUS, Chrysler akanzwa akasununguka kuvhara injini yeKenosha, Wisconsin uye kuendesa mabasa kune chirimwa chinotambira mari shoma muSilao, Mexico.
Kupesana nezvinotendwa zvinogara zvichitaurwa zvevakasununguka vanoshuvira kutarisana nenyaya yemakambani achifunga kusiya vashandi vemuUS nenharaunda, tekinoroji haina kuita basa mukurasikirwa kukuru kwemabasa ane chekuita nemotokari muUS, sekureva kwaDan Luria. , economist uye director director weMichigan Institute pakugadzira. Nepo saizi yezvimwe zvidyarwa zvemotokari yadzikira, izvi zvave nekuda kwekuendeswa kunze kwebasa kune vanogadzira autoparts. Sezvo mafemu emotokari akatamira kuMexico neChina, vagadziri vemotokari vanga vachivatevera, akadaro.
Kubhururuka kweindasitiri yemotokari pamwe nekushanda kweautoparts kuenda kumatunhu ane muhoro wakaderera uye nyika kwaparadza basa reguta uye mabhesi emitero. Zvinoratidza mamiriro eguta reparlous zvinosanganisira:
· Guta rakarasikirwa nezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvehuwandu hwaro kubvira 1950, nekudzika kwakanyanya kwe25 muzana kubva 2000.
· Detroit haina chinhu zvekuti ine misha inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika 74,000 isina vanhu, ine mabhuroko asingaverengeki ane imba imwe chete kana mbiri dzinogara vanhu. Detroit yakaomeswa zvakanyanya neiyo sub-prime dzimba dambudziko uye kuvharwa kwemba. United Auto Workers Local 600 yanga iri simba rakakosha mukurwisa kuvharirwa
· Chakazara chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevaDetroiters vanorarama muhurombo, kusanganisira ruzhinji rwevana
· Mapaki ayo anodarika hafu akavharwa
· Inofungidzirwa kuti zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvemarambi emumugwagwa haasi kushanda
Mauto emapurisa ane skeletal anokwanisa kupa nguva yekupindura yemaminetsi makumi mashanu nesere (avhareji yenyika maminetsi gumi nerimwe) kuvagari vakapererwa vachitsvaga rubatsiro mukubata nehutsotsi hwepamusoro hweguta ripi neripi. Zvakadaro guta rave nehurongwa hwekushaiwa mari nekuda kweguta uye nyika kugamuchira mutero we "pro-market" wemutero wakapihwa kumakambani, kusanganisira chirongwa chitsva chemadhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana manomwe emitero yemakambani, kunyangwe nhoroondo yezvirongwa zvakadaro zvichitadza kusimudzira hupfumi. development.
Musiyano unotyisa uripo pakati pekuda kwevakuru vehurumende kugeza mapurojekiti anobatsira vapfumi uku vachiregeredza masangano everuzhinji nezvivakwa zvinoshandira varombo uye vanoshanda muDetroiters wakaratidzirwa nekupihwa kwedare reparamende kwemadhora mazana mana nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora ezvisungo zvenhandare itsva yeDetroit Red Wings hockey muDetroit. Mibairo yekanzuru yemadhora emutero yezvivakwa zvemitambo ine rekodhi yakafanana yekukurudzira budiriro kana mabasa matsva. Iyo Red Wings nhandare yeprojekiti yakanyanya kunaka nekuti timu ndeyamabhirioni Michael naMarian Ilitch, avo varidzi veDetroit Tigers baseball timu uye Little Caesar's cheni yepizzerias.
Detroit yakaramba ichibuda pakupera kwekurasikirwa kwezvishandiso zvinopihwa kune vanogadzira mota zvikuru nemamwe makambani, nemari yakawanda yemutero ichipihwa zvisinei nekuti mafemu ari kuita purofiti here kana mudambudziko remari. Somuenzaniso, kuti rikurudzire kuvakwa kwechirimwa chitsva cheChrysler paJefferson Avenue muDetroit, guta racho rakaramba richibvisa mamiriyoni makumi mana nemaviri emadhora kune mumwe mukuru mukuru wemafia aizivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwenzvimbo yaakanga atenga ne$42. Chigadzirwa chitsva cheChrysler chakapa kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwehuwandu hwemabasa, zvisinei nerubatsiro, zvichideredza vashandi kubva pazviuru zvina kusvika pazviuru zviviri nemazana mashanu.
Kuwedzera kudzvanyirira, zviri pachena kuti mamiriro azvino aDetroit chiratidzo chekuchinja kwakakosha, kwenguva refu muhupfumi hwehupfumi hwakakonzera shanduko dzinoshungurudza muhupenyu hwevanoshanda vekuAmerica uye nenharaunda dzeUS dzakavimba nekugadzira kwezvizvarwa. Detroit, nekuda kwekutsamira kwayo kune indasitiri yemotokari, ingori muenzaniso wakakura uye wakanyanyisa wenzvimbo yakasimukira yemaindasitiri iri kupedzwa mabasa ekutsigira mhuri uye kushandurwa kuita "nzvimbo yekupira" yakasiiwa, kushandisa mwenje waChristopher Hedges. term inMazuva Okuparadzwa, Mazuva Okumukira.
Detroit-pamwero wakakura kudarika Camden, New Jersey ine dambudziko rinosiririsa seguta rakaparadzwa nedambudziko remaindasitiri rakatsanangurwa naHedges - rinomiririra yaakadaidza kuti "mwana weposta wekuora kwepashure-maindasitiri (uye) yambiro yezvihomwe zvakakura zve United States inogona kushanduka. "
Chokwadi, hurombo hwakawedzerwa uye kusachengeteka kwehupfumi kuri kuoneka muDetroit kunotozonyanya kupararira zvichipihwa maonero makuru evakuru vakuru vekuAmerica, sezvakafananidzirwa neCaterpillar CEO Douglas Oberhelmer. Caterpillar, iyo ine zvirimwa makumi maviri nenomwe, yakawana rekodhi $27 bhiriyoni gore rapfuura, iyo inosvika zviuru makumi mana nezvishanu zvemadhora pamushandi wega wega. Oberhelmer, ane mubhadharo wakakwira ne5.7 muzana mumakore maviri apfuura, akaunza $45,000 miriyoni muna 80.
Asi Oberhelmer, ane femu hombe ine pesvedzero huru mukumisikidza mafambiro uye manejimendi evashandi uye nezvimwe zvivakwa zvinomwe muChina, anga achishuvira kuti awedzere kumisa mihoro, sezvakaita muJoliet, Illinois, uye South Milwaukee, Wisconsin uye ari kuomesa musoro. kuderedza mihoro kuitira kuti purofiti iwande. "Ndinogara ndichiedza kutaura nevanhu vedu kuti hatingamboite mari yakakwana," akadaro Bloomberg BhizinesiWeek. "Hatingamboite purofiti yakakwana."
Aya mafungiro ane chokwadi kuburitsa mamwe maDetroits.
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Roger Bybee munyori akazvimiririra uye University of Illinois anoshanyira mudzidzisi muLabour Education. Basa rake raonekwa mukatiMadhora & Sense, The Progressive, Progressive Populist, Huffington Post, The American Prospect, Hongu! uye Foreign Policy in Focus.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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