Mutsanangudzo yakatanga kuburitswa kuburikidza newebhusaiti yeTelesur, "The BBC and the Rwandan Genocide,"[1] York University Associate Professor Justin Podur anonyora zvakanaka nezve ichangoburwa BBC 2 documentary, "Rwanda's Untold Story,"[2] gwaro rinopenya. kumwe kujekesa kwete chete nezvebasa remudzvanyiriri Paul Kagame neRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) panguva yezviitiko zveropa zva1994 uye nepamusoro pemakore makumi maviri kubvira, asiwo panhoroondo yakajairwa ye "Rwandan genocide."
Iyo BBC 2 inoita izvi zvakanyanya nekupa nguva yemhepo kune vane ruzivo vane ruzivo rwakajairwa kusarudzika mukati mekutanga midhiya. Vamwe vacho ndiTheogene Rudasingwa naKayumba Nyamwasa, avo vaimbove mutevedzeri wepamusoro weKagame acolytes vave kumanikidzwa kugara muhupoteri nekuda kwekupikisa hutongi hwavo uye kuzvipira kwavo mukupunzika kwavo. Mumwe ndiAloys Ruyenzi, aimbove muchengeti weKagame, anorondedzera zvaakanzwa pamusangano wakaitwa naKagame nevashandi vake vepedyo apo Kagame akapa chirevo chekuti ndege yemutungamiri weRwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana, Falcon 50 idururwe musi wa6 Kubvumbi 1994. , chiitiko chakashandiswa naKagame kutanga kurwisa kwekupedzisira kweRPF kutora masimba ehurumende muRwanda.
Mumwezve ndiCarla Del Ponte, aimbove muchuchusi mukuru kuInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), anorondedzera kubvisirwa kwaakaitwa basa muna 2003 nekuvhura kwaakaita kuferefetwa kwemhosva dzeRPF ndokuzoramba kurambwa neUnited States. Britain kuti ipedze. Mumwezve aimbova mumiririri weFBI anorwisa hugandanga, James Lyons, aive Commander of Investigations kuICTR; Lyons inoudza BBC 2 kuti muna 1996-1997, timu yake yakagadzira masosi akasimba aiti Kagame ndiye akakonzeresa kuurayiwa kwaHabyarimana, ndokuzoti Muchuchisi Mukuru weICTR Louise Arbor araira kuti kuferefetwa kuvharwe uye humbowo huparadzwe.
Pakati pevamwe vaenzi pane nyanzvi yeBelgian inoremekedzwa Filip Reyntjens, nyanzvi munhoroondo yedunhu reGreat Lakes riri pakati peAfrica; Reyntjens anotaura pachena pamakamera kuti anotora Kagame se "tsotsi rehondo rakakosha muhofisi nhasi." Uyewo Belgian Colonel Luc Marchal, aimbova nhengo yepamusoro yeUnited Nations Assistance Mission muRwanda (UNAMIR) ane mutoro weguta guru, Kigali. Uye, zvichida zvakanyanya kukosha pane zvese, iyo BBC 2 inopa chikamu chakakura chegwaro rayo kubasa revadzidzi vaviri vekuAmerica paYunivhesiti yeMichigan, Allan Stam naChristian Davenport, avo kubva ku1998 vakaita tsvakiridzo yakakosha muRwanda, uye vakaenderera mberi nekugadzira dudziro dzakawanda dzine simba uye dzinodenha pamusoro pezvakaitika chaizvo muRwanda muna 1994.[3]
Muongororo yake, Podur anoshandisa ndima dzakati wandei kuongorora nzira dzekukwikwidza dzakashandiswa nemunyori wenhoroondo Gérard Prunier, Reyntjens, Davenport naStam, nevamwe kufungidzira kukura kwekuuraya kwakaitika muRwanda muna 1994 pamwe nerudzi rwevakabatwa. Isu pachedu takaita basa rakafanana kare,[4] uye takazviita zvakare mubhuku riri kuuya rine musoro unoti. Nhema Dzinotsungirira: Kuuraya kweRwanda muPropaganda System, Makore 20 Gare gare (The Real News Books).
Sezvineiwo, Podur inotora musiyano kune yedu kuedza asi kwete kune imwe yevamwe. Isu tinoona izvi zvinoshamisa, apo isu tinonyatso kuswedera kune nzira yeDavenport naStam, mbiri dzenyeredzi dzeBBC 2 documentary.
Mukuchinjana kumwe kwakakosha pakati paJane Corbin, muparidzi weBBC 2, naAllan Stam, tinodzidza (kubva pa29:40 mamaki eVimeo kopi yezvinyorwa pa):
Jane Corbin: Zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti vanhu vekuRwanda vanosvika miriyoni vakafa mukuuraya rudzi mumwedzi mitatu chete, uye hurumende inoti vanhu vanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana vaiva vaTutsi. Asi vamwe vadzidzi vanobvunza iyi vhezheni yepamutemo.
Allan Stam: Mhirizhonga yakaitwa muna 1994 nemativi ese, uye wese atora chikamu muhondo iyi, uye kuparara kwemagariro. Mhirizhonga inongoerekana yaitika, uye mazana ezviuru zvevanhu akafa pasina chinangwa chaicho.
Jane Corbin: Marekodhi ehuwandu panguva yekupondwa kwerudzi uye mumakore aive nematambudziko apfuura aive asina kuvimbika nguva dzose. Asi vadzidzi vekuAmerica vanoti vakashandisa nhamba chaidzo dziripo.
Allan Stam: Kana vanhu vane miriyoni vakafa muRwanda muna 1994—uye izvozvo zvinobvira zvechokwadi—hapana nzira yokuti vakawanda vavo vangava vaTutsi.
Jane Corbin: Unozviziva sei izvozvo?
Allan Stam: Nokuti munyika yacho makanga musina vaTutsi vakakwana.
Jane Corbin: Vadzidzi vakaverenga kuti kwave kune vaTutsi 500,000 hondo isati yatanga muRwanda; 300,000 XNUMX vakapukunyuka. Izvi zvakavatungamirira kumhedziso yavo yokupedzisira ine nharo.
Allan Stam: Kana mamiriyoni eRwanda akafa, uye 200,000 800,000 vavo vaiva vaTutsi, zvinoreva kuti XNUMX XNUMX vavo vaiva vaHutu.
Jane Corbin: Izvi zvakasiyana zvachose nezvinodavirwa nenyika kuti zvakaitika mukupondwa kwerudzi rweRwanda.
Allan Stam: Zvinotendwa nenyika, uye zvakaitika chaizvo, zvakasiyana.
Nekuonekwa kwese, Podur anonzwira tsitsi kune iyi pfungwa; tinozviona zvisina kunaka.
Pakati pezvinhu zvakakodzera zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo ndezvohuwandu hwevanhu veRwanda pakutanga kwaApril 1994, zvikamu kubva muzana zvevanhu vaiva vaHutu kana kuti vaTutsi, vaRwanda vangani vakaparara kubva musi wa6 April kusvika pakupera kwaJuly, 1994, uye vangani. VaHutu navaTutsi vakapukunyuka kudeurwa kweropa. Davenport-Stam inoshanduka-shanduka pane zvese kunze kwechimwe chezvinhu izvi (kureva, nhamba yevapukunyuki veTutsi, iyo yavanoisa pa300,000[5]), vachipihwa zvinogoneka. Mushure mezvose, basa ravo rinosundwa nesimba, pane kuomerera.
Ngatishandisei nzira yeDavenport-Stam zvishoma mberi.
MuMushumo wake waSeptember 1993 kuMunyori Mukuru weUnited Nations maererano nebasa rake rekuongorora kuRwanda muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore iroro, Canadian Lieut.-General uye akazopedzisira ave mukuru wemauto eUNAMIR Roméo Dallaire akanyora kuti vagari vemuRwanda panguva iyoyo vaiva 7,347,000, pakati pavo 90. muzana vaiva vaHutu (kana kuti vangangosvika 6,612,300 9 661,230), uye 6 muzana vaiva vaTutsi (vanenge XNUMX XNUMX).[XNUMX]
Aya mafungidziro, sezviri pachena, zvichienderana nezvikamu zvakashumwa; isu tiri kuvashandisa chete kuratidza uye kushandisa pfungwa yeDavenport uye Stam's methodology.
Tafura 1 inobata pfungwa yemethodiology yavo, vachishandisa huwandu hwevanhu veRwanda Nyamavhuvhu 1993 sekushumwa kuUN naRoméo Dallaire.
Tafura 1. Zvikamu uye madzinza enzufu mu“Rwandan genocide,” yakavakirwa paRoméo Dallaire yaSeptember, 1993 Reconnaissance Mission Report kuMunyori Mukuru weUN. [*]
Rufu Rwakazara | VaTutsi vakapukunyuka | Rufu rweTutsi | Hutu Rufu |
500,000 | 300,000 | 361,000 | 139,000 |
800,000 | 300,000 | 361,000 | 439,000 |
1,100,000 | 300,000 | 361,000 | 739,000 |
[*] Yakatorwa kubva muTafura 1, Chikamu 4 chebhuku redu riri kuuya, Nhema Dzinotsungirira: Kuuraya kweRwanda muPropaganda System, Makore 20 Gare gare (The Real News Books). Nekutenderera, zvichibva pahuwandu hwevaTutsi muRwanda sezvakashumwa naDallaire munaGunyana 1993 vangangoita 661,000, uye zvichibva pakufungidzira kwaDavenport-Stam kwevapukunyuki veTutsi ve300,000 kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 1994.
Zvinoratidzwa neTafura 1 ndezvokuti idiki nhamba yevakafa muRwanda muna 1994, chikamu chikuru chevaTutsi. Ukuwo, kukura kwenhamba yose yenzufu, kunowedzera nhamba yenzufu dzevaHutu zvakazara, uye chikamu chikuru chezana chinoumbwa nevaHutu. Zvichienderana nenhamba inofungidzirwa yevapukunyuki veTutsi 300,000 500,000 (iyo inogara iripo mubasa reDavenport neStam), kana 361,000 veRwanda vakaparara mukati menguva yaApril - July, ipapo 139,000 vavo vaiva vaTutsi, uye 1.1 vaiva vaHutu. (Ona mutsara wechipiri.) Nenzira yakafanana, kwakavakirwa pakufungidzira kwokupedzisira kwenhamba yorufu, kana vaRwanda vane mirioni 361,000 vakaparara mukati menhambo yaApril - July, ipapo zvakare 739,000 1994 vavo vakanga vari vaTutsi, asi 800,000 XNUMX vakanga vari vaHutu. (Ona mutsetse wechina.) Muchidimbu, nenhamba dzinowanzoshumwa dzehwerengedzo yakaurawa muRwanda muna XNUMX yeXNUMX XNUMX kana kuti kupfuura, kunoratidzika kuti vaHutu vanyajambwa vo“kupondwa kworudzi rweRwanda” vakawanda zvikuru kupfuura vanyajambwa vechiTutsi.
Tichifunga kuti isu tinoshandisa nzira mukuongorora huwandu uye rudzi rwevanhu vangangofa muRwanda muna 1994 yakafanana neyaDavenport naStam, nei, zvino, Justin Podur achitora nyaya yakasimba kudaro nesu?
Isu tinotenda kuti izvi zvinoenderana nekuti Podur haagone kuregedza chitendero chemuenzaniso we "Rwandan genocide," iyo inosimbisa kuti kuuraya muRwanda kwakakonzerwa nekuedza nemaune uye kwakarongwa kwechikamu chenyika. VaHutu vazhinji kuti vaparadze vashoma vayo vaTutsi. Podur haigoni kufunga nezvezviitiko zve1994 neimwe nzira. Anongobvisa mukana wekuti Paul Kagame neRPF ndivo vaive mukuru wechikoro génocidaires kutyaira zviitiko zvaApril kusvika munaJuly (uye mberi). Anotaura chokwadi chisingafadzi chokuti vaHutu ndivo vaiva vanyajambwa vakuru munhamba dzine chiremera.
Mukutsanangura maonero ake nezvekwakabva kuuraya rudzi, Podur anoramba kuti takanyora kumashure muna 2010 kuti "RPF ndiyo yega mauto ekuuraya akarongeka mukati meRwanda muna 1994, uye ndiyo yega yakaronga kurwisa kukuru kwemauto."[ 7] Asi chirevo chedu chaive chechokwadi uye chinotsigirwa nehumbowo hwehukuru hwemauto uye kugadzirira nezviito zveRPF mukupesana nemauto eRwanda (FAR), uye kunyangwe mitongo yeICTR.
Rimwe remabasa aDallaire panguva yake yaNyamavhuvhu 1993 yekubvunzurudza kuRwanda kwaive kuita ongororo yekugona kwemauto evanorwisa: RPF neFAR. Sekutaura kweChirevo chake kuna Secretary-General, nepo FAR yaive yakashata zvakanyanya, uye yanga iri muchimiro ichi chakaputsika kubva payakaitwa neRPF Kukadzi apfuura (1993), RPF yaive "tsime. inotungamirwa, inoshanda, simba rekuranga," uye "yakaratidza mukana wekukunda zviri nyore [FAR]."[8]
Pakazosvika Kubvumbi, 1994, kusawirirana uku mukurwa kwakange kwawedzera zvakanyanya, neRPF ichiwana kuyerera kwezvishandiso nevashandi kuyambuka muganhu weRwanda neUganda, uye nezvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvichiguma zvaunganidzwa kukomboni yeRPF muKigali, kutyora kweArusha Peace Accords yaNyamavhuvhu 1993.
Saka Kagame paakaraira RPF yake kuti iburitse mota musi waKubvumbi 6, 1994, ndokupfura ndege yemutungamiri wenyika, kuuraya Habyarimana nekusiya hurumende yake nemauto ari murunyararo, kutaura chokwadi. kuti "RPF ndiyo chete yakanyatsorongwa kuuraya [kana kurwa] mukati meRwanda," sezvatakakakavadzana muna 2010.
Uyezve, isu tinofungidzira kuti Justin Podur haazive kuti matare eICTR uye matare edzimhosva asvika padanho pamusoro pevaHutu vanonzi "kurangana kuuraya" vaTutsi vari pedyo nevanonzi "revisionists. ” uye “vanoramba kuurayiwa kwedzinza” kupfuura zvinoda kubvumwa nevatsinhiri vakawanda. Mubhuku redu riri kuuya, tinoratidza kuti mune imwe neimwe yemhosva gumi neshanu mumatare mana makuru akabatanidzwa pamberi peICTR (Hurumende I neHurumende II; Mauto I neMauto II), ICTR yakasunungura vaHutu vaipomerwa mhosva pa“kurangana “para mhosva yekuuraya rudzi” kana kupenengura mhosva yaakambopomerwa pamhosva iyi. Isu tinotenda kuti kusunungurwa kwakadaro mhedzisiro inoshamisa kuICTR, tichifunga nezvayakarerekera kwenguva refu inopokana nevaHutu, pro-Tutsi. Sezvagara zvichizivikanwa, kana munhu abvisa chizerenga kubva mukukomisheni yezvinonzi zviito zvekuuraya rudzi, munhu anobvisawo chinangwa (sezviri mu“chinangwa chokuparadza chose kana muchidimbu”). Kutonga mukutongwa kweMasoja I kwakasvika pakufunga kuti, "mumamiriro ehondo irikuenderera mberi neRPF," zvakaitwa neFAR zvichitevera kuurayiwa kwaHabyarimana "zvaienderana negadziriro yekurwira masimba ezvematongerwo enyika kana echiuto. . ”[9] Sezvinoratidzwa nenhoroondo, Rwanda muna 1994 yakaona kurwisana kwemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika nevechiuto umo RPF yainge yakarongeka, pamusoro pehondo yakakunda FAR yaiparara uye hurumende yenguva yaHabyarimana.
Podur haapi humbowo hwekuti FAR yaive yakanyatso kurwa hondo kana kuti yakasiya kurwisa RPF kuitira kuti iuraye vanhu vechiTutsi. Sei hurumende yenguva pfupi, yakakurumidza kuungana mushure mekuurayiwa kwaHabyarimana, uye FAR yaizosarudza kutsakatisa vanhuwo zvavo veTutsi apo kukunda kweRPF kwaizopedza basa ravo uye pamwe nehupenyu hwavo zvakare? Nei hurumende yenguva pfupi nevakasarira veFAR vakaramba vachikurudzira kumisa mhirizhonga neRPF-yakarambwa neRPF muRwanda uye neUnited States neBritain muSecurity Council-kana chinangwa chehurumende yenguva pfupi neFAR chaive kuuraya vaTutsi. vanhuwo zvavo? Mubhuku redu riri kuuya, tinosimbisa kuti nekupfurwa kwejeti yaPresident Habyarimana muna Kubvumbi 6, nepo mauto eRPF aKagame akakwanisa kuungana ipapo, chimwe nechimwe chemauto aHabyarimana chakakatyamadzwa, chisina kurongeka, uye nguva pfupi yakatevera kudzoka. Kunyangwe Roméo Dallaire, anodiwa nesangano reRwanda 1994, uye musoja anonzi Barrie Collins "asina kwaakarerekera asi ainzwira tsitsi RPF uye achipokana naHabyarimana, MRND neFrance,"[10] achiri kukwanisa kuziva hukuru hwemauto. yeRPF munguva yose yehondo.[11] Kana RPF yaKagame ikakwanisa kukunda Rwanda mumwedzi isingasviki mitatu, hazvishamise here kuti pangadai pakaitika kuurayana kwevaHutu nevaTutsi?
Podur anobvuma uye anobvuma kuti “kupondwa kwaKagame, kurwisa kwevamiriri, uye kutora nyika [Democratic Republic of] Congo zvakakonzera kufa, nekufungidzira kwakanyanya, mamiriyoni evanhu”—vazhinji vevapoteri vechiHutu ava vakatiza Rwanda kubva mukupera kwa1990. kusvika muna 1995. Asi kuenderera mberi kwemakore makumi maviri adarika mukuumbwa kwesimba, zvinangwa zvevaurayi vakuru nevavariro nevakabirwa ve“mauto akanyatsorongwa ekuuraya” akashanda kutanga muRwanda uye munguva pfupi yakatevera muDRC. nyaya iyo Justin Podur asingabatike.
—- MAZANO —-
[1] Justin Podur, "BBC neRwandan Genocide," Telesur, Gumiguru 11, 2014.http://tinyurl.com/nn8fuda >
[2] Ona Jane Corbin naJohn Conroy, "Rwanda's Untold Story," BBC 2, Gumiguru 1, 2014 (sezvatumirwa kuwebhusaiti yeVimeo). http://vimeo.com/107867605 >
[3] Ona, semuenzaniso, Christian Davenport naAllan Stam, “Chii Chaizvo Chakaitika muRwanda?” Miller-McCune, Gumiguru 6, 2009. http://tinyurl.com/lpjan8o >
[4] Ona Edward S. Herman naDavid Peterson, Zvematongerwo Enyika (Monthly Review Books, 2nd. Ed., 2011), “Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo,” p. 51-68. Onawo yedu "Rwanda neDemocratic Republic of Congo muPropaganda System," Kudzokorora Kwemwedzi, Chivabvu, 2010.http://tinyurl.com/p7omr2f >
[5] Mune yavo Gumiguru 6, 2009 chinyorwa che Miller-McCune, Davenport naStam vakanyora kuti sangano rechiTutsi IBUKA rakati “vaTutsi vanenge 300,000 1994 vakapona pakaurayiwa XNUMX.” “Chii Chaizvo Chakaitika muRwanda?” http://tinyurl.com/lpjan8o >
[6] Ona Chirevo cheMunyori Mukuru weRwanda (S/26488), Gunyana 24, 1993.http://tinyurl.com/k27chgg > Dallaire's Reconaissance Mission Report yakatenderedzwa pakati penhengo dzeUN Security Council seapendix kuS/26488, asi sezvo yakanzi “UN Eyes Only,” haina kubudiswa pachena panguva iyoyo. Ziva kuti nhamba dzatinopa kuvaHutu nevaTutsi dzinobva pazvikamu zvakashumwa naDaillaire, uye hazviwanikwe muDallaire's Report. Kuti uwane kopi yeDallaire's Report, ona Peter Erlinder, Ed., Chirevo cheUN Reconnaissance Mission kuRwanda—Nyamavhuvhu 1993 (Saint Paul, MN: International Humanitarian Law Institute, 2011), pano ndima. 30, mapeji 34-35.
[7] Herman naPeterson, "Rwanda neDemocratic Republic of Congo muPropaganda System." http://tinyurl.com/p7omr2f >
[8] MuErlinder, Ed., Chirevo cheUN Reconnaissance Mission kuRwanda—Nyamavhuvhu 1993, ndima. 31-69, mapeji 35-40; here para. 67, p. 40.
[9] Mutongi Erik Møse and said., Kutongwa, Muchuchisi v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Nyaya Nha. ICTR-98-41-T, Zvita 18, 2008, ndima. 2109-2010, map. 539. http://tinyurl.com/ncarqtd >.
[10] Barrie Collins, Rwanda 1994: Ngano yeAkazu Genocide Conspiracy uye Nemhedzisiro Yayo (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), p. 126.
[11] Roméo Dallas, Bata Maoko naDhiyabhorosi: Kukundikana Kwevanhu muRwanda (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2004).
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
dhoneta
4 Comments
Shamwari: Edward S. Herman neni takaziviswa nhasi (Oct. 23) kuti Telesur haibudisi mhinduro kune zvinyorwa zvayo / zvinyorwa.
Nyaya yakanga yamuka, nekuti kurwiswa kwakaitwa basa redu neRwanda kwaJustin Podur kwakatanga kudhindwa neTelesur. (Ona "The BBC neRwandan Genocide," Gumiguru 11, 2014.)
Ndokumbira utore memo kune chero munhu anoda kusvibisa mumwe munhu muforamu yeruzhinji, uchinakidzwa nekusarangwa kunoitwa pasina kodzero yekupindura: Telesur inofanirwa kuve sarudzo yako yekutanga.
David Peterson
( * Shamwari: Kubva muMutongo uchangoburwa Pakukwidza nyaya mune inodanwa kutongwa kweHurumende I pamberi peInternational Criminal Tribunal yeRwanda. — Ramba uchifunga kuti vaHutu vanonzi “kurangana kuuraya rudzi” rwevaTutsi vashoma inoreva kurangana uko yaifanira kuvapo nguva yakati musi waApril 6, 1994 usati wasvika, kuitira kuti kana kupondwa kwaPurezidhendi weRwanda Juvénal Habyarimana kwangoitwa, vapanduki vechiHutu vaigonawo kuita hurongwa hwavo hwokuparadza vaTutsi. Trial Chamber yakaita.)
D. Pre-8 Kubvumbi 1994 Kupomerwa uye Kurangana Kuita Kuuraya (Ground 4)
……………
739. The Trial Chamber yakaonawo kuti izwi rekuti “Hutu Power” raifanirwa kunzwisiswa serinoratidza kushora kwezvibvumirano zveArusha.1992 Zvisineyi, Dare Redzimhosva harina kuona kuti “Simba rechiHutu” rinofanana nepfungwa yokuuraya vanhu vakawanda. Tutsis uye vakagumisa kuti: "[i] kana Prosecution yaida kuti izwi ridudzirwe nenzira iyi, raifanira kunge rakataura izvi muIndictment".[1993]
740. The Appeals Chamber inorangarira kuti, kana zvichibva paumbowo hwemamiriro ezvinhu, zvakawanikwa
kurangana kunofanira kunge kuri iko kwega fungidziro ine musoro zvichienderana nehumbowo hwakakwana.[1994] The Appeals Chamber inoona kuti Dare Redzimhosva rakatarisa humbowo hwe pre-8 Kubvumbi 1994
zviitiko asi akaramba kuona kuti ndiyo chete fungidziro ine musoro inotorwa kubva pane izvi
Humbowo hwairatidza kuti Karemera naNgirumpatse vaida kuti mhosva dziri muStatute dzive
azvipira. The Trial Chamber yakatsanangura chikonzero chayo sezvinotevera:
Tichitarisa kunetsana kuri kuitika nemamwe mapato ezvematongerwo enyika neRPF, nekupondwa kwa
vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika, Chamber inoona kuti zvine musoro kufunga kuti Vanopomerwa uye
vamwe vatungamiriri veMRND vaingotsvaga kuzvidzivirira ivo nevatsigiri vavo kubva mukurwiswa
kubva kune mamwe mapato anopikisa ezvematongerwo enyika, kana kuti RPF, kuburikidza nekugadzira, kuwedzera, kudzidzisa, nekupa zvombo
the Interahamwe pamberi pa8 Kubvumbi 1994. [1995]
741. Dare Redzimhosva rinogutsikana kuti pfungwa dzakaonekwa neDare Rinotonga
tsigira zvine mutsigo zvayakawana pane zvine musoro mukana wekuti Karemera's naNgirumpatse's
kupinda muzviitiko zvepamberi pa8 Kubvumbi 1994 kwakanga kusati kwaitwa nechinangwa chekuti mhosva
inofukidzwa neMutemo ngaiitwe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, dare reTrial Chamber harina kukanganisa pakugumisa kuti handiyo chete pfungwa ine musoro ingatorwa kubva muhumbowo hunoratidza kuti Karemera naNgirumpatse vaiva nechikonzero chekuti vatongerwe mhosva yekuronga kuuraya vanhu maererano nemusi we pre-8 pre-1994. Zviitiko zvaApril XNUMX.
742. Nezvikonzero zvambotaurwa, Dare Redzimhosva rinoona kuti Boka rakundikana
ratidza kuti Trial Chamber yakaita chero chikanganiso mukuongororwa kweumboo hwacho
zvingakonzera kukanganisa kwekururamisira. Saizvozvo, Prosecution's Fourth Ground of Appeal ndeye
vakadzingwa.
1992 Mutongo Wokuedzwa, ndima. 513-514.
1993 Mutongo Wekutongwa, ndima. 514.
1994 Seromba Appeal Judgement, para. 221; Nahimana et al. Mutongo Wekukwidzwa, ndima. 896.
1995 Mutongo Wekutongwa, ndima. 1446.
Mutongi Theodor Meron et al., Mutongo weKukwidza nyaya, Édouard Karemera naMatthieu Ngirumpatse v. Muchuchisi, Nyaya yeICTR-98-44-A, Gunyana 29, 2014, para. 739-742, mapeji 247-248.
Peterson, Hermann, naPodur vanobvumirana kuti gwaro reBBC “Rwanda's Untold Story” rinopa chiedza chinodiwa pakutaurwa zvisirizvo kwenyaya ye“Rwanda genocide” iyo, kusvika pari zvino, ndiyo yakataurwa nevakunda veKagame/RPF. ”
Hazvishamisi kuti vakundi vanotaura nyaya yehondo. CHINOSHAMISA ndechekuti vazhinji varikuda kugamuchira Kagame/RPF hagiography nekumbomiswa kusatenda, uye kuti vanoramba vachidaro kana vachipihwa humbowo hunopesana.
Kufanana nekureurura kwaRobert McNamara kwekubatanidzwa mumhosva dzehondo, gwaro reBBC rine humbowo hwaimbova Muchuchisi Mukuru weUN Tribunal del Ponte uye FBI Investigator Lyons, zvichiratidza kuti UN yaive nehumbowo hwekupomera Kagame kuurayiwa kwaHabyarimana muna 1997.
Del Ponte akadzingwa mu2003 neUS/UK paakaedza kuita humbowo. Vakarangana mukuuraya vakareurura pacamera.
Nhaurirano yakatevera yakaita seyaifuratira maidi aya, pamwe chete neidi rokuti Dare reUN rakasunungura vose vaichimbova vatungamiriri vehurumende nemauto vasina kurangana nokuronga kuuraya rudzi kana kuti dzimwe mhaka dzipi nedzipi VASATI kupondwa kwemapurezidhendi maviri.
Mutongo uyu wakataurwa naPeterson naHerman asi hauna kufarirwa zvizere nekuti zvaigoneka chete kana Dare rikapihwa imwe nyaya yaitsanangura mhirizhonga yakaitika vanhu vakawanda pasina hurongwa hwekuparadza rudzi.
Imwe rondedzero iyi iri muICTR Military-1 Trial rekodhi muzviuru zvezvinyorwa zveUN, zvakaiswa muhumbowo neNtabakuze Defence. Ndiwo mhedzisiro yehurongwa hwemutemo hwakavakirwa pamagwaro eUN akataura nyaya yakaburitsa RPF vhezheni.
Imwe rondedzero uye inotsigira magwaro eUN neUSG anogona kuwanikwa mubhuku rangu, Iyo Accidental Genocide, iyo inoburitsa Pfupiso iyo inotanga kutsanangura kuti hondo yakatanga sei, zuva nezuva kwemazuva 100.
Prof. Peter Erlinder (ret)
UN-ICTR Ntbakuze Anotungamira Defence Zano- Mil.-1
Ed, David:
Chekutanga, ndaisada kuti mufunge kuti ndiri kukusarudzai kuti mupokanane nemi. Pakabuda BBC doc, ini, saJonathan Cook, ndakafunga kumashure kune iyo yakashata McCarthyite episode naMonbiot. Nekuti Monbiot chainyanya kutariswa kwaive kunyora kwako, ndakafunga kuti ndaifanira kugadzirisa kunyora kwako - uye kusabvumirana kwangu nazvo. Ini ndanga ndichiedza kutevedzera maitiro andinofunga kuti vanhu havafanire kubvumirana, kungoomerera kune chokwadi uye kuyedza kunongedzera chaipo pacho kusawirirana. Ndosaka ndataura nezvako pekutanga.
Kana kuri kusawirirana. Iwe unonyora pamusoro apa kuti "unonyangira" kuna Davenport naStam, uye unoita, kudzamara wasvetuka zvisingaite Davenport naStam, umo iwe unofunga nezveRPF kuurayiwa kwavo data kuhurumende yeRwanda nemauto. Mifananidzo yavo inoratidza kuuraya kukuru kuzhinji kuri kuitika munzvimbo dziri pasi pehurumende yeRwanda. Uye dhatabheti dzavakavakirwa pabasa ravo, kusanganisira kodzero dzeAfrica uye chirevo cheHRW chakaitwa naDes Forges, inotsanangura kuurayiwa kwakawanda uku mune zvakawanda, kusanganisira ndiani akazviita. Ndidzo mhando dzemishumo, dzine mhando dzeuchapupu, dzinotsanangura kuurayiwa kwevanhu neRPF yaKagame, kusanganisira Kibeho nevamwe. Kunyangwe mushure mekuverenga mhinduro yako pamusoro, ndinoramba ndichifunga kuti uku kusvetuka kukuru kwauri kuita, kupfuura humbowo.
Kana dziri nhamba, ndinofunga, uye ndinofunga Davenport naStam vanobvuma, fungidziro dzese dzakakasharara, kusanganisira izvo Davenport naStam vanopa. Pawebhusaiti yavo yegenodynamics, vanopfupisa data yeIbuka (iyo yandisiri kunyatsoziva, ndinongoziva nezvayo kuburikidza navo) nekutaura kuverengera chete kweKibuye prefecture. Kufungidzira kwevapukunyuki 300,000 9 kukwidziridzwa kworumwe rudzi here? Imi varume munoziva kuti Prunier akaita kuti vanhu veTutsis vasati vaurayiwa kubva pa12% kusvika pa1997% pakuverenga kwake. Muchinyorwa chake cha10, Reyntjens anoenderera mberi nekufungidzira kuti vanhu veTutsis vasati vaurayiwa vaive 3%, uye kuti 4/600,000 vakaurayiwa mukupondwa kwerudzi, ndiko kwaanosvika pafungidziro yake yemaTutsi mazana matanhatu ne500,000 maHutu.