Boka revaItaly rakatanga kufamba kweSlow Food kumashure kuma1980s. Gara kure nemaresitorendi ezvekudya zvinokurumidza, vakakurudzira: idya zvemuno, tarisa pamabikirwo echinyakare, zorora, uye unakirwe nechikafu chako.
Sangano reSlow Food rakatanga sekuratidzira kupokana neMcDonald's, iyo yakavhura franchise nyowani padyo neSpanish Matanho muRome. Asi zvakawedzera kuva zvakawanda kupfuura izvozvo. Slow Chikafu chaive chigunwe muziso rekudyidzana kwepasirese uye kusandura kwayo tsika kuita yunifomu McNuggets yeruzivo kubva kuNew York neNew South Wales kuenda kuDakar neDhaka.
Kubva ipapo kudanwa kumaoko ekugadzirira, kufamba kwakapararira kune mamwe matavi etsika: inononoka cinema, dzidzo inononoka, mishonga inononoka, inononoka kugadzira, kunyange kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Kunyika yakapindwa muropa nekumhanya kukuru kwekubatanidza, nzira dzekufambisa dzinogara dzichikurumidza, uye dzinogara dzichiwedzera caffeine kuita mabasa akawanda, vanononoka vanokurudzira kuramba kwakashata kune scherzo inopenga yehupenyu hwazvino vachifarira adagio yakasununguka.
Ikozvino zvinoita sekunge hupfumi hwenyika huri kupedzisira hwabata fashoni iyi.
Pakutanga gore rino, The Economist yakaratidza zviratidzo zvinokosha zvakati kuti yezvainodaidza kuti "slowbalization." Chikamu chekutengeserana sechikamu cheGDP yepasi rose chadonha. Multinationals vakaona kuderera kwechikamu chavo chepurofiti yepasi rose. Kudyara mari kune dzimwe nyika kwakadzikira kubva pa3.5 muzana yeGDP yepasi rose muna 2007 kusvika pa1.3 muzana muna 2018.
Zvinogoneka kuti nyika yakapfuura "peak globalization."
Hondo yekutengeserana yeUS-China inongova chikamu cheiyi nyaya. Kunyangwe kukwira kwemitengo pakati penyika mbiri idzi kunogona kudhura pasi rose inoda kusvika hafu yetririyoni yemadhora mukukura kwakarasika panosvika gore ra2020, kushanduka-shanduka kwenyika mbiri idzi kwaisazodzosera mamiriro azvino ehupfumi hwenyika.
Zvikonzero chaizvo zviri kuita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma zviwedzere kurongeka mune zvakasikwa, The Economist inoshuma kuti:
Mutengo wekufambisa zvinhu wamira kudonha. Mafemu emunyika dzakawanda akaona kuti kuwanda kwepasi rose kunopisa mari uye kuti vakwikwidzi veko vanowanzoidya vari vapenyu. Chiitiko chiri kuchinjika kuenda kumasevhisi, ayo akaomarara kutengesa mhiri kwemiganhu: zvigero zvinogona kutengeswa kunze kwenyika mu20ft-containers, bvudzi stylists hazvigone. Uye kugadzira kweChinese kwave kuzviriritira, saka inoda kuunza zvikamu zvishoma.
Hondo yemitero yakaipa. Ndizvo zvakaitawo kudzikira kwepasi rose. Vaapostora vekudyidzana kwepasi rose kwehupfumi vanotya kuti kukura kuchanonoka, nyika dzine urombo dzichashayiwa mukana wekusvika kune dzimwe, uye kurwisana pakati penyika kuchawedzera pasina kupfavisa mhedzisiro yekutengeserana.
Asi pamwe kunonoka ndiko chaiko kunodiwa nepasi izvozvi. Ndeipi imwe nzira yekudzikisa pasi rose kabhoni tsoka, kudzikisira kusaenzana kwehupfumi, uye kugadzirisa hupfumi hwenyika kukukura kwenzvimbo?
Nyika yakatarisana nematambudziko akawanda echimbichimbi. Pamwe vekare vakarurama pavakadaro akagadzira chirevo festina lente: kukurumidza kukurumidza, kukurumidza kushoma.
The Old Economy
Iyo Howard Street chitima mugero muBaltimore, yakavakwa muna 1895 uye ichimhanya pasi pedhorobha, inoshamisa yeinjiniya. Yave iri chibatanidzo chikuru mukutenderera kwepasirese kweanopfuura zana ramakore.
Asi i 18 inches zvakare ipfupi.
Baltimore ndiye chiteshi chegumi nechina chakakosha muUnited States. Kubva paive nePanama Canal yakawedzerwa muna 2016, zvisinei, traffic yemidziyo kuenda kuEast Coast yakawedzera zvakanyanya.
Izvo zvakanakira chiteshi cheBaltimore, icho chakakwidziridzwa saizvozvo. Asi mugero mukuru wechitima paHoward Street ibhodhoro guru. Ingori ipfupi zvakanyanya kubata mota yechitima ine midziyo miviri yakaturikidzana. Saka, midziyo yakawanda inobuda nerori panzvimbo. Uye dzimwe ngarava dziri kunanga kune mamwe madoko anogona kubata yakawedzera traffic.
Nyika yeMaryland saka kutsvaga mari kugadzirisa mugero, kuwedzera notch kune arched sirin'i uye kudzikisa pasi. Ndiko kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo kunodiwa kuchengetedza kutengeserana kukuru kwakagadzirwa nekudyidzana kwepasi rose.
Kukwidziridza mugero weHoward Street kunogona kunzwika senzira yemazuva ano. Asi, kuwedzera, hupfumi hwemazuva ano huri kuenda kune imwe nzira.
Funga nezvekuwanda kwemafekitari otomatiki. Munguva yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, makambani emarudzi akawanda akaisa kugadzirwa kwawo zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, imwe yacho yave iri mutengo wevashandi. Ndosaka vagadziri vazhinji vekuAmerica vakatanga kutamira kuMexico vozoenda kuChina, uko vashandi vanotambira mari shoma pane vamwe vavo vekuUS.
Asi kana vashandi vakatsiviwa nemarobhoti, saka kudiwa kwekugadzira kunze kwenyika kunova kushoma. Chokwadi, izwi idzva repamusoro-soro nderokuti "reshoring," izvo zvinounza kugadzira kumusha pamwe nekuchinja kune mamwe mabasa ane hunyanzvi uye mubhadharo uri nani. Reshoring ane yakagadzira mabasa anopfuura zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu mubazi rekugadzira reUS, iro rakapa, pakati pe2008 ne2017, kuwedzera kwe20 muzana yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.
Chenjerera maonero akanyanya kunaka, zvisinei, sezvo otomatiki ichizotungamira mukurasikirwa nebasa zvachose. Uye kwete muchikamu chekugadzira chete - ingofunga nezve ese anogumbura otomatiki masisitimu ekupindura manzwi anotora kana iwe uchifonera chero yakakura sangano mazuva ano. Asi otomatiki inogona zvakare kudhonzwa mune inogoneka uye isinga konzerese nzira kunyangwe ichibvisa mabasa e3D - akasviba, ane njodzi, anozvidza - izvo zvisina munhu anofanirwa kunge achiita.
Imwezve budiriro yehupfumi yagara kwenguva refu inosanganisira cheni dzekugovera. Kudzivisa njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, hondo, uye kumwe kuvhiringika mumaketani ekugadzirwa, vagadziri vari kuwedzera kufambisa mafekitori avo pedyo nevatengi vavo. Zvakare, zvido zvemusika zvinogona kuchinja nekukurumidza. Maererano nokumwe fungidziro, nokuti zvinotora nguva yakareba kwazvo kutakura chigadzirwa negungwa mungarava huru idzodzo dzemabhokisi, sokunge hafu yezvinogadzirwa haitengeswi nekuti vatengi havachada izvo zvigadzirwa zvakare.
Ipapo kune kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kweaya macheni ekupa epasirese. Logistics yakadaro, maererano neWorld Economic Forum, inokwana zvikamu zvitanhatu kubva muzana zvehuwandu hwekabhoni inogadzirwa nevanhu.
Sarudzo dzevatengi dzakashandukawo, ne "nzvimbo" ichiwana yakakura cache. Bato rekuti โtenga nharaundaโ rakava nepesvedzero huru mune zvekurima. Yakananga-kune-mutengi kutengesa kwechikafu yakawedzera kudarika katatu pakati pa1992 na2012. Kutenga chikafu chinogadzirwa munharaunda, zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, uye masevhisi vanoshandisa vanhu vakawanda, kunoderedza kusaenzana kwehupfumi, kunowedzera mabhesi emitero emunharaunda, uye kunosimbisa nharaunda.
Port traffic haisi kuzodzikira zvakanyanya munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Nekuda kwechimiro chehupfumi hwenyika, Maryland ingave nehungwaru kugadzirisa mugero wekare wechitima muBaltimore. Asi hupfumi hwakasiyana zvachose husingavimbi nemidziyo mikuru yePhones kubva kuChina kana soya bhinzi kubva kuBrazil iri kubuda mukati mehurongwa hwazvino.
Uye iyi shanduko, zvakare, iri kushandura iyo tsanangudzo yepasi rose.
Zvazvinoreva Kuve Pasi Pose
Kudyidzana kwezvehupfumi kwepasirese kwave kuri chikamu chehurongwa hwenyika kubva kuSilk Road uye kunyangwe kare. Asi shanduro yemazuva ano inotangira mukupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe nekutanga rechimakumi maviri, apo firiji, njanji, teregirafu, kugadzirwa kwefekitari yemazuva ano, uye kutama kwevanhu vakawanda zvakasangana kugadzira dandemutande idzva repasi rose rekubatanidza.
Somugumisiro wegadziriro iyi yenyika yose, kutengeserana kwakawedzera zvikuru kusvika muna 1914. Kutanga kweHondo Yenyika I gore iroro kwakamisa kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. Kutengeserana kwepasirese kwaisazodzoka zvizere kumatanho iwayo kusvika kuma1960.
Haisi tsaona kuti kuzvarwa kwenharaunda yepasirese kwakabatana nekutanga kudyidzana kwenyika dzemazuva ano. League of Nations yakabuda mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika I. MaNGO epasi rose akaita seSave the Children neAmerican Friends Service Committee akatanga kushanda panguva ino. Mumakore ekuma1920, pfungwa itsva yemazuva ano cosmopolitanism yakabatana American flappers, Japanese. moga (vasikana vemazuva ano), uye Weimar hipsters.
Hazvina kutora nguva refu. Hurudzi, kusashivirira, uye xenophobia ye1930s - inofananidzirwa nekusimuka kwefascism muEurope, kutendeuka kwaStalin kunopesana nepasirese muSoviet Union, uye bato rakashata rekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe muUnited States - rakavhara kudyidzana kwepasirese uku. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II ndipo pakaita kumwe kuedza kuvakazve nharaunda yepasi rose kwakatanga nekusikwa kweUnited Nations uye seti yemasangano ezvemari epasi rose.
Zvakajairika mazuva ano kudaidza ma1930 kana uchiedza kunzwisisa kukwezva kwaDonald Trump, kumutswa kwemadziro emitero, uye kutya kwakapararira kwevapoteri. Kudyidzana kwepasi rose uye kusarudzika kunoratidzika kunge kuri kuita tango yakaoma-uye-inodonha munhoroondo yekutamba pasi, uye iko zvino ndiyo nzira yevanopindura kutungamira. Dudziro iyoyo inofuridzira masosi akadai The Economist kuti wax pesimistic nezve slowbalization:
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kwakaita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo iri nani kune anenge munhu wese. Asi zvishoma zvakaitwa kuderedza mutengo wayo. Matambudziko akabatanidzwa enyika akaregeredzwa iye zvino akakura mumaziso evanhu kusvika pakuti zvikomborero zvehurongwa hwepasi rose zvinokanganwika nyore. Zvakadaro mhinduro pane yekupihwa haisi chaiyo kugadzirisa zvachose. Slowbalisation ichave yakashata uye isina kugadzikana pane yakatangira. Pakupedzisira zvinongodyisa kusagutsikana.
Mitsara miviri yekutanga yeongororo iyi haina kugarisana zvakanaka. Kana kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakaita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo iri nani kune anenge munhu wese, ndiani chaizvo akanyatso bvisa iyo mitengo yakawandisa yakaitwa kuderedza? Uye zvakadiniko nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uko kwakawedzera nokukurumidza somuuyo wokukura kwose kwoupfumi uku nokutengeserana kwenyika dzose?
Kubvuma kudhura uye kubatsira kwekudyidzana kwenyika hakuna kukwana. The Economist inofanira kunyatsoteerera kune zvisina kuenzana kugova yemitengo uye mabhenefiti - uye maitiro matsva ehupfumi anogona kuumbwa kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko aya.
Kana ichokwadi kuti hurongwa hwekare hwekukura kusingafungi uye kutengeserana kusingagumi kune nzira yekubuda, saka kunonoka hakusi kukurumidza kukurumidza mukuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika. Chiratidzo chepakutanga, nemisika uye tekinoroji, kuti mutsetse wepasi rose unofambiswa nezvikepe zvakakura zvinotakura zvinhu zvichakurumidza kuva chikamu che "hupfumi hwekare" semagetsi anobatidzwa nemarasha, matapureta, uye matepi emakaseti.
Dambudziko riripo nderekuchengetedza kudyidzana kwenyika dzezvematongerwo enyika kunodiwa kugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose sekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye, panguva imwecheteyo, kudzoreredza hupfumi hwenyika kuitira kuti huzadzise zvinodiwa nevanhu nenyika. Uhwu hunyengeri hwekuparadzanisa hunobatsira hwepasi rose kubva kumagwenga ekudyidzana kwehupfumi hwenyika hunofanirwa kuitwawo nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.
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