Kekutanga, chikwereti chevatengi cheUnited Kingdom chapfuura chigadzirwa chedu chenyika: mushumo mutsva unoratidza kuti tine chikwereti che £ 1.35 trillion(1). Vanoongorora muUnited States vakawana kuti 77,000 mabhiriji emigwagwa ari munzvimbo ine njodzi yakafanana neiyo yakadonha muMississippi (2). Makore maviri mushure mekunge Hurricane Katrina yarova, vanhu 120,000 vanobva kuNew Orleans vachiri kugara mudzimba dzematura uye pekugara kwenguva pfupi(3). Sezvo kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kutiza kunosvika, hurumende dzinoramba kuita danho rinodiwa. Kusaenzana kuri kuwedzera kunotyisidzira kuumba nzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru dzakaonekwa nenyika kubvira hondo yenyika yokutanga isati yatanga. Iye zvino dambudziko rezvemari rinokonzerwa nekukweretesa kusingadzorwi rinogona kubvisa mazana ezviuru mudzimba dzavo uye kukonzera matambudziko ehupfumi.
Matambudziko aya anoita seasina kubatana, asi ese ane chimwe chinhu chakafanana. Ivo vanomuka muchikamu chikuru kubva kumusangano wakaitika makore 60 apfuura muSwiss spa resort. Yakaisa hwaro hwehuzivi hwehurumende iyo inokonzeresa mazhinji, pamwe mazhinji, ematambudziko edu emazuva ano.
Apo Mont Pelerin Society yakatanga kusangana, muna 1947, chirongwa chayo chezvematongerwe enyika chakanga chisina zita. Asi yaiziva kwayaienda. Muvambi wesosaiti iyi, Friedrich von Hayek, akataura kuti kurwira pfungwa kwaizotora chizvarwa kuti chikunde, asi aiziva kuti uto rake renjere raizokwezva vatsigiri vane simba. Huzivi hwayo, hwakazozivikanwa seneoliberalism, zvichienderana nezvido zvevapfumi vekupedzisira, saka ivo vakapfuma zvakanyanya vaizoisimudzira.
Neoliberalism inoti isu tinoshandirwa zvakanyanya nehukuru hwemusika rusununguko uye kushoma kupindira nehurumende. Basa rehurumende rinofanira kungova pakugadzira nekudzivirira misika, kuchengetedza pfuma yega uye kudzivirira umambo. Mamwe mabasa ese anoburitswa zvirinani nemabhizinesi akazvimirira, ayo anokurudzirwa nechinangwa chekupa masevhisi akakosha. Nenzira iyi, bhizinesi rinosunungurwa, sarudzo dzine musoro dzinoitwa uye vagari vanosunungurwa kubva kuruoko rwenyika runonyadzisa.
Iyi, chero ipi zvayo, ndiyo dzidziso. Asi sekukurudzira kwaDavid Harvey mubhuku rake A Brief History of Neoliberalism, pese pakaitwa chirongwa cheneoliberal, chakonzera shanduko huru yehupfumi kwete kungoenda pamusoro pezana rimwe chete, asi kusvika pamusoro pegumi chepamusoro muzana ( 4). MuUnited States, semuenzaniso, iyo yepamusoro 0.1% yakatowana zvakare chinzvimbo chayaive nacho pakutanga kwema1920s(5). Mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa neoliberalism kuti asunungure vanhu kubva muuranda hwenyika - mutero mudiki, kubviswa kwemabasa eruzhinji nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kudzorwa, kutyora mibatanidzwa - zvinongoitika semamiriro anodiwa kuita kuti vepamusoro vapfume. , vachisiya vamwe vese vachinyura kana kushambira.
Saka mubvunzo ndeuyu. Tichifunga kuti matambudziko andanyora ndeaya anofanofungirwa pakuparara kwemabasa everuzhinji uye kudzikiswa kwemisika yemari neyemabhizimisi, zvichipa kuti zvinokanganisa zvido zvemunhu wese, sei neoliberalism yauya kuzotonga hupenyu hweveruzhinji?
Richard Nixon akambomanikidzwa kubvuma kuti "isu tose tiri maKeynesians ikozvino": kunyange maRepublicans akatsigira dzidziso dzekupindira dzaJohn Maynard Keynes. Asi isu tose tiri neoliberals ikozvino. Mai Thatcher vakaramba vachitiudza kuti “hapana imwe nzira”, uye nekuita zvirongwa zvavo, Clinton, Blair, Brown nevamwe vatungamiri vemapato aimbove mapato anofambira mberi vanoratidza kuti vane kodzero.
Kubatsira kukuru kwekutanga kwaive nevaneoliberal raive tsime remari risingaperi. MaOligarchs eAmerica nenheyo dzavo - Coors, Olin, Scaife, Pew nevamwe - vakadurura mazana emamiriyoni mukugadzira ma thinktank, kutanga zvikoro zvebhizinesi uye kushandura madhipatimendi ehupfumi hweyunivhesiti kuita mabhesheni ekufunga kwehudzvanyiriri neoliberal. Masangano anoti Heritage Foundation, Hoover Institute, American Enterprise Institute nemamwe akawanda ari muUS, Institute of Economic Affairs, Centre for Policy Studies neAdam Smith Institute yekuUK zvose zvakavambwa kusimudzira chirongwa ichi. Chinangwa chavo chaive chekukudziridza pfungwa nemutauro waizovharisa chinangwa chaicho chechirongwa - kudzoreredzwa kwesimba revakuru - uye kurongedza sechikumbiro chekusimudzira vanhu.
Chirongwa chavo chakabatsirwa nepfungwa dzakamuka muchikamu chakasiyana kwazvo. Mafambiro echimurenga a1968 akatsvagawo rusununguko rwakakura rwemunhu, uye vazhinji ve soixante-huitards vakaona nyika semudzvanyiriri wavo. Sezvinoratidzwa naHarvey, maNeoliberals akateedzera mutauro nemazano avo. Vamwe veanarchist vandinoziva vachiri kutaura pfungwa dzakada kufanana nedzevaneoliberals: chinangwa chakasiyana, asi mhedzisiro yacho yakafanana.
Vadzidzi vaHayek vakakwanisawo kushandisa matambudziko ehupfumi. Kumwe kwekuedza kwavo kwekutanga kwakaitika muNew York City, iyo yakawirwa nenjodzi yebhajeti muna 1975. Vebhanga varo vakarayira kuti guta racho ritevedzere zvirevo zvavo: kuderedzwa kukuru mumabasa ehurumende, kuputswa kwemibatanidzwa, rubatsiro rwehurumende nokuda kwebhizimisi(6) . MuUnited Kingdom, kuderera kwemari, kuramwa kwemari uye kuparara kwebhajeti kwakabvumira Margaret Thatcher, ane mazano akaumbwa neanopa mazano ake Keith Joseph, kuti abatsire. Chirongwa chake chakashanda, asi chakagadzira seti nyowani yematambudziko.
Dai mikana iyi yanga isina kukwana, maNeoliberal nevatsigiri vavo vaishandisa chiokomuhomwe kana chisimba. MuUS maDemocrats haana kudzorwa nemitemo mitsva pamari yemushandirapamwe. Kuti vakwikwidze zvinobudirira nemaRepublicans, vaizofanira kupa bhizinesi hombe zvayaida. Chirongwa chekutanga cheneoliberal chese chakaitwa muChile zvichitevera kupidigura kwaPinochet, nerutsigiro rwehurumende yeUS nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzakadzidziswa naMilton Friedman, mumwe wenhengo dzakavamba Mont Pelerin Society. Kutsvaga rutsigiro rwepurojekiti yaive nyaya iri nyore: kana iwe usingabvumirani, wakapfurwa. IInternational Monetary Fund neWorld Bank dzakashandisa simba radzo pamusoro penyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzide mitemo yakafanana.
Asi mutsigiri ane simba zvikuru wechirongwa ichi aive vezvenhau. Mazhinji acho ndeawo emamiriyoni emamiriyoni anoashandisa kugadzira mazano anotsigira zvavanoda. Avo vanotyisidzira zvirongwa zvavo vanoregeredzwa kana kusekwa. Kuburikidza nemapepanhau nezviteshi zveterevhizheni apo pfungwa dzinoparadza nzanga dzeboka duku revanyanyisi dzakasvika pakuratidzika sedzinonzwisisa. Vane pfungwa dzakapusa dzemakambani vanotengesa chirongwa ichi nekugadzirisa zvakare mutauro wedu wezvematongerwo enyika (kuti uwane nhoroondo yekuti izvi zvinoitika sei, ona bhuku raGeorge Lakoff, Usafunge nezveNzou!(7)). Mazuvano ndinonzwa kunyange shamwari dzangu dziri kufambira mberi dzichishandisa mazwi akaita sevanosika hupfumi, kubvisirwa mutero, hurumende huru, democracy yevatengi, red tape, muripo wetsika, vanotsvaga basa uye vanobiridzira vanobiridzira. Mazwi aya, akagadzirwa nemaune kana kusimudzirwa neveneoliberal, awanda zvekuti ave kuita seasina kwaakarerekera.
Neoliberalism, kana ikasadzorwa, inokonzeresa dambudziko mushure medambudziko, izvo zvese zvinogona kugadziriswa chete nenzira yainorambidza: kupindira kukuru kune chikamu chehurumende. Mukutarisana nayo, tinofanira kuziva kuti hatife takakwanisa kuunganidza zviwanikwa zvakapihwa vabatsiri vayo. Asi sezvo njodzi dzadzakakonzera dzichikura, veruzhinji havazodi kunyengetedzwa zvishoma kuti vakatsauswa.
References:
1. Larry Elliott, 23rd August 2007. Chikwereti chevatengi chinodarika gross domestic product. The Guardian.
2. Ed Pilkington, 24th August 2007. Guano theory mukuputsika kwebhiriji. The Guardian.
3. Anthony Lane, 27th August 2007. New Orleans: A National Humiliation. The New Statesman.
4. David Harvey, 2005. Nhoroondo Pfupi yeNeoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
5. Ona girafu riri p17 rebhuku raHarvey.
6. David Harvey, ibid.
7. George Lakoff, 2004. Usafunge nezveNzou: Ziva Hunhu Hwako uye Gadzira Gakava. Chelsea Green.
ZNetwork inopihwa mari chete kuburikidza nerupo rwevaverengi vayo.
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