Barack Obama murume akangwara. Saka nei apedza makore mana apfuura achiita mutemo wekunze wakapusa kudaro? Ichokwadi, kuvimba kwake ne "smart power" - euphemism yekupa Pentagon danda muzvinhu zvese zvepasirese - yanga iri kufamba kwakanaka mune zvematongerwo enyika kumba. Zvakanyanya kutadzisa maRepublican kutamba kadhi rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika mugore rino resarudzo. Asi "simba rakangwara" rave riri njodzi kupasi rose uye, pakupedzisira, kuUnited States pachayo.
Simba rakanga risiri nguva dzose sutu yaObama yakasimba. Paakakwikwidza kuve mutungamiri wenyika muna 2008, akazviratidza kushamwari nemuvengi zvakafanana saVaSofty. Aida kubva muhondo muIraq. Akanga asingafariri zvombo zvenyukireya. Aifarira makarotsi kupfuura matanda paaiswedera kune mhandu dzeAmerica.
Mudzvanyiriri wavo muma primaries emuDemocratic Alliance, Amai Hillary Clinton, vakaedza kushandura kuzeza uku kuti vashandise masimba akaomarara kuita chiratidzo chemunhu asina ruzivo rwakanyanya kuti apihwe chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika. Muna 2007, apo Obama akati aizosangana pasina zvisungo nevatungamiri veCuba, North Korea, neIran, Clinton. kudzingwa basa kuti mutemo wakadaro "wakanga usina hanya uye wakapusa." Muna Kukadzi 2008, akaenderera mberi neshambadziro yeTV yaibvunza vavhoti kuti ndiani aifanira kudaira runhare rweWhite House na3 am Obama, aireva kuti, aisave nenhengo dzemuviri dzinodiwa - tsandanyama, musana, mabhora- kuita sarudzo dzakaoma dzemutungamiri wenyika panguva yakaoma.
Obama haana kutora chirauro. "Kana runhare urwu rwadairwa, haafanire kunge ari mutungamiri wenyika - iye ega - aive nekutonga uye ushingi hwekupikisa hondo yeIraq kubva pakutanga," mhinduro yake yakawedzera. "Ndiani ainzwisisa zvechokwadi kutyisidzira kuAmerica yaive al-Qaeda, muAfghanistan, kwete Iraq. Ndiani akatungamira kuedza kuchengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya zvakasununguka pasi rose. "
Kufanana nevezvematongerwo enyika vakabudirira, Barack Obama anogona kunge ari zvinhu zvese kuvanhu vese. Kupikisa kwake Hondo yeIraq kwakaita kuti ave mudiwa wesangano rerunyararo. Asi anga asiri mumiriri werunyararo, nekuti aigara achivimbisa, semhinduro yake kune nharembozha ad, kushandura masimba euto reUS kuenda ku "hondo chaiyo" muAfghanistan. Semutungamiri wenyika, akarovera danda nemoyo waVaSofty nekukasira pro-chiuto, pro-war kutaura panzvimbo dzose, mhemberero yakamupa mubairo weNobel Peace Prize.
Kugona kwaObama kweprotean kwasvika padanho rekuita kwake kune yaimbonzi "soft power," izwi purofesa weHarvard Joseph Nye akavamba mubhuku rake ra1990. Kusungirwa Kutungamira. Kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri, Nye yave ichikurudzira vanogadzira mitemo yeUS kuti vatsvage nzira dzakasiyana dzekutungamira nyika, anotenda raakadana kuti “simba rine vamwe sezvinoita simba pane vamwe.”
Mushure me9/11, apo "kupfava" kwakava izwi rinonyanya kufungidzira, vagadziri vemitemo veWashington vakatanga kushandisa "smart power" kuratidza menyu yesarudzo dzakawedzerwa dzaifanira kusanganisa kugona kweDhipatimendi reHurumende nePentagon. "Tinofanirwa kushandisa izvo zvinonzi 'smart power,' huwandu hwakazara hwezvishandiso zvatinazvo - vezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, zvechiuto, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemutemo, uye tsika - kutora chishandiso chakakodzera, kana musanganiswa wezvishandiso, kune yega yega mamiriro," akadaro. Hillary Clinton akati pakunzwa kwake kusimbiswa kwebasa rake idzva semunyori wehurumende. "Nesimba rakangwara, diplomacy ichave iyo yekutanga yemitemo yekunze."
Asi diplomacy yanga isiri padanho rekutanga remitemo yaVaObama yekunze. Kubva pakurwiswa kwe drone muPakistan uye cyber-warfare kurwisa Iran kusvika kune yakasarudzika "Pacific pivot” uye kuwedzera kwe Kupindira kwemauto eUS muAfrica, hutungamiriri hwaObama hwakarega Pentagon neCIA vachidaidza pfuti. Maonero emutungamiri wenyika nezvekunze kwenyika anga ari "akangwara" kubva mumaonero ezvematongerwo enyika. Nekurongeka kweChisimbiso Chikwata cheChitanhatu kubvuta muPakistan zvakakonzera kuurayiwa kwaOsama bin Laden uye "kutungamirira kubva kumashure" mukupindira kweLibya, mutungamiri wenyika akanyatsobvisa mutemo wekunze sekutaura kweRepublican. Asiya mahwekwe erimwe bato aine kanzvimbo kadiki kekuita.
Asi mumhedzisiro yayo mhiri kwemakungwa, vhezheni yake ye "smart power" yanga iri chero yakangwara. Iyo yakachengetedza humambo overstretch pa mari yekuzviparadza, akashatirisa vakwikwidzi veunyanzvi vakaita seChina, akaomesa chinzvimbo chemhandu dzakaita seIran neNorth Korea, uye akaedza kushivirira kunyange kwevadyidzani venguva refu muEurope neAsia.
Chinhu chimwe chete chinoita kuti hurongwa hwaObama hutaridzike hungwaru hwezvematongerwo enyika - uye ndiyo yaMitt Romney angangove mutemo wekunze. Panyaya dzepasi rose, saka, sarudzo dzaNovember dzichapa vavhoti sarudzo isingafadzi: pakati pemurwi weDemocratic uye anotowedzera-pamusoro-soro wemauto Republican, pakati peBush Lite zvakare naBush anorema, pakati pembeveve nembeveve.
VaSofty Vanoenda kuWashington
VaSofty vakaenda kuWashington muna 2008 uye vakawana musana. Izvo, zvirinani, vangani vaongorori vezvematongerwo enyika vekunze vakatsanangura maitiro e "maturation" yemutungamiri mutsva. "Barack Obama mutungamiri ane simba rakapfava," akanyora ari Financial Times's Gideon Rachman muna 2009. "Asi nyika inoramba ichimubvunza mibvunzo ine simba."
Maererano nechiitiko ichi, Obama akaita kunyarara kuNorth Korea, uye Pyongyang yakapindura nekuedza chombo chenyukireya. Mutungamiriri akaenda kuCairo uye akataura zvinokatyamadza paakati, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, "isu tinoziva zvakare kuti simba remauto rega harisi kuzogadzirisa matambudziko muAfghanistan nePakistan." Asi vanhu uye mafambiro munyika yechiMuslim - al-Qaeda, maTaliban - vakaramba vachipikisa simba reAmerica. Mutungamiri akaita danho rekusatya kukanda tsigiro yake kuseri kwekubviswa kwenyukireya, asi nyukireya yekumisikidza muUnited States akamumanikidza kuzvipira mazakwatira emari kuti avandudze kugadzirwa kwenyukireya kwaakavimbisa kutaurirana kuti arege kuvapo.
Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, VaObama vakauya kuWashington vaine chibhakera chemakarotsi kuzonyengerera pasirese, zvisina mhirizhonga, munzira yerunyararo nekururamisira. Nyika yakanga isingabatanidzi, uye saka, mukuita, makarotsi iwayo akatanga kushanda sezvimiti zveruvara rweorenji.
Maonero aObama aya akarasika zvakanyanya. VaSofty vaive murume wemashanga akagadzirwa kubva muzviroto zvevatsigiri vake vane hutsinye uye hope dzevadzivisi vake vehawkish. Iyo avatar yaObama yaibatsira panguva yekutanga neyesarudzo yesarudzo kukwidza kurudzi rwakaneta kwemakore masere ekudyidzana kwenyika dzemombe. Semupi wemazano wemushandirapamwe asingakodzeri kutyora mitemo yenyika yeWashington, VaSofty havana kurarama neshanduko iyi.
Rangarira, semuenzaniso, kutaura kwaObama kuCairo muna Chikumi 2009. Kutaura kunofemedza uku kwaifanira kunge kwakaratidza shanduko huru mugwara reUS rakananga kunyika yechiMuslim. Asi izvo Obama asina kutaura mukutaura kwake inhaurirano yake yaakaita nemutungamiri ari kubuda VaGeorge Bush umo vaaizotaura muchivande. vakabvuma kuenderera mberi zvirongwa zviviri zvakakura zveBush: CIA's unmanned drone air war muPakistan's tribal borderlands uye purogiramu yakavanzika yekuvhiringidza chirongwa chenyukireya cheIran nehutachiona hwekombuta.
Obama haana kungoenderera mberi nehurongwa uhu; akavakudza. Mhedzisiro yanga iri kuwedzera kusati kwamboitika yemasimba emauto eUS kuburikidza nendege dzisina kurongwa muPakistan nenzvimbo dzakavakidzana neAfghanistan pamwe neSomalia neYemen. Kushandiswa kwema drones, uye kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo kwavakakonzera, kwawedzera maonero everuzhinji pasirese, nekufarirwa kweUnited States pasi paObama munyika zhinji dzeMuslim dzichiwira pasi. itsva yakaderera ye15% muna 2012, yakaderera, kureva, kupfuura rock-bottom standard set nehurumende yeBush.
Mushandirapamwe we drone wakanganisa dzimwe nzira dzesimba rakangwara, kusanganisira iyo yekare yekumirira diplomacy, kwete chete nekupikisa vanogona kupindirana asiwo nekuuraya nhamba yakanaka yavo. Pamwe chete nekurwisa kwakauraya Osama bin Laden, anowanzo kutaurwa seimwe yezvakaitwa naObama, hondo yeDrone yave kutsamwisa. kuputika kunononoka muhukama pakati peWashington neIslamabad.
Iyo yakavanda cyber-war chirongwa chekupokana nechirongwa chenyukireya cheIran, chakaitwa nekubatana kweIsrael, chakaburitsa honye yeStuxnet, iyo yakakanganisa macentrifuges eIran, uye hutachiona hweFlame, hwaiongorora network yekombuta. Panzvimbo pekutsvaga zvine simba zvigadziriso zvemumiriri - senge nyukireya yekukanganisa iyo Brazil neTurkey vakaungana pamwechete muna 2010 izvo zvinogona kunge zvakadzora mamiriro ezvinhu uye kuvimbisa nyika isina bhomba reIran - hutungamiriri hwaObama hwakaita muchivande uye nehukasha. Dai United States yanga iri chinangwa chekurwiswa kwakadaro kwecyber, Washington ingadai yakazvifunga chiito chehondo. Zvichakadaro, United States yakaisa muenzaniso une njodzi wekurwiswa mune ramangwana mune ino yemitambo mitsva yekushanda uye yakaburitsa chombo chinogona kutogadzirwazve uye kudzoserwa kwatiri.
Uye diplomacy haina kumbobvira yave patafura neNorth Korea. Chikwata chaObama chakauya nechisungo chiri pasi pehafu kuhurongwa hweSix Party - nhaurirano dzekugadzirisa chirongwa chenyukireya cheNorth Korea pakati peUnited States, China, Russia, Japan, nemaKorea maviri, ayo akange ambomira mumwedzi yekupedzisira. yetemu yechipiri yaGeorge W. Bush. MuNational Security Council, Asia anonongedza murume Jeffrey Bader akacheka tambo yeDhipatimendi reHurumende izvo zvingadai zvakasimbisa maNorth Koreans kuti mutemo weUS wekubatana uchaenderera mberi. "Kushivirira kwakanaka" kwakava chirevo chekusaita chinhu uye kurega vatungamiriri vehawkish muTokyo neSeoul vachiburitsa makore apfuura ekubatana. Mushure meimwe fungidziro yekurwa kubva kuPyongyang, ichiteverwa nekutadza kuvhurwa kwema missile uye bvunzo yechipiri yenyukireya, VaObama vakanyanya kugovera diplomacy zvachose.
Hillary Clinton akadaro zvechokwadi famba nokukurumidza kuwedzera saizi yebhajeti reDhipatimendi reHurumende kuhaya vanhu vazhinji uye kuita zvirongwa zvakawanda zvekusimudzira diplomacy. Iyo bhajeti yakakura neinopfuura 7% muna 2009-2010. Asi izvo hazvina kuunza dhipatimendi rediplomacy kusvika kumadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu. Kutaura zvazviri, ichiri kutambudzwa ne a kushomeka kwakakomba yevamiriri uye, semunyori wedhipatimendi reHurumende Peter van Buren akanyora, "Basa reKune dzimwe nyika idiki pane rinotsigira mutakuri wendege." Zvichakadaro, kunyangwe kuramba kuchidzikira, bhajeti rePentagon rakaramba richikwira mukati memakore aObama - kuwedzera kwe3% muna 2010 kusvika kumadhora mazana manomwe emadhora. (Uye Mitt Romney anovimbisa kuti ufambe zvakanyanya.)
Kufanana nevezvematongerwo enyika vazhinji veDemocratic, VaObama vanga vachinyatsoziva kuti simba rakaoma inzira yekumisikidza kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika pamberi pekurwiswa kweRepublican. Asi kushandiswa kwesimba rakaoma kuwana mapoinzi ezvematongerwo enyika kumba inyaya ine njodzi. Ndiwo hunhu hwe "simba risinganzwisisike" iri kuita kuti United States ive chinangwa chikuru, kuparadzanisa vanobatana, uye kukanganisa kuedza kwechokwadi pamubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda.
Humambo Hunyoro, Hunyoro
Pasinei nekushanduka-shanduka kwayo, "smart power" ine zvikanganiso zvakati wandei. Kutanga, rinotarisa nzira dzekushandisa simba pasina kubvunza magumo kune iro simba rinoshandiswa. Dhipatimendi reHurumende nePentagon vachapokana pamusoro pekuti ndeipi agency inogona kunyatsokunda mwoyo nepfungwa dzeAfghans. Asi hapana agency inoda kufunga zvakare kuvepo kweUS munyika kana kubvuma vashoma sei mwoyo nepfungwa dzakahwinwa.
Sezvakaita Afghanistan, saizvozvo nenyika yose. Pamusoro pekutaura kwake kwesimba "ne" pane "kupfuura," Joseph Nye ave achinyanya kunetseka nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana iyo United States inogona kuchengetedza hutongi. "Smart simba" harisi nezve kukosha kwekuzvarwa kwediplomacy, kunaka kwekuita sarudzo pamwe chete, kana zvinodikanwa zverunyararo, kururamisira, kana kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Asi inzira yekuverenga nzira yakanakisa yekuita kuti vamwe vaite izvo America inoda kuti vaite, nekutyisidzira kwekurova kwe drone kana Special Forces incursion inogara iripo kumashure.
Pentagon, zvirinani, yave yakajeka nezve iyi pfungwa. Muna 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates vakakavadzana "kusimbisa kugona kwedu kushandisa simba rakapfava uye nekuribatanidza zvirinani nesimba rakaoma." Pentagon yagara yaona kuti bhokisi rematurusi rine sando imwe chete mukati maro rinoremadza murume wemaoko, asi rinoramba richiona nyika izere nezvipikiri.
Pane imwe nhanho inoshanda, "smart simba" rinosangana nematambudziko nekuti mune iyi "kubatanidzwa," Pentagon inogara ichichinja kuva wekutanga mudiwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, basa revanomiririra nyika, vanopa rubatsiro rwekubatsira, uye vamwe vese "vanoita zvakanaka" vanoedza kusiyanisa basa ravo nevarwi vanokanganiswa. Mushure memakumi emakore ekuyedza kunyengetedza vavanodyidzana navo mhiri kwemakungwa kuti havangori varwi vemauto kuPentagon, vashandi veDhipatimendi reHurumende parizvino. akasvetukira pamubhedha nemauto. Vanogonawo kuisa maziso ehando hombe kumisana yavo, uye hapana chakangwara pamusoro pazvo.
"Smart simba" rinopawo nzira yehupenyu kumauto anogona kutarisana nekucheka kwakakosha kanaChirongwa cheCongress chekutsvaga inopfuura. NATO yakatoratidza nzira. Kumbundira kwayo "Smart Defense" imhinduro yakananga pakuderedzwa kwemauto nehurumende dzeEurope. Pentagon iri kushushikana zvikuru kuti vanocheka bhajeti vachatevedzera muenzaniso weEurope, saka iri kuita zvinoedza makambani kwese kwese panguva yedambudziko. Iri kuedza kudzoreredza masevhisi ayo.
Nguva dzose mukutsvaga mishoni, Pentagon ikozvino ine zvigunwe zvayo munenge mapie ese ari mubheki. VeMarines vari kuita zvekurambidza zvinodhaka muGuatemala. Special Operations mauto ari kugadzira dzimba dzemadutu muBangladesh. Iyo US Navy akapiwa mushure menjodzi muJapan mushure mekunyukireya kweFukushima, ukuwo Mauto eUS akaita zvakafanana muHaiti. Muna 2011, iyo Africa Command yakabhadhara mamiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emadhora zvebudiriro uye zveutano.
Pentagon, nemamwe mazwi, yakazvishandura kuita agency yezvinangwa zvese, kunyangwe kuedza "kugadzirisa" pamwe neHurumende uye makambani akasiyana-siyana muIraq neAfghanistan. Iri kugadzirira kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kudurura R & D madhora mune rimwe simba, uye kuita mabasa mucyberspace. Pentagon yanga yakangwara nezvesimba rayo nekuriparadzira kwese kwese.
Benzi vs. Dumber
Semutungamiri wenyika, VaObama varatidza kusazeza kushandisa chisimba. Asi kushandisa kwake simba rehondo hakuna kuratidza kuti “kwakachenjera” kupfuura kweakamutangira. Iran neNorth Korea dzakaenderera mberi nezvirongwa zvavo zvenyukireya apo dzimwe nzira dzezvematongerwo enyika dzaisauya. Simba renyukireya Pakistan yave pedyo nemhirizhonga chaiyo kupfuura makore mana apfuura. Afghanistan imhirizhonga, uye nhangemutange yezvombo iri kupisa muEast Asia, ichikurudzirwa muchikamu nekuedza kweUnited States nevabatsiri vayo. bhokisi muChina nesimba rakawanda remhepo negungwa.
Neimwe nzira, zvakadaro, Obama anga ari VaSofty. Haana kumboratidza musana kana kutarisana nevanodheerera vatove mukona yeAmerica. Haana kuita zvishoma kudzosera kumashure Mutungamiriri weIsrael Benjamin Netanyahu nemitemo yake yebasa. Haana kutarisana neSaudi Arabia, iyo inozvimiririra yemubatanidzwa weUS. Asi izvo, akawedzera simba renyika mbiri idzi - kuIran, Syria, Bahrain. Chinhu chakakosha che "smart power" kuburitsa zvinhu zvakasviba kune vamwe.
Usaite chikanganiso: Mitt Romney akaipisisa. Hutongi hweRomney-Ryan hwaizove nhanho yekudzokera kumashure kune marongero ekutanga kweBush makore. Mutungamiri Romney aizowedzera kushandisa mari muchiuto, kutangazve hondo inotonhora neRussia, zvichida kuita hondo inopisa kurwisa Iran, zvakadzika-nhanhatu zvibvumirano zvemarudzi akawanda sezvaaigona, uye kazhinji kumutsa mitemo yeUgly America yenguva pfupi yapfuura.
Asi Mutungamiri Romney havangashandure mutemo wekunze weUS. Mushure mezvose, Mutungamiri Obama vakachengetedza zvakanyanya mushure me9/11 zvakaiswa naGeorge W. Bush, izvo zvakazonyanya kukwevera zvakanyanya pane unilateralist uye mauto resipi iyo mabiki epamusoro kubva kuna Bill Clinton kumashure aingove akaturika.
Obama akati, sotto voce, kuti VaSofty vanogona kumuka zvakare kana iye ari pachigaro akasarudzwa patsva. Off mic, sezvaari kutaurwa padivi kuMutungamiri weRussia Dmitry Medvedev pamusangano muSeoul muchirimo chapfuura, akavimbisa kuratidza "kuchinjika" mutemu yake yechipiri. Izvi zvinogona kushandura mune zvimwe zvibvumirano zvezvombo neRussia, mamwe madhipatimendi senge kushanda nesimba neBurma, uye kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemari yezvematongerwo enyika kugadzirisa kudziya kwepasi rose, kusawedzera, hurombo hwepasi rose, uye zvirwere zvehutano.
Asi usavimba nazvo. Mari yakangwara haisi nesimba raObama rakangwara. VaSofty vanga vari hurongwa hwesarudzo. Kana vakasarudzwa zvakare, hapana mubvunzo kuti VaObama vacharamba vachiita saVaStick. Zvisungirire mamwe makore mana esimba risinganzwisisi - kana, kana akarasikirwa, kunyange simba rembeveve.
John Feffer, a TomDispatch nguva dzose, ndeye Open Society Fellow ye2012-13 yakatarisana neEastern Europe. Ndiye munyori we Crusade 2.0: Hondo yeKumadokero Inodzoka paIslam (Mabhuku eMaguta Mwenje). Zvinyorwa zvake zvinowanikwa pawebhusaiti yake johnfeffer.com. Kuteerera kubvunzurudzo yaTimothy MacBain yazvino Tomcast audio umo John Feffer anokurukura nezvesimba - rakaoma, rakapfava, rakangwara, uye mbeveve - tinya. pano kana kuidhawunirodha kune iPod yako pano.
Chinyorwa ichi chakatanga kuoneka paTomDispatch.com, weblog yeNational Institute, iyo inopa kuyerera kwakadzikama kwemamwe masosi, nhau, uye maonero kubva kuna Tom Engelhardt, mupepeti wenguva refu mukutsikisa, co-muvambi weAmerican Empire Project, munyori we Kupera Kwekukunda Tsika, seyenoveli, Mazuva Ekupedzisira Ekudhinda. Bhuku rake razvino ndere The American Way of War: How Bush's Wars Dzakava Obama's (Haymarket Books).
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