Vaifunga kuti zvapera. Mushure mekukunda kwebudiriro muAfghanistan, uko shumba zvino inorara negwayana, pakanga paine, anenge mapepanhau ese akabvumirana, hapana chakasara kuti chikurukure. Chaingoda kuitwa kuyeuchidza vaya vakanga vabvunza hondo yacho kuti vakanga vakanganisa zvakadini, uye vaidzokera vachidzokera nepasi pematombo avakanga vabva.
Uye zvakadaro, kubva kumativi ose enyika, vari mumakochi, makonikoni nezvitima zvakahaiwa, vakauya. Chavo chaive chisiri chemanyepo evapikisi vemombe izvo zvakafanoona vamwe, asi chingave chiri kufora kukuru kwekurwisa hondo kubva kuVietnam.
Vanga vapinda mukuratidzira uku vakasimbirira kuti kuratidzira uku kwaipeta kaviri kuratidzira kwakaitwa mwedzi wapfuura. Kure nekunyaradza veruzhinji nezveramangwana reAfghanistan, kutorwa kweKabul kunoratidzika kunge kwakamutsa.
Asi kukura kwekuratidzira kwakanga kusiri chinhu chayo bedzi chisingatarisirwi. Nenguva isipi zvakava pachena kuti mhomho yaingofunga nezve Afghanistan chete. Kumufaro mukuru, mukurukuri mushure memukurukuri akabatanidza hondo neimwe nzira iyo nyika yakapfuma inonyengetedza nyika yevarombo kuti iite sezvainoda: iro simba rayo pamiviri yakaita seWorld Trade Organisation.
Harisi bato rerunyararo chete risisati raenda, zvinoita sekunge, asiwo sangano rinopikisa makambani, iro rufu rwakaziviswa zvakanyanya kubva munaGunyana 11. Sezvo varatidziri verunyararo vakawana simba kubva kune vekunze, vepasi rose vari tichivaka pamushandirapamwe werunyararo. Hondo yekurwisa masimba emakambani yatanga zvakare.
Iyi inogona kuita senguva isingafadzi yekurwisa World Trade Organisation. Pahurukuro dzekutengeserana muQatar svondo rapfuura, nyika dzevarombo dzakaratidza hunyanzvi husina kumboitika mukumanikidza vapfumi kuti vateerere zvavanoda. Zvisinei nekuedza kukuru kweBritain neGermany, WTO yakabvuma kuti munguva dzehutano hweveruzhinji, hurumende dzinogona kukurira marezenisi emakambani kupa vanhu vadzo mishonga yakachipa. European Union inogona kumanikidzwa kutanga kudzora rubatsiro izvo zvinoparadza raramo yevarimi vari mhiri kwemakungwa.
Chiziviso chitsva chekutengeserana, zvakare, chinopenya kunaka. WTO, inosimbirira kuti, inoda kugadzirisa โkutarisirwa pasi kwenyika dzisina kusimukiraโ; kusimbisazve "kuzvipira kwayo ku ... budiriro inoenderera"; uye "kupa mhinduro yakasimba" kune chikwereti chenyika yechitatu. Aya mazwi akanaka, asi munhaurirano dzekutengeserana pasi rose, semuAfghanistan, runyararo rwakaziviswa hondo dzechokwadi dzisati dzatanga.
Nyika dzakapfuma dzakazadza hurongwa nenyaya itsva zvekuti, mumakore matatu aripo enhaurirano, WTO inogona kusambosvika pakukurukura nyaya dzakasimudzwa nenyika dzine urombo. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvitsva izvi, semutemo wekudyara nemakwikwi, zvakange zvatorambwa zvachose nenyika dzisina kusimukira.
Zvisarudzo zvitsva pakukanzurwa kwechikwereti, hutongi hwehupfumi uye kusimba, uyezve, zvinotarisa chipingamupinyi chimwe chidiki asi chakakosha. Hapana yeiyi shanduko iri muchipo cheWTO.
Makore makumi mashanu namatanhatu apfuura, vagadziri vezveupfumi hwenyika yazvino vakaziva kuti nhau dzakadai seidzi dzaizofanira kugadziriswa kana rusununguko rwezvokutengeserana rwaizoperekedzwa nokururamisira mune zvokutengeserana. Vakaronga "sangano rekutengeserana repasi rose", iro, pamwe nekushanda kuderedza mitero, raizoendesawo teknolojia kunyika dzine urombo, kuchengetedza kodzero dzevashandi uye kudzivirira makambani makuru kubva pakutonga hupfumi hwenyika. Makambani eUS akapokana uye chikumbiro chakamiswa.
Sangano renguva pfupi, chibvumirano chakazara pamusoro pemitero nekutengeserana (GATT), chakabatanidzwa pamwe chete kuti chidzikise zvipingamupinyi zvemitero apo vatauriri vakaedza kuvaka sangano rakakodzera rekutengeserana. Hazvina kumboitika. GATT yakashanduka kuita WTO, uye varombo vakasara vachiora.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokatyamadza zvegakava pamusoro pekudyidzana kwepasi rose ndechekuti vadziviriri vemamiriro ezvinhu vashoma vanoziva nezvenhoroondo yemasangano avanorwira. Haisi chete International Trade Organisation iyo yave kukanganwa zvachose, asiwo imwe dare yakatsanangurwa pamusangano weBretton Woods muna 1944.
Mugwaro rake richangoburwa richirwisa bato revepasi rose, mutori wenhau John Lloyd anotsanangura John Maynard Keynes se "muongorori akakosha pakusikwa" kweIMF neWorld Bank. Keynes, anofunga, akavaona se "vanobatsira kurunyararo uye nekuzorora kwehurombo". Muchokwadi, Keynes akavapikisa nehasha.
Akafanotaura kuti kana hupfumi hwenyika hukatungamirirwa nenzira idzi, hupfumi nesimba renyika dzine zvikwereti zvaizowedzera zvakanyanya, ukuwo vane zvikwereti vaizonyura muhurombo nekutsamira.
Akadana pachinzvimbo che "international clearing union" iyo inongodzikinura kusaenzana mukutengeserana nekudzima chikwereti, nenzira dzehungwaru dzekumanikidza vakweretesi kuti vabhadhare mubereko pamari yavo yepasi rose pamwero wakafanana neane chikwereti.
Zvakare, United States yakaramba. Yakatyisidzira kunyima chikwereti chayo chehondo kana nhumwa dzeBritain, dzaitungamirwa naKeynes, dzakarambira nechikumbiro chake, uye akamanikidzwa kudududza achibvuma kuumbwa kwemitumbi iyo yakazove World Bank neIMF.
Mutsamba yakanyorerwa The Times nguva pfupi yadarika, Keynes akabvuma kuti hurongwa hwekutengesa huchabvumira masangano matsva hunogona kuratidza kuti "hupenzi kwazvo" uye "hunoparadza kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika zvekuti, kana dzikagamuchirwa, Bretton Woods angadai akave marara. kwenguva.โ
Dambudziko, nemamwe mazwi, harisi sarudzo dzinoitwa nemasangano akaita seWTO, World Bank neIMF. Dambudziko nderekuti vakatemerwa nebumbiro remutemo kuti vakundikane. Iyo WTO inogona kuseta chete mipimo yepamusoro yekutengeserana kwepasirese, pane iyo yakaderera mwero iyo inogona kudzoreredza makambani makuru. Bhangi neIMF, inodzorwa zvachose nenyika dzinokweretesa, dziripo kuti dzichengetedze chikwereti chepasirese chakavamiririra.
Asi, panzvimbo pokuziva urema uhwu hwomuzvarirwo, vanotsigira vanosarudza kuzvidza mapofu nokuda kwokubviswa kwameso. Svondo rapfuura, semuenzaniso, magazini yeInternet Open Democracy yakaburitsa hurukuro naPeter Sutherland, aimbova mukuru weWTO, naMaria Cattaui, anomhanyisa International Chamber of Commerce.
Sutherland akasimbisa kuti "hazvipokane kuti dambudziko chairo nehupfumi hwatadza" i "hurumende dzavo dzepamba". Cattaui akasimbirira kuti "mhosva iri kunyanya kumba nenyika dzine chekuita". Asi, sokunyevera kwakaita nyanzvi dzezveupfumi dzakatanhamara muna 1944, kunyange kana nyika dzine zvikwereti dzenyika dzine urombo dzaidzorwa nengirozi, masangano ezvokutengeserana nezvemari akatangwa paBretton Woods aizoparadza upfumi hwavo.
Hakugone kuve nechiratidzo chakajeka chekukundikana kupfuura kudanwa kwakaitwa Gordon Brown svondo rapfuura pakupeta kaviri kwerubatsiro rwepasirese kune varombo. Tinogona kupokana uchenjeri hwokudira rubatsiro munyika kune rumwe rutivi uye kubvisa kubhadhara chikwereti kune rumwe rutivi, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu azvino mari itsva iri madikanwa zvakajeka.
Asi dai varume vakanga varonga musangano weBretton Woods vaiziva kuti muna 2001 tinenge tichinetsana panyaya yerubatsiro rwatinofanira kupa kunyika dzine hurombo, vangadai vakarongedza voenda kumusha. Chinangwa chakataurwa chemusangano wavo chaive chekupa rupo rusina basa.
Iko hakuna chikonzero chekuzeya neiyo system. Ichaparadza hupenyu hwevarombo kudzamara iyo pachayo yaparadzwa, uye yatsiviwa nemabhenefiti masangano emhando yaifungwa naKeynes. PaSvondo tingave takatanga kuwana simba rokuzviita.