Vakawanda vanotoziva nezvemukana unowedzera wepfuma muU.S.; 2005 yakaona kukura kukuru kwechikamu chemari yenyika kune yepamusoro 1 muzana yevaAmerica kubva muna 1928. Mukati megore ra2005 "vepamusoro 300,000 vekuAmerica pamwe chete vakanakidzwa nemari yakawanda seyakaderera mamiriyoni 150 eAmerica." Zvichienderana nenhamba idzi chikamu chegumi chepamusoro chakasvika pamwero wemugove wemari usina kuonekwa kubva pakatanga Kuderera Kukuru. (US Income Gap iri Kuwedzera zvakanyanya, Data Shows, NYT, Kurume 29, 2007). Tichifunga izvozvo, zvinoita sezvisina kuitika kuti tinzwe kuti dambudziko riripo nhasi ndiro โdambudziko remari rakanyanya kubva panguva yeKuderera Kukuru, uye tangotanga kuona kuti zvakaipa sei.โ (Robert Kuttner, Dememocracy Zvino, Jan. 23, 2008) Tiri kusangana nekugovewazve kwepfuma kukakwira kusati kwamboitika mumakore zana apfuura ukuwo tichitarisana nedambudziko rehupfumi. Zvinotora mubhengi weWall Street kuti asaone kuti madotsi aya anobatana sei.
Vaongorori nevanoongorora zvakafanana vese vane kunzwisisa kwakafanana kwemazwi anotevera ekutsanangura nekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehupfumi hweUS: "kuderera," "inflation," "dambudziko redzimba," "economic stimulus package," "kuderedzwa kwemitengo," uye " jekiseni." Nekudaro hazvitore nyanzvi yezvehupfumi, mubhengi weWall Street, kana akapedza kudzidza kukoreji kuti anzwisise izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve zvirevo zvekupfupisa zvanga zvichiitika: Hondo Yekirasi mukuvhurwa kwe21.st Century. Kunze kwekuti hondo haisati yave hondo pakati pemakirasi, ihondo inorwiwa nevakuru pane isu tose. Uye hondo yacho haisi itsva.
"Ichi hachisi chido chechikwata chevashandi. Tiri kurasikirwa, kunyanya, zana remakore rekufambira mberi kwemabhizimisi nehupfumi. Kunyangwe tichitaura. Uye iyo inzira yakanaka yekugadzira mubatanidzwa wekirasi."
โ Stanly Aronwitz (Kirasi Yadzingwa, MEF).
Aronwitz ari right. Asi mubatanidzwa wei? Yedu Kirasi inotsanangurwa nezvinhu uye mapoka emagariro nevamwe vane zvido zvakafanana, zvavanoda, uye kuzvifungira mukati mechikamu chehupfumi chenzanga. Kuronga kurwisana nehondo iri kurwiwa patiri nevapamusoro-soro kunofanira kuva kwekuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekushanda nemararamiroโhongu. Asi pakupedzisira, chinangwa chinowanzonzvenga nhaurirano ndechekusadzidza.
Kunze kweKuruboshwe, kupatsanurwa kwekirasi-pamwe netsanangudzo yevaridzi vega vezvivakwa zvinogadzira, vashandi vemihoro, uye kugoverwa kwemusika kunosanganisira iyo capitalist system-inofungidzirwa semutemo wechisikigo kana wezvisikwa zvamwari. Mukati meKuruboshwe, kwatinofanira kuziva zviri nani, mamiriro acho ari kuwedzera kushora. Pakati pemafambiro ekuruboshwe eongororo yekirasi yezana rino angave akarasika, akasiiwa, asinganzwisisike, akaitwa sezvisina basa kana kusasvika kure zvakakwana, uye mune dzimwe nguva, anotopokana senzira yekunzwisisa nzanga. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekurapa kwakasiyana-siyana kwekirasi, asi pamwe zvakaipisisa ndezvekupembedza simba redu uye rombo muKuruboshwe mafambiro uye masangano. Nekuda kweizvi uye zvikonzero zvakawanda, kirasi inoramba iri padivi uye mukana wekuwana Classless Sosaiti inoonekwa seyehupenzi yekutsvaga yeUtopian zuva vanorota.
Asi budiriro huru mukuchinja kwenhau nokuda kwezviri nani hakuna kumboitika. Muna 2008, pavaviri vari kutungamira musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika muU.S. mumwe mukadzi, uye mumwe wemuAfrica muAmerica. Kupedza Jim Crow rusaruro rwaive rwechokwadi. Kuhwina universal suffrage kwaive kwechokwadi. Zvisinei, vanhu vakaita kuti nhau iyoyo ive inobvira vaifanira kurwisana nechitendero chokuti ukama ihwohwo hunodzvinyirira hwenzanga nezvinhu zvokunyama hwakanga huri chibereko chenhaka youmwari kana kuti muuyo wenhau. Kujekesa mukana wekuwana nzanga isina kirasi uye inopindirana, uye kuti izvi hazvina kusiyana nekupedza simba revakuru uye rombo rinobva parudzi kana murume kana murume, ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakubvisa kujekeswa kwazvinoda.
Panzvimbo pekudonha kubva kudenga, kana kuve "wakaoma waya" munhoroondo, hukama hwemagariro akanyanya munharaunda chero ipi zvayo mhedzisiro yekutsanangura (yakaitwa nevanhu) masangano enzanga iyoyo. Hierarchy kuzvibereka mukirasi inogona chete kudaro, kazhinji yenguva, nekutsvaga vanhu vanokodzera mold yekuziva, hukama hwemagariro, hunyanzvi, kugona, uye hunhu hunhu hunodiwa pakubereka chimiro quo hukama hwekirasi. Kuberekana kwekirasi mukati mecapitalism, kubva pakuona kweavo vari pamusoro, kunoda hunyengeri hunozvikudza, kuti neimwe nzira vanokodzera kuve varidzi vezvinhu zvinogadzira, mihoro yakawanda uye mihoro, uye masimba ekutonga. Kunyengedza "kunoruramisa" mashandiro avakaita nesimba, kana kungobva kune "stock" iri nani, uye kuti hupfumi hwavo, simba, uye rombo ndiyo yavo yekuseredzera.
Vanhu vazhinji vanogara mukirasi yavanoberekerwa uye mafambiro avo ehupfumi anofanotemerwa. In The State of Working America 2006/2007 (Economic Policy Institute, 2007), vachitarisa kufamba kwekirasi yemarudzi, vanyori vayo vanobvunza kuti "Ko hupfumi hwevana hunosungirirwa kusvika papi pamari yemubereki wavo kana hupfumi? Mhuri dzakawanda dzinoguma pamusoro pekwavakatanga pachiyero chemari?" uye "Iyo hupfumi hweUnited States husingadzoreki hunoonekwa nekufamba kukuru kwehupfumi?" Tsvagiridzo yevanyori inoona kuti mari, hupfumi, uye mukana "zvakanyanya" zvine chekuita nezvizvarwa. Mwanasikana waamai vane mari yakaderera ane mukana muduku chete wekuwana mihoro yakawanda zvikuru mukukura kwake. "Vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvevana vevabereki vane hupfumi hwakaderera (avo vari pasi pe20 muzana yechiyero chehupfumi) ivo pachavo vachava nehupfumi hunovaisa pasi pe40 muzana yechiyero." Tsvagiridzo yavo inoratidzawo kuti iyo US yave "zvikuru" isingaite mbozha nekufamba kwenguva, uye ine kunyange kushoma kwekirasi kufamba kupfuura humwe hupfumi hwepamusoro.
Kwechinguva chidiki, ngatipei veElite fallacy kubatsirwa kwekupokana. Ngatifungei kuti mamiriro avo ehupfumi haana kunyatsoenderana nemasimba ekukurukurirana akadzika midzi mukuberekana kwekirasi yavo kuburikidza nekudyidzana kana mhuri, nhaka, rombo rakanaka, hutsinye, $150,000 madiploma, cronyism, kuti ivo vanhu vari nani, kana rimwe tikiti rekukwira. Ngatitorei panzvimbo yekuti kugona kwemukati ndiko kwaive kufambisa kwakavasvitsa chimiro chavo chekirasi yepamusoro. MuBhuku 3 rake Zvinyorwa Zvematongerwo enyika uye Zvemagariro (Minnesota, 1993, yepakutanga 1974) Cornelius Castoriadis anobvunza kuti โNei uku hunyanzvi hwekuita huchifanira kuva hwakakodzera kune vanahwo mari yakapetwa nekana kupfuura inopihwa mumwe, uye kwete kaviri kana gumi nembiri? Mufungo upi uripo mukutaura izvozvo unyanzvi hwachiremba wokuvhiya hunokosha chaizvoโkana kuti zvakawanda, kana kuti zvishoma, kupfuuraโhuya youinjiniya akanaka? Uye nei isingakoshi chaizvo sezvakaita injiniya wechitima akanaka kana kuti mudzidzisi akanaka?โ Kana, zvakananga, wadii kubvunza kuti "Sei chiremba anovhiya asingabhadharwe zvishoma pane anonhonga marara?"
Castoriadis akaona kuti "kugona," "kukodzera," "njere," kana chero chinhu chakagarwa nhaka kubva kune genetic lottery yakanga isingakodzeri kuwana mari yakawanda (kunyangwe kana nzanga yakabhadhara dzidzo kuti isimudzire kukura kwayo), "Kune vanhu vanozvarwa. Zvipo zvakawanda maererano nemamwe mabasa, kana kuti ndiani anova akadaro. Misiyano iyi kazhinji idiki, uye kukura kwemisiyano yakadaro kunyanya kunoenderana nemhuri yako, magariro, uye dzidzo. Chipo,' kushandisa 'chipo' ichi pachakwo kunofadza kana kusingatadziswi.Uye kana vari vanhu vashoma vane zvipo zvakatanhamara, chinonyanya kukosha hausi 'mubayiro' wemari asi kugadzira zvavanoda zvisingadzivisiki. Kudai Einstein aifarira mari, angadai asina kuva Einsteinโuye zvingangoita kuti angadai akaita sahwira ane mwero kana mubatsiri wemari. Asi zvakanyanya, kune mubairo wezvemagariro kune chiremba anovhiya anoponesa hupenyu kana musayendisiti anoita chiwanikwa chiri kunze kwenzvimbo yekukosha kwezvinhu-kuponesa hupenyu kana kuita kuwanikwa, nekuda kwekukosha kwayo kwevanhu, kunofanira kuva mubairo wakakwana. uye muripo wezvinhu unofanira kupihwa chete nokuda kwehuwandu hwenhamburiko yakaiswa mubasa.
A Kirasi Sosaiti ine mibairo yetsika yakavakirwa pamanyepo anokonzeresa iyo nzanga yekirasi hierarchy. Chirongwa chemubairo cheClassless Sosaiti chinopa mubairo vanhu nekuda kwekuedza kana kuzvipira kunoita munhu mubasa ravo. Panzvimbo pokubhadharwa nokuda kwemipiro nemhaka yokusiyana kwetarenda, rovedzo, basa rokuita, rombo rakanaka, chiremera chemajini, maturusi ari nani kana vaunoshanda navo, muripo nokuda kwenhamburiko mubairo wokuzvibaira kwomunhu nokuda kwezvakanakaโkana kuti izvo zvingava zvinokosha munzanga. shanda. Mubairo wekuedza uye kuzvipira unogadzirisa izvo nyanzvi yezvehupfumi Robin Hahnel anodana "dambudziko rekunhonga marara"Iyo ABC's yePolitical Economy, Pluto, 2002). Kureva kuti, basa rinopiwa mubayiro nokuda kwenhamburiko nemhaka yokuti mumwe munhu angashanda maawa akawanda, kuva nebasa risingafadzi, basa rakasimba zvikuru, basa rine ngozi, kana kuti basa risingafadzi. Basa racho ringatoda kudzidziswa kusingafadzi (kana kuti kunofadza sezvinoita vamwe), kana kuti kusingafadzi kupfuura nguva inopedzwa nevamwe vachishanda vanodzidzira zvishoma. Mubairo werudzi urwu unodzikiswawo nekubhadhara zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurwere, zera, kana chimwe chikonzero chinotitadzisa kushanda. Kubhadhara kwekuedza uye kuzvipira kunopedzwa nezvinodiwa kuchava mubairo wenzanga inobatanidzwa uye isina kirasi.
Kuona nzanga isina nhanho kunofanirwa kuve kwakakosha zvakanyanya sekuwana nzanga isina rusaruraganda, rusaruraganda, uye hudzvanyiriri. Zvakadaro kupedza basa remihoro, misika, uye hutungamiri hwemakambani, pamwe nerusaruraganda uye rusaruraganda, chinoramba chiri chirongwa chedu chisina kupera:
โUranda hungashandura chimiro chahwo kana zita rahwo, hunhu hwahwo hunoramba huri humwe chete. Chirevo chahwo chinogona kutaurwa namashoko aya: Kuva muranda kunomanikidzirwa kushandira mumwe munhu, sezvinoita tenzi kuti ararame nebasa romumwe munhu. Kareโฆvaranda, mukutendeseka kwose, vainzi varanda. MuMiddle Ages, vaitora zita rokuti serf; mazuva ano vanonzi vanotambira mihoro.โ
- Bakunin, Federalism, Socialism, Anti-Theology
Pasina panikiro vamwe vakataura pfungwa iyi nounyanzviwo. Muenzaniso wakatorwa kubva kuBakunin's contemporary; mazwi ekubata endima yekutanga kubva kuMarx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 paEstranged Labor:
"Takatanga kubva panzvimbo yehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Takagamuchira mutauro waro nemitemo yayo. Isu takafungidzira pfuma yega, kupatsanurwa kwevashandi, mari, uye ivhu, uye zvakafanana nemihoro, purofiti, uye mari; kupatsanurwa kwevashandi. ;kukwikwidzana;kuonekwa kwekukosha kwekutsinhana, etc. Kubva muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika pachahwo, tichishandisa mazwi ayo, takaratidza kuti mushandi anonyura kusvika padanho rechinhu, uyezve chinhu chinosiririsa kupfuura zvese; kuti nhamo yemushandi iri inverse inoenderana nesimba uye huwandu hwechigadzirwa chake; kuti chinodiwa mhedzisiro yemakwikwi ndiko kuunganidzwa kwemari mumaoko mashoma uye nekudaro kudzoreredzwa kwehumwe mune imwe nzira inotyisa; uye kuti, pakupedzisira, mutsauko pakati pecapitalist ne muridzi wemba, pakati pemushandi wekurima nemushandi weindasitiri, anonyangarika uye nzanga yese inofanira kupatsanurwa kuita mapoka maviri evaridzi vezvivakwa nevashandi vasina pfuma. "
Kucherekedza kunotyisa kweiyo capitalist system, asi, iyi ongororo yemhando mbiri haiendi zvakaringana. Apa ndipo panopenya kupenya kwaBakunin. Bakunin akaona kirasi yechitatu pakati pe "makirasi maviri evaridzi vezvivakwa nevashandi vasina pfuma" uye akafanotaura "Red Bureaucracy" iyo yakasimuka mukati meRussia Revolution, iyo yakauyawo kuzotambudza mienzaniso yakawanda ye "Chaizvoizvo Iripo Socialism" mu20.th Century. Bakunin akanyatso kubvunza mubvunzo we "conceptual oxymoron" ye "udzvanyiriri hwevamiriri," ukuwo ichifumura kukosha kwenhema kwepamusoro kwebasa rekufunga pamusoro pebasa remawoko riri pasi pekutenda kwekuzvikudza kweboka remurongi:
"Mamaneja ekudzidziswa kwepamusoro uye mabasa makuru haamupi mvumo yekubhadhara yakawanda neropafadzo kupfuura vashandi vemaoko here? Basa rekutarisira harisi iro rinongodiwa pakugadzira sebasa remaoko - kana zvisingaite zvakadaro? Chokwadi, kugadzirwa kungave kwakaremara zvakanyanya, kana kwete kumiswa zvachose, pasina manejimendi ane hunyanzvi uye ane hungwaru.Asi kubva padanho rekutonga kwekutanga uye kunyangwe kugona, manejimendi ekugadzirwa haafanire kudzorwa nemunhu mumwe chete kana akati wandei. monopoly of administration, kure nekusimudzira kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzirwa, asi kunongowedzera simba neropafadzo dzevaridzi nemamaneja avo."
โ Michael Bakunin, Mafungiro Ouzivi, 1871
Classical Marxists uye Anarchist kirasi kuongororwa kune zvakawanda zvekupa mafambiro emagariro anhasi. Asi nharo pamusoro pekirasi dzakaenderera mberi kusvika kuma20th Century, iine 60s uye 70s inopa akawanda matsva ekuona. Imwe hunyanzvi, yakanyanya kufuratirwa panguva uye kubvira, yakabatwa mukati Pakati peBasa uye Capital (ed. Walker, SEP, 1979), bhuku rakarongwa rakatenderedza chinyorwa chinotungamira "The Professional-Managerial Kirasi" naBarbara naJohn Ehrenreich. Iyo Professional-Manageri Kirasi (PMC), sekuonekwa kwayakaitwa nevaEhrenreichs, yaive kirasi yechitatu pakati pemacapitalist nevashandi vane hukama hwayo uye zvido zvavo. Maonero ePMC aisiyana nemafungiro akakurumbira e "boka repakati," pakuti yakaona iyi kirasi yechitatu seiyo yakakosha semacapitalist nevashandi. Iyo PMC sezvakatsanangurwa neEhrenreichs, inosanganisira vanachiremba, mamaneja, "vashandi vetsika," vadzidzisi, nevamwe vanoita basa rekufunga uye rinopa simba. PMC nokudaro inosiyana kubva kumacapitalist avo varidzi nekudzora hupfumi hwenyika, pamwe nevashandi vanonyanya kushanda mabasa emawoko pamagungano, mabasa ekurima, kutengesa, matafura emabhazi, nezvimwewo. Hukama nekupokana kuri pakati pemapoka matatu aya kunoramba kuripo uye, maererano. kuEhrenreichs, ita kuti isu tifunge nezve "imwe nhoroondo yeimwe nzanga umo basa repfungwa neremaoko rinobatanidzwazve kugadzira vanhu vese." Izvo zvakakosha, asi kashoma kana zvakambotaurwa, ndezvekuti, nzwisiso iyi inopa hwaro hwekuona kuti basa rinogona kurongwazve sei kune nzanga isina kirasi umo kupatsanurwa kwevashandi kwakaenzana kune zvese kugonesa uye kudiwa.
Michael Albert naRobin Hahnel vakaita mupiro wavo kubhuku rimwechete, "Tikiti Rokukwira: Dzimwe Nzvimbo paMepu yeKirasi," pavakatanga kudonongodza zano ravo reongororo yemakirasi matatu vachisuma yavanodaidza kuti "Coordinator Kirasi," nokudaro vachiisa hwaro hwechaizova chiono chavo chegadziriro yeupfumi isina kirasi uye inobatanidzwa. Kudimikira chinyorwa chaAlbert naHahnel, Kirasi yeCoordinator, sePMC, yakamira pamusoro pevashandi vanoita mabasa echido neasingapi simba, vanoda mihoro yakakwira, mamiriro ekushanda ari nani, kutonga kwakawanda pabasa ravo, nezvimwewo, uye pasi pemacapitalist avo varidzi nzira dzekugadzira uye kuda kuderedza mihoro uku uchitora mamwe mabasa uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza simba rekutaurirana revashandi kuti vawane purofiti yakawanda.
Albert naHanel vakapa maonero akazara ekuona kirasi nenhoroondo, vachipa imwe nzira kune yakajairwa kirasi mbiri ongororo. Ongororo yemhando mbiri yeorthodox ine chekuita zvakanyanya nekurwira kwekirasi sesimba rinokurudzira rinoumba nzanga nenhoroondo. Ongororo yemhando mbiri iyi haingobvisi zvinonetsa zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana nemadzinza, murume kana mukadzi uye zvepabonde, pamwe chete nesimba uye kufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika, asi zvakare, zvinoshamisa, inotarisisa vatambi vehurongwa mukati meiyo nzvimbo yehupfumi: Coordinator Kirasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, varongi vane simba uye simba pamusoro pevashandi. Ivo vanoita zvakanyanya kupa simba uye basa rekufunga, uye saka vanobatsirwa kubva pachinzvimbo chavo chepamusoro. Kune rumwe rutivi, vashandi vari pasi pavo vanoita basa rerote uye kuuraya. Izvi zvine basa, kwete chete mukugovewa zvisina tsarukano kwebasa rinodiwa, asi zvakare nemhando dzebasa ratinoita kubatsira kuumba nekuzivisa hunyanzvi hwedu nekwaniso yedu pakuita sarudzo uye kutora chikamu munzvimbo dzedu dzebasa pamwe nemumasangano. yenzanga zvakanyanya. Zvakare, chinangwa chekucherechedzwa uku chinosundira pakutsvaga kusakwana, kwete chete maererano nehukama hwevaridzi, asiwo hukama hwesimba nekupa simba. Izvi zvinobva zvaenderana nemabatirwo azvinoitwa nemasangano ezvekugarisana mumasangano avo nhasi uye nezve zvatinotsvaga kukunda.
Kupokana nehondo yekirasi iri kurwiwa nevakuru kunoziviswa zvirinani nekuita ongororo yemakirasi matatu ichiratidza, kwete chete mukaha uripo pakati pevapfumi nevarombo, asi hukama pakati pevashandi, varongi, uye macapitalist. Mukutsvaga mibatanidzwa yekirasi tinogona kuronga kuona kuti ndevapi varongi vashandi vanogona kubatana navo, isu tinogona kuona kuti ndevapi varongi vanozotsigira capitalist vachipesana nevashandi, uye isu tinokwanisa kugadzirisa maitiro edu nhasi zvinoenderana nemaitiro matsva ayo anoratidza tariro yedu yekusava nekirasi mangwana.
Chris Spannos mushandi naZ. Ndiye mupepeti webhuku rinonzi Real Utopia: Participatory Society for the 21 Century (AK Press, May 2008).