Yakhala nyengo yachilimwe yotentha kwambiri - Japan inali ndi chilimwe chotentha kwambiri pambiri. [1] Momwemonso ndi South Florida ndi New York.[2] Pakadali pano, Pakistan ndi Niger zasefukira, ndipo Kum'mawa kwa US kukuyenda pambuyo pa Hurricane Earl. Palibe mwazochitika izi zomwe zinganene kuti zachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko, monga momwe katswiri wa zanyengo angakuuzeni. Koma kuti muwone momwe kusintha kwanyengo kudzayendera m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, simuyenera kuyang'ana ku Met Office. M'malo mwake, yang'anani ku imfa ndi matayala oyaka moto mu 'zipolowe za chakudya' ku Mozambique kuti muwone zomwe zimachitika pamene zochitika zachilengedwe zowonongeka zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe athu opanda chilungamo a chikhalidwe ndi zachuma.
Zomwe zayambitsa zionetserozo komanso mu likulu la Mozambique, Maputo, ndi Chimoio pafupifupi makilomita 500 kumpoto, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mtengo wa mkate ndi 30 peresenti, kukumawonjezera chiwonjezeko chaposachedwapa cha madzi ndi mphamvu ndi manambala aลตiri.[3] Pamene pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a bajeti ya banja likuthera pa chakudya, ndiye kuti anthu aku Mozambique ochepa angakwanitse. Pakadali pano, anthu omwalira akuyandikira khumi, kuphatikiza ana awiri. Apolisi akuti anayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zamoto kwa anthu ochita ziwonetsero chifukwa 'zipolopolo za rabara zinawathera.' [4]
Zifukwa zozama zakukwera kwamitengo ku Mozambique zitha kupezeka kutali. Mitengo ya tirigu yakwera kwambiri mโmisika yapadziko lonse mโnyengo yotentha kwambiri chifukwa chakuti dziko la Russia, dziko lachitatu padziko lonse logulitsa kunja, lavutika ndi moto woopsa kwambiri mโmadera ake akuluakulu opangira zinthu. Zoyaka motozi, zimachokera ku zida zozimitsa moto zosauka komanso kutentha kwakukulu ku Russia m'zaka zopitilira zana.[5] Lachinayi, Vladimir Putin anawonjezera lamulo loletsa kutumiza kunja chifukwa cha funde latsopano lamoto wolusa mu lamba wake wa tirigu, kutumiza zizindikiro zina kumisika kuti tirigu waku Russia sangapezeke kunja kwa dziko. [6] Pamene dziko la Mozambique likuitanitsa 60% ya tirigu amene anthu ake amafunikira, dzikolo lagwidwa ndi misika yapadziko lonse.
Izi zitha kumveka zodziwika bwino. Mu 2008, mitengo yamafuta, tirigu, chimanga ndi mpunga idakwera kwambiri pamisika yapadziko lonse lapansi - mitengo ya chimanga pafupifupi kuwirikiza katatu pakati pa 2005-8. M'malo mwake, mayiko ambiri otumiza zakudya adakumana ndi zipolowe zazakudya, ndipo umodzi mwa iwo udasokoneza ndale za Nduna Yaikulu ya ku Haiti Jacques Edouard Alexis.[8]
Kumbuyo kwa zionetsero za 2008 kunali, choyamba, zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zinkawoneka ngati gawo la meteorological la Bukhu la Chivumbulutso-chilala ku Australia, matenda a mbewu ku Central Asia, kusefukira kwa madzi ku South East Asia. Izi zinawonjezeredwa ndi machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe zotsatira zawo zinamveka. Mitengo yamafuta inali yokwera kwambiri, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kukwera mtengo kwamayendedwe komanso mitengo yamafuta opangira mafuta opangira mafuta. Ndondomeko ya biofuel, makamaka ku US, idasamutsa malo ndi mbewu kuchoka ku chakudya kupita kukupanga ethanol, ndikupatutsa chakudya kuchokera m'mimba kupita ku matanki amafuta. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu komanso kudya nyama m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kwachititsa kuti anthu avutike. Anthu ongoganizira zandalama anaunjikana mโzakudya, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti mitengo ya zinthu izilepheretse anthu osauka. Pomaliza, ogulitsa ena adagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwu kuti akweze mitengo mopitilira apo, ndipo ngakhale mitengo yamtengo wapatali yabwerera ku zovuta zomwe zidalipo kale, ambiri aife sitinawonepo ndalama zomwe zasungidwa potuluka.
Ndiye, kodi 2008 yathanso? Nyengo yafika poipa, mitengo ya nyama yakwera kwambiri kwa zaka 20, zinthu zikubedwa, ndipo atsogoleri a maboma akulimbikitsa bata. Maonedwe anthawi zonse kuchokera pama desiki azinthu, komabe, ndikuti sitili m'mavuto ngati zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Mafuta ndi otsika mtengo ndipo m'masitolo ogulitsa tirigu amadzaza bwino. Tidakali panjira yoti tipeze mbewu yachitatu yochuluka kwambiri ya tirigu, malinga ndi bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organisation la United Nations(FAO),[10] kotero ngakhale popanda tirigu waku Russia, palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa.
Ngakhale zonsezi ndi zoona, zikuphonya mfundo: kwa anthu ambiri anjala chaka cha 2008 sichinathe. Zomwe zidachitika mu 2007-8 zidapangitsa kuti anthu opitilira 100 miliyoni akhale ndi njala, ndipo kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kwatanthauza kuti akhalabe komweko. Mโchaka cha 2006, chiwerengero cha anthu osowa chakudya chokwanira chinali 854 miliyoni.[11] Mu 2009, inali 1.02 biliyoni - milingo yapamwamba kwambiri kuyambira pomwe zolemba zidayamba. Anjala sali ku Africa kokha. Kafukufuku wina anasonyeza kuti pa Khirisimasi mu 2009 ku United States, anthu 57 miliyoni a ku America sankadziwa kumene adzadye.[12] Ena mwa omwe anakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukwera kwa mitengo uku, ku US ndi padziko lonse lapansi, anali mabanja otsogozedwa ndi akazi.[13] Mgwirizano ndi machitidwe amphamvu omwe amapangitsa kuti amuna kapena akazi akhale osagwirizana ndi nyengo, ngakhale zili choncho.[14] Ndicho chifukwa chake 60 peresenti ya omwe ali ndi njala ndi akazi kapena atsikana.[15]
Sikuti anjala adakali pafupi, koma zipolowe za zakudya zapitirirabe. Ku India, kukwera kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali kwawiri kunakumana ndi zionetsero zachiwawa za pamsewu kumapeto kwa 2009. Kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo kunali, kachiwiri, zotsatira za monsoons zoopsa komanso zosayembekezereka mu 2009, komanso kuwonjezereka kolakwika kwa chitetezo cha anthu kuti ateteze njala. [16] Pakhala pali zionetsero pafupipafupi pagulu za mtengo wa tirigu ku Egypt chaka chino, ndipo onse aku Serbia ndi Pakistan awonanso ziwonetsero.
Ngakhale mitengo yazinthu idatsika pambuyo pa 2008, kamangidwe kazakudya kakadakhalabe chimodzimodzi pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi. Bill Clinton posachedwapa wapereka njira zingapo zamalonda zamalonda ndi chitukuko cha mayiko zomwe zadzetsa vuto la chakudya. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, adadziimba mlandu chifukwa cha vuto la Haiti pakusintha kwamitengo yapadziko lonse lapansi. "Ndinatero," adatero pochitira umboni ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya US. โNdiyenera kukhala ndi moyo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zotulukapo za kutha kwa mphamvu yolima mpunga ku Haiti kuti ndidyetse anthu amenewo, chifukwa cha zimene ndinachita. Palibenso wina. โ[17] Nthawi zambiri, Clinton adanenanso mu 2008 kuti "chakudya sichinthu ngati ena ... ndi misala kwa ife kuganiza kuti titha kukulitsa mayiko ambiri [po] kuchitira chakudya ngati kanema wawayilesi wamitundu. kukhazikika." [18]
Komabe openda zinthu zapadziko lonse akupitirizabe kuchitira chakudya monga ngati kuti nโchimodzimodzi ndi mawailesi akanema, popanda mapeto pangโono ku chimene World Development Movement yachitcha โkutchova njuga panjala mโmisika yandalama.โ Lamulo laposachedwa la US Wall Street Reform Act linali ndi njira zomwe zingachepetse zochitika zongopekazi, koma zonse zomwe zikuchitika sizidafotokozedwe. Europe ilibe njira yoyendetsera malonda ongoyerekeza awa. [19] Ulimi ku Global South ukadali wotsatira chitsanzo cha 'Washington Consensus', motsogozedwa ndi misika komanso maboma omwe akutenga nawo mbali pabizinesi. Ndipo chifukwa chokhacho chomwe ma biofuel samawonekera kwambiri ndikuti mafuta omwe apangidwira kuti asinthe ndi otsika mtengo.
Mwachiwonekere, ngakhale kulingalira kwambewu, kapena kukakamiza maiko kudalira misika yapadziko lonse kuti apeze chakudya, kapena kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chuma chaulimi monga mafuta m'malo mwa chakudya sizochitika zachilengedwe. Izi ndi zisankho zazikulu zandale, zomwe zidatengedwa ndikukakamizidwa osati ndi a Bill Clinton okha, koma magulu ankhondo ambiri osawerengeka azamatukuko apadziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira za zisankhozi ndi zomwe anthu ku Global South amakhala nazo tsiku ndi tsiku. Zomwe zimatibweretsanso ku Mozambique.
Kumbukirani kuti zionetsero za mumsewu ku Mozambique sizinangofanana ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wa mkate, komanso kukwera mtengo kwa magetsi ndi madzi. Polankhula ndi Lusa News yaku Portugal, Alice Mabota wa Mozambican League of Human Rights sanagwiritse ntchito mawu oti 'ziwopsezo zazakudya'. Zionetserozo ndi zobisika kwambiri komanso zandale. Mโmawu ake, โBoma . . . Zomwe zikuchitika m'misewu sikungotsutsa chakudya, koma kupanduka kwakukulu ndi ndale. Theka la anthu osauka ku Mozambique ali kale ndi vuto la kusowa kwa zakudya m'thupi, malinga ndi FAO.[20] Nyengo yoopsa yomwe idayambitsa moto wambewu ku Russia idasintha ndale momwe nzika zidakwiyira komanso kukhumudwa ndi maboma awo. Ngakhale ndizovuta kuwerenga kunja kwa dziko, imeneyo ndi nkhani yodziwika bwino m'mayiko omwe akukumana ndi zigawenga za zakudya izi.
Dzulo, ndinafika kwa Diamantino Nhampossa, Wogwirizanitsa Uniรฃo Nacional de Camponeses Moรงambique - Mozambican National Peasants Union. Iye anandiuza kuti: โZionetserozi zitha. โKoma adzabweranso nthawi zonse. Iyi ndi mphatso yomwe chitsanzo chachitukuko chomwe tikutsatira chikupereka. โ Mofanana ndi anthu ambiri a ku Mozambique, iye amadziลตa bwino lomwe mbali imene mphepo imawomba.
[Nkhaniyi imapezeka mu The Observer, Lamlungu 5 Sept 2010. Raj Patel ndi wolemba nawo Eric Holt-Gimenez wa " Food Rebellions: Crisis and Hunger for Justice ", ndipo posachedwapa" The Value of Nothing " . www.rajpatel.org ]
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[1] http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jejeLCKDLGD9Ael1Wdi-AIQQf4sw
[2] http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/its-official-hottest-summer-ever/
[3] http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gJ6PTteGMk_JCbJrgfRnFeBLHtWA AFP imayika pa 17% - Guardian pa 30%, monganso magwero ena ambiri ankhani.
[4] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/02/mozambique-bread-riots-looters-dead
[5] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/47086656-9d75-11df-a37c-00144feab49a.html andhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f61cbbd8-a225-11df-a056-00144feabdc0.html
[6] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5f6f94ac-b6bc-11df-b3dd-00144feabdc0.html
[7] Kuwerengera kwanga pogwiritsa ntchito FAOSTAT mu 2007 kumasonyeza kuti Mozambique imagula 64.4%, koma Independent ili ndi chiwerengero cha 70%. www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/now-meat-price-surge-raises-fear-of-food-inflation-2069227.html
[8] http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpg2420093_en.pdf
[9] http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1228245020080412
[10] http://www.bakeryandsnacks.com/Financial/Wheat-volatility-leads-to-surge-in-global-food-prices-finds-FAO
[11] http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
[12] http://www.frac.org/pdf/food_hardship_report_2010.pdf
[13] http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/
[14] http://www.unifem.org/partnerships/climate_change/facts_figures.php
[15] http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats?gclid=CLazjMb47aMCFSFugwod5A8H1A
[16] http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/business/18-india-faces-food-price-discontent-violent-protests-am-06
[17] http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/1/clinton_rice
[18] http://www.fao.org/news/story/0/item/8106/icode/en/
[19] http://www.wdm.org.uk/sites/default/files/hunger%20lottery%20report_6.10.pdf
[20]http://typo3.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ess/documents/Media_and_Communication/MZB_20100823_OPais_scan.pdf
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