Mtsogolomu tidzadya bwanji? Podzafika 2100, chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chikuyembekezeka kufika mabiliyoni khumi. Miyezo yayikulu kwambiri yazakudya idzakhala ku Europe ndi North America, anthu ambiri azikhala ku Asia komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Africa - komwe anthu angachuluke katatu pazaka 90 zikubwerazi. Ngati mawa akudwala, lero ndizovuta kwambiri. Kutsika kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kwachepetsa ndalama zomwe amapeza, kukwezera mitengo yazakudya ndikukankhira anthu anjala kufika biliyoni imodzi.
Sitinakonzekere bwino mawa. Ndondomeko zomwe zidapangidwa kuti mitengo ikhale yotsika zapangitsa kusakhazikika kwakukulu. Maiko adapangidwa kuti athe kuthana ndi nyengo yoipa ndi zokolola zosauka kudzera mu kumasula malonda. Malo ogulitsa tirigu adagulitsidwa chifukwa, pakagwa mwadzidzidzi, msika ungapereke. Koma sizinatero. Malonda ndi maukonde azachuma m'malo mwake akhala njira zabwino kwambiri zothanirana ndi mayiko. Chaka chatha, moto mโminda ya tirigu ku Russia unayambitsa zipolowe mโmizinda ya ku Mozambique. Kuyerekeza kwazinthu zamalonda kwapangitsa kuti mitengo ikhale yosasinthika, ndipo kusintha kwanyengo kwawonjezeranso mitengo. Nyengo yoyipa idathandizira kukweza mitengo ya mkate chaka chino, kuyatsa moto waku Arab spring ndikukulitsa mavuto a anthu masauzande ambiri aku China omwe akuchita ziwonetsero.
Ngati awa ali mapindu a msika wa chakudya wa mโzaka za zana la 21, ndiye kuti nโzosadabwitsa kuti lingaliro lachikale lakuti dziko likhoza kupanga zoonjezera pangโono za chakudya chake likusangalala ndi kutchuka kowonjezereka. Komabe, pali nkhondo ya momwe angachitire zimenezo. Katswiri wazachuma ku Oxford, a Paul Collier, posachedwapa adadzudzula "achikondi" omwe sakonda ulimi wamba. Adayitanitsa ulimi waukulu, mbewu zosinthidwa ma genetic komanso EU ndi US kuyimitsa ndalama zothandizira pakhomo. Akunena zoona pa mfundo yomaliza: thandizo la mafuta achilengedwe limakweza mitengo yazakudya, kutulutsa tirigu kuchokera kwa osauka kwambiri kupita ku matanki amafuta a olemera kwambiri. M'malo ena, zowona za Collier zimawoneka ngati zopanda pake. Mโchaka cha 2008 World Development Report, Banki Yadziko Lonse inapeza kuti, mโmalo mwake, kuika ndalama mโmaulimi angโonoangโono kunali mโgulu la njira zabwino kwambiri zotulutsira anthu muumphaลตi ndi njala. Funso ndiloti ndalama zobweretsera alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi zotani.
Gawani ndikusamalira mofanana
Ganizirani za Malawi - malo omenyera nkhondo tsogolo laulimi. Dziko lopanda mtunda laling'ono pang'ono koma lokhala ndi anthu atatu ochulukirapo kuposa Greece, limapezeka nthawi zonse m'malo osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ziwerengero zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa anthu asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi omwe amakhala ndi ndalama zosakwana $2 patsiku. Amalawi opitilira 70 pa 40 aliwonse amakhala kumidzi, komwe pafupifupi mlimi aliyense amalima chimanga koma anthu sangakwanitse kudya chimangacho - pafupifupi XNUMX peresenti ya dziko la Malawi ndi losauka komanso "losowa chakudya".
Monga kwina kulikonse ku Africa, dothi la ku Malawi ndi lolemera ngati dziko lonse lapansi. Kulima kulikonse kumawononga nthaka ya zakudya monga nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu, ndipo alimi osauka mu Afirika ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito feteleza wochepa kwambiri. Mamolekyu akusowawa adatsogolera Bill ndi Melinda Gates Foundation, mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri osiyanasiyana andale, kuti ayitanitsa kusintha kobiriwira ku Africa kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono.
Ichi ndi chinthu chosintha nzeru za Collier, zomwe zikuumirira kuti njira yabwino kuti dziko la Malawi likhale lotetezedwa ndi chakudya ndi kukhala ndi minda yayikulu yogulitsa kunja zinthu zomwe dziko lili ndi ubwino wake poyerekeza - makamaka fodya - ndikugula tirigu pamsika wapadziko lonse. . Masiku ano ulimi wa fodya wa mโmagawo angโonoangโono ukuchepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali ndalama zakunja zogulira chakudya kuchokera kunja.
Pokhala wopanda mtunda, dziko la Malawi likukumananso ndi mitengo yambewu yokwera. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, mtengo wochepa wogulitsira tani ya chimanga chothandizira chakudya ndi ยฃ250, ยฃ125 pa tani kuti ubwere kunja kwa malonda ndi ยฃ 30 kokha kuti upeze pakhomo pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza. Panthawi yomwe mitengo yazakudya ndi feteleza ikuyembekezeredwa kukwera, dziko la Malawi ndiloyenera kuganizira momwe misika yapadziko lonse lapansi ikufunira kuti ikhale pachiwopsezo.
Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chomwe, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, boma la Malawi lidaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito gawo lalikulu la bajeti ya nthambi yaulimi popereka feteleza. Purezidenti, Bingu wa Mutharika, adakulitsa pulogalamuyo mchaka cha 2005-2006, kulimbikitsa kupanga ndi matani pakati pa 300,000 ndi 400,000, kapena mpaka 15 peresenti. Boma likuti ulimi wa chimanga wakhalabe wochuluka malinga ndi zofunikira za dziko kuyambira pamenepo. Kupambana, ndiye? Kwa iwo omwe adatha kulandira ma voucha ndikulowetsamo, mosakayika, koma kuwunika kwa pulogalamuyo kudakhala chete modabwitsa za momwe zimakhudzira njala. Kukhala ndi chakudya chokwanira mโdzikoli sikutanthauza kuti anthu onse azidya.
Pali anthu 50 miliyoni omwe alibe chakudya ku US, mwachitsanzo, koma ochepa anganene kuti US ikufuna zopatsa mphamvu. Masiku ano pali chakudya chokwanira kudyetsa munthu aliyense. Kuti anthu mabiliyoni, 60 peresenti ya amayi kapena atsikana, amakhala ndi njala pakati pa kukwanira ndi chizindikiro cha kulephera kwadongosolo lazakudya padziko lonse lapansi. Njala si chizindikiro cha kusowa kwa chakudya - ndi chizindikiro cha umphawi. Kwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri, umphawi umenewo ukhoza kuwononga moyo wawo wonse. Njala yosatha imapangitsa ana kukhala achibwibwi. Chiwerengero cha ana omwe ali ndi vuto lopereลตera mโthupi motere chakhala chokwera kwambiri chiyambireni thandizo la fetereza ku Malawi.
Vuto lina ndi loti mbewu zambiri mโminda zimatha kuchotsa akazi panyumba. Jenda ndi nkhani pankhani ya ulimi. Ku Malawi, amayi 90 pa 30 alionse amagwira ntchito ganyu, ndipo akazi amalipidwa ndi XNUMX peresenti poyerekeza ndi amuna. Amayi nawonso akulemedwa ndi ntchito zosamalira odwala, makamaka m'dziko lomwe lili ndi kachilombo ka HIV/AIDS. Ngakhale kumene ali ndi malo ndipo ali ndi mwayi wopeza chuma chofanana ndi cha amuna, akazi amapeza kuti ali ndi vuto la kulera ana ndi ntchito zambiri zapakhomo ndi zaulimi.
Mavutowa akuyenera kuthetsedwa osati kudzera mu chemistry ya nthaka, koma kudzera mu kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kumpoto kwa Malawi, ofufuza a ku Canada agwira ntchito ndi asingโanga, aphunzitsi ndi alimi pafupifupi 8,000 kuyambira mโchaka cha 2000 pa pulojekiti ya Soils, Food and Healthy Communities (SFHC). Chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali m'maguluwa, amayi ndi abambo amafotokoza za kugawana zinthu zambiri, ndipo abambo amathandiza kwambiri pakusamalira ana komanso ntchito zaulimi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi amayi. Izinso zapangitsa kuti ana azidya bwino.
Zochita zamtunduwu zimaphatikizapo ndalama zothandizira chithandizo. Koma ndondomeko ya fetereza yayamwa chuma kuchoka ku dipatimenti ya zaulimi. Kafukufuku ku Latin America ndi South East Asia akusonyeza kuti ndikwanzeru kuti boma lipereke ndalama zothandizira anthu monga kafukufuku waulimi ndi ntchito zaulimi kusiyana ndi kutumizira ndalama kuzinthu zachinsinsi monga fetereza. Osachepera, izi ndichifukwa choti zolowa zachinsinsi zitha kulandidwa ndi omwe ali ndi malo komanso ndale.
Mwamwayi, pali njira zina. Pulojekiti ya SFHC yakhala ikufufuza njira zomangira chilengedwe cha nthaka mโnjira zokhazikika. Kuyesera kosiyanasiyana kwapangidwa, kutengera chitsanzo cha mlimi-wofufuza; mayesero akuphatikizapo kubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana za nyemba monga soya, mucuna (mtundu wa nyemba zosadyedwa), nandolo ndi mtedza, pamodzi ndi chimanga. Pofesa nandolo ndi mtedza wina ndi mzake ndikuphatikiza zotsalira za mbewu m'nthaka, alimi akwanitsa kukolola chimanga, zomwe zinapambana ndondomeko ya fetereza ndi pafupifupi 20 peresenti.
Esnai Ngwira ndi mlimi wa zaka 57 ku Ekwendeni, kumpoto kwa dziko la Malawi, ndipo mโmodzi mwa anthu ochita chidwi kwambiri ndi pulogalamuyi. โKumene ndinaphatikiza zotsalira chaka chatha, anthu ankandifunsa kuti, โKodi feteleza wathira kale?โ Choncho ndikuona kuti iyi ndi njira yabwinoko ya nthawi yaitali,โ iye anatero. Alimi amakonda njirayi osati chifukwa chakuti imapatsa chimanga chochuluka, koma chifukwa ndi gwero la mapuloteni, imathandiza kuthetsa kukokoloka, ikhoza kupereka chakudya cha mbuzi ndi kusokoneza chiwopsezo cha mbewu. Kulima mosiyanasiyana kumasiyanso kusapalira kocheperako.
Zokolola za dziko
Ntchitozi zikuyenda bwino, mwa zina, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chaulimi chapafupi. M'malo mongoona alimi ngati ongolandira ukadaulo ndi sayansi, mapulogalamu a agro-ecology amakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwachilengedwe kwa alimi za chilengedwe chawo.
Adakali ndi malire, komabe. Sabuside palibe chomwe chathandiza anthu ovutika - 15 peresenti ya Amalawi akadali osauka kwambiri, osatha kugula chakudya chokwanira. Ambiri mwa anthuwa ndi anthu opanda minda, kapena amene ali ndi malo abwino kwambiri ndipo amafunika kugulitsa ntchito yawo nthawi yokolola, pa nthawi imene akuifuna kwambiri. Iwo sanakhudzidwe ndi chozizwitsa cha Amalawi chifukwa alibe ufulu wa nthaka, ndipo kugawanso nthaka sikunakhalepo pa ndondomeko.
Tsogolo silikuwoneka labwino kwambiri ku Malawi. Pokhudzidwa ndi kukhazikika kwachuma kwa pulogalamuyi, boma latsala pang'ono kuyamba ntchito ya "greenbelt", yomwe maekala masauzande adzathiriridwa kuti apangitse amalonda akunja kuti ayambe kulima nzimbe ndi mbewu zina zogulitsa kunja. Ndalama zakunja zomwe zabwera ndi ndondomekoyi, zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zidzawononga ndalama zogulira feteleza. Olima ang'onoang'ono zikwizikwi akuyembekezeka kusamutsidwa kuti alipire chizolowezi cha feteleza. Komabe opanga malamulo alibe zambiri zomwe angapereke kupyola kudzipereka kwawo ku malonda ozama padziko lonse lapansi ndikusunga zala zawo.
Chomvetsa chisoni nโchakuti pali umboni wochuluka wokhudza zimene zimagwira ntchito. Komabe opanga mfundo amaumirira kuti kutha kwa njala kumagwirizana ndi misika yapadziko lonse yazakudya, kunamizira kuti kuchitapo kanthu pakusintha kwanyengo kutha kuyimitsidwa ndikuganiza kuti kupitirira kwa kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi mwa amayi ndi atsikana ndizovuta. Malingana ngati chiphunzitso cha ufulu wachuma chikuwonjeza malingaliro a iwo omwe amati amawadyetsa, yembekezerani kuti magulu ankhondo pankhondo yolimbana ndi njala adzauka.
Raj Patel ndi mlembi wa "The Value of Nothing" (Portobello Books, ยฃ8.99)
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