Akatswiri a dziko lapansi anawonjezera kuyerekezera kwawo kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse m’zaka zana zikudzazo. Tsopano tili panjira yogunda anthu 10 biliyoni pofika 2100. Masiku ano, anthu amatulutsa chakudya chokwanira kudyetsa aliyense koma, chifukwa cha momwe timagawira, pali a mabiliyoni anjala. Mmodzi sayenera kukhala a kutulutsa thovu Malthusian kudandaula kuti tonse tidye bwanji mawa. Zoneneratu zamakono zimayika anthu ambiri padziko lapansi ku Asia, kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amamwa mowa kwambiri ku Europe ndi North America, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Africa kuno - kumene anthu amatha katatu pazaka 90 zotsatira.
Komabe, pali mapulani oti adyetse dziko lapansi. Limodzi mwa mayiko omwe akatswiri azachitukuko padziko lapansi adatembenukirako ngati malo oyesera ndi Malawi. Dziko la Malawi lokhala ndi malo otchingidwa ndi mtunda komanso laling'ono poyerekezera ndi Pennsylvania, dziko la Malawi ndi limodzi mwa mayiko osauka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Zaposachedwa ziwerengero ali ndi 90 peresenti ya anthu ake 15 miliyoni omwe amakhala ndi ndalama zosakwana US $ 2 patsiku. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka zana, chiŵerengero cha anthu chikuyembekezeka kukhala pafupifupi 132 miliyoni. Masiku ano, pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya Amalawi akukhala pansi pa umphaŵi m’dziko muno, ndipo chimodzi mwa zifukwa za umphaŵi wadzaoneni n’chakuti Amalawi oposa 70 pa XNUMX alionse amakhala kumidzi. Kumeneko, amadalira ulimi - ndipo pafupifupi mlimi aliyense amalima chimanga [chimanga].
"Chimanga ndi moyo” — “chimanga ndi moyo”, mwambi wa m’derali umatero — koma kulima chimanga kumalipira ndalama zambiri moti anthu ochepa sangakwanitse kudya china chilichonse.
Mukafika ku Malawi m’mwezi wa Marichi, nyengo yamvula ikangotha, kulima chakudya kumakhala ngati masewera opusa. Zimakhala zovuta kupeza chigamba cha dothi lofiira lomwe silili phokoso lalitali lobiriwira. M'mphepete mwa msewu mumatha kuwona chimanga chatsala pang'ono kucha, sikwashi ndi nyemba zobzalidwa m'munsi mwa mapesi okhuthala. Ngakhale minda ya fodya ikuchita bwino chaka chino. Koma pali phokoso m'nkhalangoyi. M'madera akugwedezeka ku Malawi ndi bwalo lankhondo momwe masomphenya atatu osiyana a tsogolo la ulimi wapadziko lonse akusiyana.
Masomphenya atatu
Lingaliro loyamba komanso lolemekezeka kwambiri lachitukuko ku Malawi likuwona alimi awa ngati opulumuka ku moyo wotayika omwe akufunika kuthandizidwa ku imfa. Katswiri wazachuma ku Oxford Paul Collier ndiye mwana wamawonekedwe amakono awa, omwe adawawonetsa mu Novembala 2008. Zachilendo nkhani momwe adakondera "zachikondi" omwe amalakalaka ulimi wamba. Powona kuti malipiro a m'mizinda ndi okwera kuposa akumidzi, komanso kuti dziko lililonse lalikulu lotukuka limatha kudzidyetsa lokha popanda alimi olima, Collier anatsutsa ubwino wa ulimi waukulu. Anapemphanso bungwe la European Union kuti lithandizire mbewu zosinthidwa chibadwa komanso kuti dziko la United States liphe ndalama zothandizira kunyumba zamafuta amafuta. Anali kumanja kwa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu: thandizo la biofuel ndi lopanda pake, makamaka chifukwa limakweza mitengo yazakudya, kutulutsa mbewu kuchokera m'mbale za osauka kwambiri kupita ku matanki amafuta a olemera kwambiri - osapindula pang'ono ndi chilengedwe.
Kunyansidwa kwa Collier kwa alimi kumawoneka, komabe, kumakhazikika pa chinthu china osati zenizeni. Ngakhale bizinesi yapadziko lonse lapansi yapeza phindu lalikulu kuyambira ku East India Company, sinabweretse chuma kwa alimi ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafamu, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala anthu osauka kwambiri. Zowonadi, ulimi waukulu umakhala ndi phindu lake - umakonda kugwira ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri ndi minda yayikulu ndi ntchito zomwe alimi ang'onoang'ono amakhala cholepheretsa.
Zikuoneka kuti ngati mukufuna kuti anthu osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi akhale bwino, ndikwanzeru kuyika ndalama m'mafamu awo ndi malo antchito kusiyana ndi kuwatumiza kumizinda. Mu zake 2008 World Development Report, Banki Yadziko Lonse inapeza kuti, ndithudi, ndalama za anthu wamba inali m'gulu la njira zabwino kwambiri zotulutsira anthu mu umphawi ndi njala. Kuvomereza kunali kovutirapo, chifukwa Banki Yadziko Lonse idakhala ikulengeza za chitukuko chaulimi cha Collier. Mabungwe a alimi kuyambira ku Malawi kupita ku India kupita ku Brazil akhala akunena kuti mwayi wopeza nthaka, madzi, ukadaulo wokhazikika, maphunziro, misika, ndalama za boma pokonza, komanso - koposa zonse, mwayi wopeza bwino misika yapakhomo ndi yakunja - iwathandiza. . Koma zidatenga zaka makumi atatu za mfundo zonyansa kuti bungwe lachitukuko lizindikire izi, ndipo palibe panobe.
Chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa atsamunda, dziko la Malawi lakhala likutsata nzeru zachikale pazachuma: kugulitsa kunja zinthu zomwe dziko lidali ndi ubwino wofananiza (ku Malawi, fodya) ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo kugula katundu ku msika wapadziko lonse umene unalibe. mwayi. Koma mitengo ya fodya ikatsika, monga momwe zakhalira posachedwapa, pamakhala ndalama zakunja zocheperako zimene angagulire nazo m’misika yapadziko lonse. Ndipo pokhala opanda mtunda, dziko la Malawi likuyang'anizana ndi mitengo yambewu yokwera kuposa mayiko anayi oyandikana nawo - Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia ndi Tanzania - chifukwa chakuti amawononga ndalama zambiri zotengera dzikolo. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kumodzi, mtengo wapang’ono wogulira chimanga chogulira chakudya chokwana matani 400, poyerekeza ndi $200 pa tani imodzi kuti uchite malonda, ndi madola 50 okha kuchipeza m’dzikomo pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza. Makamaka panthawi yomwe mitengo yazakudya ndi feteleza ikuyembekezeka kukwera, dziko la Malawi likuyenera kuganizira momwe misika yapadziko lonse lapansi ikufuna kuti ivutike.
Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, pafupifupi zaka khumi zisanakhale zapamwamba, Dziko la Malawi linakana upangiri wa mabungwe omwe amapereka thandizo kumayiko ena ndipo lidaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake zambiri pazaulimi pogula feteleza, chomwe ndi chinthu choyamba komanso chofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera dothi kuti limere mbewu zabwino. Boma lidapatsa alimi "starter pack" yokhala ndi nyemba zokwanira, mbewu zabwino komanso feteleza kuti azitha pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ekala. Opereka ndalama padziko lonse lapansi sanasangalale. Mkulu wina wa bungwe la USAID anadzudzula ndondomekoyi ponena kuti ikutumiza alimi kumalo amene alimi amalima chimanga chongokwanira kuti apulumuke, koma osakwanira kuti alemere. Ngakhale kuti ndondomekoyi idachita bwino pang'ono, idayamba pomwe Purezidenti wa Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika adakulitsa pulogalamuyo munyengo yolima ya 2005-2006, kuchulukitsa kuwirikiza kanayi kuchuluka kwa feteleza omwe analipo. Ngakhale motsogozedwa ndi malonjezo andale akunyumba, nthawi yake yapadziko lonse lapansi inali yangwiro - anali kuyambitsa ndondomeko yomwe nthawi yake idafika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zomwe zikuchitika m'magawo a Malawi lero ndizofunikira kwambiri kupitilira malire ake.
Mbiri ya ndondomeko zaulimi
Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake, tikufunika mbiri yofulumira ya ndondomeko yaulimi m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene. Mayiko ambiri otukuka kumene, makamaka nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse isanayambe, anali malo oti awonongedwe ndi atsamunda awo. Ufulu utatha, madera akumidzi nthawi zambiri anali kuthandizira ndalama za boma, koma panali zitsimikizo za bata, ndi ndondomeko za boma zogula mbewu pamtengo wotsimikizika. Padziko lonse lapansi - makamaka ku Asia - pambuyo pa nkhondo idawona maboma akukakamizika kudyetsa anthu opumira omwe amadzifunsa ngati gawo lawo silingasinthidwe kudzera mu sosholizimu komanso kusintha kwa umwini. Pofuna kulimbana ndi Cold War m'mayiko akunja, boma la US ndi mabungwe akuluakulu adayika ndalama zambiri pazaulimi monga mbewu ndi fetereza. Matekinolojewa adapangidwa kuti asunge malo m'manja mwa eni ake, chakudya chochuluka komanso achikomyunizimu kuti apewe. Mu 1968, William Gaud, woyang'anira USAID, atchulidwa ndi "Green Revolution", chifukwa idapangidwa kuti iteteze yofiira.
Pazifukwa zingapo makamaka zandale, Green Revolution idakhazikitsidwa mwachidwi komanso chipambano ku Africa kuposa ku Asia. Bungwe la International Fertilizer Development Center adawona mu 2006 kuti zakudya za nthaka zokwana madola 4 biliyoni zinali kukumbidwa kuchokera ku nthaka ya ku Africa ndi alimi omwe, movutikira kuti apeze zofunika pamoyo, sanali kubweza nitrogen, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous pansi pa mapazi awo.
Lamulo la kuchepa kwa dothi labwino silinakhazikike, komabe, osati kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi ya alimi - kunyalanyaza mwadongosolo kuyambira 1980s komwe Banki Yadziko Lonse idavomereza. kuunika kwamkati - koma kukonza nthaka ndi luso. Chifukwa chake mu 2006, Rockefeller Foundation (omwe adathandizira Green Revolution ku Asia) adalumikizana ndi Gates Foundation kuti akhazikitse. Alliance for Green Revolution mu Africa, kapena AGRA. Iyi ndi ndondomeko yachiwiri yolimba mtima yachitukuko yomwe ikuyembekeza kudyetsa Africa.
Dothi luso yankho?
AGRA imati idaphunzirapo za mbiriyakale, kukana malingaliro a Collier ndikuyang'ana kwambiri mfundo zomwe "zosiyana ndi Green Revolution ku Latin America, zomwe zidapindulira alimi akuluakulu chifukwa anali ndi mwayi wothirira ndipo chifukwa chake anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito bwino. mitundu … [ndi] yokonzekera kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe alimi ang'onoang'ono amakumana nawo”.
Ndiye zinagwira ntchito ku Malawi? Zimatengera cholinga. Ngati cholinga chinali kuwonjezera zotuluka, ndiye inde. Ngakhale katswiri wazachuma ndi Earth Institute Director Jeffrey Sachs posachedwapa adawonjezera zambiri kutanthauza kuti kupanga kudachulukira kawiri chifukwa cha thandizo la fetereza (kunangowonjezeka ndi 300,000-400,000 matani kapena mpaka 15 pa 100 alionse, zina zonse chifukwa cha kubwerera kwa mvula), kuchuluka kwa chimanga ku Malawi mosakayika kwakwera.
Monga momwe anthu 50 miliyoni omwe alibe chakudya ku United States akudziwa bwino, komabe, kukhala ndi chakudya chokwanira m'dzikoli sikutanthauza kuti anthu onse azidya, ndipo dziko la Malawi lidakali ndi magalasi ochuluka kuposa momwe amachitira. ana a maso komanso onenepa kwambiri. Ana omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi njala amakhala otsika kwambiri malinga ndi msinkhu wawo ndipo chiwerengero cha ana omwe ali ndi vuto lopereŵera m'thupi motere - "opunduka" ndilo liwu lomwe liri mu ziwerengero - lakhala likukula mouma khosi kuyambira pamene chithandizo chinayamba.
Kuyeza kuchuluka kwa zokolola za chimanga kuchokera ku feteleza ndi zida zoyambira sikutanthauza kuti anthu ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso ochita bwino pazaulimi. Rachel Bezner Kerr, professor of geography ku yunivesite ya Western Ontario yemwenso amagwira ntchito ku Malawi ngati wotsogolera ntchito za Pulojekiti ya Dothi, Chakudya ndi Anthu Athanzi, osadabwa. "Katswiri aliyense wa kadyedwe kake amanyoza lingaliro lakuti kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola kumabweretsa zakudya zowonjezera," akutero.
Bezner Kerr anandiuza kuti kukhala ndi zokolola zambiri m’minda ndi zokolola zazikulu kungakhaledi chinthu choipa, kuchotsa “akazi panyumba ndi kuleka ntchito zapakhomo. Makamaka ngati akudyetsa ana adakali aang’ono, zimenezi zingapangitse kuti zakudya zisamayende bwino.” Zomwe zimachitika m'banja ndizofunikira kwambiri pomasulira zokolola zambiri kukhala zakudya zabwino.
Women
Zowonadi, jenda ndizofunikira pankhani yazakudya ndi ulimi. Anthu 60 pa 100 alionse amene ali ndi vuto lopereŵera m’thupi ndi akazi kapena atsikana. Komabe bungwe la UN la Food and Agriculture Organisation posachedwapa anafotokoza kuti powonjezera mwayi wopeza zinthu zofanana ndi za amuna, akazi akhoza kukulitsa zokolola za famu yawo ndi 30 peresenti, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti 4 peresenti iwonjezere zokolola zaulimi m'mayiko osauka. M’Malawi muno, amayi 90 pa 30 alionse amagwira ntchito zaganyu, ndipo akazi amalipidwa ndi XNUMX peresenti poyerekeza ndi amuna pantchito zofanana. Amayi nawonso ali olemedwa ndi ntchito zosamalira odwala, makamaka m'dziko lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi HIV/AIDS. Ngakhale atakhala kuti ali ndi malo ndikukhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi za abambo, amayi amapezeka kuti ali pakati pa zofuna za chisamaliro cha ana ndi akuluakulu, kuphika, kunyamula madzi, kupeza nkhuni, kubzala, kupalira ndi kukolola.
Kusintha kwa anthu
Mavutowa amathetsedwa bwino kudzera mukusintha kwa chikhalidwe - mothandizidwa ndi mapulogalamu monga Pulojekiti ya Dothi, Chakudya ndi Anthu Athanzi - kuposa chemistry. Komabe awa ndi mitundu ya mapologalamu omwe amadzadza ndi ndalama zothandizira feteleza. Dongosolo la feteleza wakhala mwana wansanje, akuyamwa chuma kutali ndi mapulogalamu ena. Mtengo wa mwayi wa feteleza wa alimi ndi ndalama zomwe zikanagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zina - nkhawa yaikulu pamene mitengo ya feteleza padziko lonse ikupita patsogolo. Kafukufuku wa World Bank mu Latini Amerika ndi South East Asia anena kuti ndi chanzeru kuti boma lipereke ndalama zothandizira boma monga kafukufuku waulimi ndi ulangizi ndi ulimi wothirira, m'malo mopereka ndalama kuzinthu zabizinesi monga feteleza.
Apanso, izi zikukhudza malire a Malawi, makamaka ku sub-Saharan Africa. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi kukuyembekezeka kuyendetsedwa ndi "maiko obereka kwambiri" - ambiri mwa iwo ali ku Africa. Mtolankhani wapadera wa UN pa Ufulu wa Chakudya, Olivier de Schutter, posachedwapa ananena kuti dziko likhoza kudyetsedwa bwino osati popopera nthaka ndi mankhwala, koma pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono za "agroecological" kuti apange chonde cha nthaka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko kukwaniritsa chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe zisathe. Mu a review Pantchito 286 zaulimi wokhazikika m’maiko otukuka 57 omwe ali ndi maekala 91 miliyoni, gulu lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wodziwa zachilengedwe wa ku Britain, Jules Pretty, linapeza kuti ulimi wakula ndi 79 peresenti—ndiponso, chokwera kwambiri kuposa ndalama za feteleza zomwe zimaperekedwa m’Malawi, komanso ndi chilengedwe chochuluka kwambiri. ndi phindu la anthu kuposa kuchuluka kwa chakudya.
Mapulogalamuwa amapambana, mwa zina, chifukwa samawona njala monga chotsatira cha surfeit ya alimi kapena kusowa kwa nthaka, koma chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Simungofunika akatswiri a zamankhwala kuti athetse njala - mukufunikira akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu, akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka, akatswiri azamalimi, akatswiri a zachuma komanso azachuma. Kulipira luso lawo ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito madola amtengo wapatali pa fetereza yochokera kunja. Zowonadi, agroecology ndi lingaliro losiyana kwambiri ndi momwe ukadaulo umalowetsedwa m'ma laboratories akunja limodzi ndi pepala la malangizo. Mapologalamuwa amafuna kuti anthu azitenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yophunzitsa anthu, komanso kuti apeze ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu za boma kuposa momwe boma la Malawi ndi mabungwe omwe amapereka thandizoli akufunira.
Agroecology ndi masomphenya achitatu olimbana ndi tsogolo. Ku Malawi kumagwira ntchito. Polima nyemba ndi mtedza ndi chimanga - kukulitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu - pulogalamu ya Bezner Kerr yapambana zokolola za pulogalamu ya feteleza ndi 10 peresenti ndikuwonjezeranso zopatsa thanzi. Komabe ngakhale agroecology ili ndi malire ake. Amalawi XNUMX pa XNUMX aliwonse akadali osauka kwambiri, akukhala moyo Zochepa kuposa dola patsiku ndi osatha kugula zokwanira kudya. Amakonda kukhala anthu opanda minda, kapena omwe ali ndi malo abwino kwambiri ndipo amafunika kugulitsa ntchito yawo panthawi yokolola, panthawi yomwe akuifuna kwambiri. Amakhalabe osakhudzidwa ndi chozizwa cha Amalawi.
Anthu wamba osamutsidwa
Tsogolo silikuwoneka labwino kwambiri pazaulimi. Pokhudzidwa ndi kukhazikika kwachuma kwa pulogalamu yake yopereka fetereza, boma la Malawi latsala pang’ono kuyamba ntchito ya Green Belt, yomwe maekala masauzande adzathiriridwa pofuna kukopa osunga ndalama akunja kuti ayambe kulima nzimbe ndi mbewu zina kunja kwa dziko. Ndalama zakunja zomwe zabweretsedwa ndi pulogalamuyi, zikuyembekezeredwa, zidzawononga ndalama za feteleza. Zotsatirazi zithandizira kulinganiza akaunti yapano ya dzikolo, koma chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri ang'onoang'ono akuyenera kusamutsidwa kuti achotse minda yomwe ingakope mtundu waulimi waukulu womwe Collier angavomereze.
Makamaka potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu m'zaka za zana la 21, zikuwoneka ngati zopusa kumamatira ku mfundo zaulimi zazaka za zana la 20. Kumbukirani kuti kulowererapo pazaulimi m’Malawi kunayambitsa kupatsa mphamvu amayi. Mphoto ya Nobel Amartya Sen adanenanso momveka bwino kuti pali mfundo zochepa zomwe zili bwino kuti zipititse patsogolo moyo wamunthu, banja komanso anthu ammudzi (ndipo kutsika kwa chonde) kuposa maphunziro - makamaka maphunziro a amayi ndi atsikana. Maulosi operekedwa kwa ife ndi owerengera anthu amasiyana mosiyanasiyana - amasintha malingaliro, ndipo mutha kukhala ndi dziko lapakati pa 8 biliyoni ndi 15 biliyoni. Ngakhale zilibe kanthu kuti tsogolo lidzakhala lotani, zikuwonekeratu kuti dziko limene aliyense amadya limadalira mphamvu za amayi - ndipo m'malo moona kuti mfundoyi ndi yosafunikira kudyetsa dziko lapansi, agroecology amaika pakati.
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakale zaulimi zidapangidwa mwina mwachuma kuti ziphulitse midzi kuti ipulumutse, kapena kukhazikitsa njira yofulumira yaukadaulo kuti achedwetse ndale. Collier akufuna kuchotsa alimi. Mafashoni atsopano amafuna kuwasunga, koma asunge mawondo mozama mu mankhwala. Komabe ngati tili ndi chidwi chofuna kudyetsa anjala, m'Malawi kapena kwina kulikonse, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ambiri omwe ali ndi njala ndi amayi, ndipo tikufunikira ndalama zambiri za boma, osati zachinsinsi, kwa omwe sangakwanitse kulamulira chuma cha kumidzi. Chifukwa pa nkhani ya kulima chakudya, amene amasamalira nthaka ndi opusa.
Raj Patel ndi wolemba wopambana mphoto, wolimbikitsa anthu komanso wophunzira. Ali ndi madigiri kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Oxford, London School of Economics ndi Cornell University, adagwirapo ntchito ku World Bank ndi WTO, ndipo adawatsutsa padziko lonse lapansi. Pakali pano ndi katswiri wochezera ku UC Berkeley's Center for African Studies, Wolemekezeka Wofufuza Kafukufuku ku Sukulu ya Maphunziro a Chitukuko ku University of KwaZulu-Natal ndi mnzake ku Institute for Food and Development Policy, wotchedwanso Food First. Iye panopa ndi IATP Chakudya ndi Community Fellow. Iye wachitira umboni za zomwe zimayambitsa vuto la chakudya padziko lonse ku US House Financial Services Committee ndipo ndi mlangizi ku bungwe la United States. Mtolankhani wapadera wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Chakudya.
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