May 18 amakondwerera chaka chilichonse ngati Tsiku la Mbendera ku Haiti. Ndilo tsiku lokumbukira kulimbana komwe kunayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa 'Black Republic yoyamba yapadziko lonse' , ndikukondwerera kumasulidwa kwake ku ukapolo ndi chitsamunda. Chaka chino kuyesayesa kwapangidwa ndi ophunzira, omenyera ufulu, ndi maloya ku Caribbean ndi madera ena ambiri kuti azichita Tsiku Logwirizana Padziko Lonse ndi Haiti, ndi 'kuwulutsa Dessalines' kumasula mitundu padziko lonse lapansi.'
Anthu ambiri amene ndinacheza nawo kuno ku Hong Kong sankadziwa mmene zinthu zilili komanso kufunika kwa mgwirizano wotero kuno ku Hong Kong cha pa May 18. Ndiponso, sitidziwa zambiri za zimene zikuchitika ku Haiti ngakhale pa nthawi ya chiwawa cha mu 2004. zambiri zinali zodziwika bwino ndi nkhani zosindikizidwanso kuchokera ku mawaya akunja ndi zolemba zachilendo mu zosindikizira za Chingerezi za Jean-Bertrand Aristide, 'wolamulira wankhanza' yemwe adayenera 'kupatuka' chifukwa cha 'kulephera' kwake. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pakhala pali zii kapena zii.
Kumvetsetsa komwe kulipo pakuzama kwa zomwe zikuchitika padziko lapansi kwakhala kotheka makamaka chifukwa cha khama la atolankhani odziyimira pawokha komanso omenyera ufulu mkati ndi kunja kwa Haiti, komanso maukonde awo othandizira padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale atolankhani amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani ndi njira zomwe zawatsogolera, atolankhani odziyimira pawokha komanso malo owulutsa 'alternative' akhala akufotokoza popanda mawu osamveka komanso mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mdziko muno: kuti mu 2004, a US- Chiwembucho chinagwetsa pulezidenti wosankhidwa Aristide, ndikuwonetsa kubwereranso ku mphamvu kwa magulu olemera, ziwerengero zaulamuliro wankhanza wakale wa dzikolo, ndi omwe kale anali ophedwa.
Kevin Pina, mtolankhani wodziyimira pawokha komanso wopanga mafilimu, ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe akhala akulemba nthawi zonse zomwe zikuchitika ku Haiti. Wakhala nthawi yochuluka mโdzikoli zisanachitike komanso pambuyo pa kulanda boma kwaposachedwapa, ndipo malipoti ake ndiponso kuyankhulana kwake kuchokera mโmizinda yosiyanasiyana mโdzikolo zakhala zothandiza kwambiri. Pina adalemba, mwachitsanzo, kuukira ndi kuphedwa kwa Haiti National Police (PNH), makamaka m'madera osauka a Bel Air ndi Cite de Soleil, monga boma lachigwirizano la Gerard Latortue likuyesera kuthetsa kukana kwa mkati ku ulamuliro wake. Ogwirizana ndi izi ndi maboma a mayiko angapo, makamaka US, France, ndi Canada, komanso omwe akugwira nawo ntchito ya UN yomwe yatumizidwa ku Haiti.
'Kuphatikizana [kwa Boma la Latortue] kukuvomerezedwa ndi kutsogozedwa ndi mgwirizano wa United Nations motsogozedwa ndi gulu lankhondo la Brazil ndi unyinji wa mayiko ena,' Pina adandiuza poyankhulana posachedwa. 'Zowonadi, mphamvu yomwe imayambitsa zonsezi ndi ndondomeko ya mayiko akunja a US ndi chithandizo chokwanira cha ndale kuchokera ku France ndi Canada.'
'Kuphatikizika' kwa boma lachigawenga kumatanthauza zomwe Pina adatcha 'kuthetsedwa' kwa Lavalas, gulu lodziwika bwino la ndale lomwe Aristide ankayimira. Mayi Maxine Waters a ku United States, amene anafunsidwa mafunso mu June 2004 atapita ku Haiti, ananenanso za 'kampeni yomwe ikuyendetsedwa ndi boma latsopanoli la zidole komwe akumanga kapena kupha mamembala a chipani cha Lavalas ndi anthu omwe anali pafupi ndi Purezidenti Aristide. Ndizopusa kwambiri kuti amanga nduna yayikulu, Neptune. Ayenera kumanga opha, omwe anali m'gulu la zigawenga.'Zitsanzo ziwiri zowoneka bwino za izi zidalembedwa ku Bel Air kumapeto kwa February 2005, pomwe anthu khumi ndi awiri ndi asanu ndi atatu adawomberedwa motsatana ndi PNH pomwe asitikali a UN adayimilira. .
Chifukwa chake kukana boma lachigawenga kwa ambiri kumatanthauza kukana kukhalapo kwa UN komwe kumachirikiza. M'mawu osadziwika a Epulo 2005 omwe adatulutsidwa pambuyo pochita zachindunji, mwachitsanzo, otsutsa boma lachigawenga adalemba za mkwiyo wawo ndikufotokozera zomwe akufuna: 'Tikufuna kupanga kuchuluka kwa magalimoto kuti awakakamize kukhala pansi ndikusinkhasinkha zomwe akumva. zachitira dziko lino. Mutha kuwawona pomaliza akuvomereza msika wosauka azimayi omwe amatsata misewu yopita kunyumba zawo. Masiku ano, magulu ankhondo a UN omwe ali okonzeka kutipha azungulira Citรฉ Soleil ndi Bel Air. Mwina tsopano adzaona mmene alili osatetezeka. Osauka omwe adathandizira Jean-Bertrand Aristide amakhala pakati pawo, m'madera awo. Tikufuna kuti pulezidenti wathu wotsatira malamulo abwezedwe ndipo zikatero ndi pamene tikhoza kukhala ndi zisankho zomasuka.'
'[Ku Haiti] mudali ndi dziko lomwe lidangokumana ndi kusintha koyamba kwamalamulo pansi pa boma la Lavalas'ยฆ'Pina akutero. 'Zonsezi zikufanana ndi mgwirizano wa UN pakuphatikiza ndi kuvomereza zomwe zinali kugwetsa boma losankhidwa mwa demokalase mwankhanza.'
Mapazi Odziwika
Zinthu ngati zimenezi zingaoneke ngati zakutali kwa ife monga mmene makilomita zikwizikwi amene amalekanitsa dziko la China ndi Haiti.
Koma mu 2004, tidamva kuti pafupifupi mamembala 126 aku China People's Armed Police (PAP)'โkuyambira pano akutchedwa 'asilikali' osati 'apolisi', popeza PAP ndi phiko la People's Liberation Army- kupita ku Haiti kukatumikira pansi pa mishoni ya UN kumeneko. Chiwerengero chimenecho chinalinganizidwa mu April 2005. Panthaลตi yotumizidwa koyamba chaka chatha, Meng Hongwei, Wachiwiri kwa Nduna Yoona za Chitetezo cha Anthu, ananena kuti asilikali a China ku Haiti โakuthandiza kuti padziko lonse pakhale mtendere. Iwo ali ndi udindo waukulu wosunga bata m'dziko.' Ulamuliro wa asilikali achi China, malinga ndi lipoti la People's Daily la 2004 ndi "kuthandizira kukhalapo kwa mtendere padziko lonse ndi apolisi am'deralo kuti asunge malamulo ndi bata, kuthana ndi ngozi zadzidzidzi zachitetezo cha anthu. , amagwira ntchito monga alonda pazochitika zofunika zapagulu ndipo amalinganiza ndi kuphunzitsa apolisi oletsa zipolowe.'
Koma monga takhazikitsira kale, kuthandiza 'kusunga malamulo ndi bata' ndi 'kuphunzitsa apolisi olimbana ndi zipolowe' muzochitika zakupha komanso zoopsa zomwe zachitika pambuyo pa kulanda boma ku Haiti kumatanthauza kuthandizira kugwirizanitsa putsch. Bungwe la Haiti Information Project linalemba kuti โ[pamene] bungwe la United Nations litasamukira mโmadera osauka a likulu la dzikolo nโkukalanda mokakamiza, apolisi a ku Haitian National Police (PNH) posakhalitsa ankatsatira mwankhanza anthuwo.โ (*)
Potengera momwe zinthu ziliri, ndizodabwitsa kuti zambiri zamawunidwe amakampani aku Western okhudzana ndi kutumiza asitikali aku China ku Haiti zalembedwa pa nkhani ya'ยฆ Taiwan!
Mzere wotuluka m'manyuzipepala angapo amakampani unayambira pamalingaliro akuti Haiti imasunga ubale waukazembe ndi Taiwan, motero kupezeka kwa asitikali aku China kunali kowopsa chifukwa atha kulanda ntchito ya UN kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo. Lipoti lina la Agence France Press linafika pofunsa mkulu wa asilikali achi China pa funso la Taiwan, ndipo iye anayankha kuti: 'Sitinafike pazifukwa za ndale. Tikuchita zimene bungwe la UN limatiuza kuti tichite.'
Uwu ndi malipoti ongotengera mwayi, kuyang'ana pa imodzi mwazinthu zochepa zomwe makampani ofalitsa nkhani amatembenukira nthawi zonse pakuwunika kulikonse kokhudza China. (Monga pang'onopang'ono, wina akudabwa chifukwa chomwe atolankhani amakampani adasankha kuwunikira ubale wamayiko awiriwa'ยฆ nanga bwanji nkhani yomwe ikuyamba kusanthula pozindikira kuti mayiko onsewa ndi nsanja 'zotsika mtengo' zomwe zimapangira msika waku US, mwachitsanzo. ?).
Koma chofunika kwambiri, kusanthula komwe kumayang'ana momwe zinthu zilili ngati ubale pakati pa maboma awiri payekha payekha ali ndi vuto losapeลตeka. Chomwe chikusoweka ndi lingaliro lakuti ntchito yonse ya UN ikhoza kukhala ndi 'zifukwa zandale' kumbuyo kwake. Kapena kunena momveka bwino, zomwe zikusowa mu chiphunzitso cha chiwembu chophatikizika chamitundu yambiri choyika Taiwan pakati pazachidziwitso cha 'Chinese' ku Haiti ndikuwunika kwenikweni zomwe zikuchitika mdzikolo komanso momwe US, UN. , ndipo mfundo za ufumu ndi โmphamvu zazikuluโ zimagwirizana mmenemo.
Pakumvetsetsa kotereku, palibe njira yolankhulira za momwe zinthu ziliri ku Haiti lero popanda kubwereranso ku kulanda kwa 1991, ntchito ndi maulamuliro opondereza omwe adalamulira dzikolo kwazaka zambiri zazaka za zana la 20, kapena kubwereranso ku mbiri ya Haiti. kumasulidwa ku France mu 1800s.
Ndi mbiri ya kusintha kopambana kwa akapolo akale a ku Africa motsutsana ndi ambuye awo atsamunda, kupanga dziko lonyozedwa kuyambira pachiyambi ndi ochita masewera amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi, malo omwe adamangidwapo monga chizindikiro chomaliza, chakuda kwambiri cha kutaya mtima ndi kusowa chiyembekezo padziko lapansi. . Ndi nkhani ya 1915-1934 US kulanda, komwe kunalungamitsidwa ndi 'kusakhazikika' ku Haiti, kukhazikitsa malangizo olamulira mtsogolo mwa US, ndikuphatikiza 'kukhazikika' kwankhanza kwa kukana kwanuko (Maganizo a General Littleton Waller kwa anthu aku Haiti mwina amawerengera izi. mmwamba: 'Anthu awa ndi opusa mosasamala kanthu za maphunziro ochepa a maphunziro ndi kuwongolera. Pansi mu mitima yawo ndi anthu omwewo okondwa, opanda ntchito, opanda udindo omwe timawadziwa'). Ndi nkhani yochititsa mantha ya ulamuliro wankhanza wa Papa- ndi Baby-Doc Duvalier, komanso mabungwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito anthu oponderezedwa kwambiri kuti asandutse dziko la Haiti kukhala malo osauka otumiza kunja. Ndiko kuyesa kuthetseratu gulu lazandale lachigawo Gawo Loyamba, lomwe lidachitika kwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kugwetsedwa koyamba, 'kwachiwawa' kwa Aristide koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, motsogozedwa ndi atolankhani omvera omwe adawonetsedwa ndi wolemba New York Times Howard French. ('Ngakhale kuti ali ndi magazi ambiri m'manja mwa asilikali,' analemba kuti 'akazembe a United States amaona kuti ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa Bambo Aristide' ndi 'mawu ake olimbana ndi magulu'). Pomaliza, ndi atolankhani kuti kamodzinso monyodola pa 'analephera' Aristide 'kusiya pambali' chaka chatha pamene asilikali atsopano kulanda boma anasonkhana, analanda mphamvu, ndipo anayamba kuyesa kachiwiri pa ntchito yawo wamagazi.
Ngakhale kuli asitikali aku China 200 okha kapena kupitilira apo ku Haiti, kutenga nawo gawo kwa China pakuphatikiza boma lachiwembu sikuli nkhani ya manambala. Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa chiwembu cha 1991, pambuyo pake, magulu ambiri akumidzi ku Haiti adatsutsa kutumizidwa kwa alonda amtendere a UN ngakhale mazana angapo akuwawona, monga momwe Noam Chomsky akulembera, 'monga chivundikiro cha kulowererapo kwa US komwe kumabweretsa zowawa. kukumbukira zaka 19 za Marine occupation'ยฆ'
Mfundo ndi yakuti kutumizidwa uku kumagwirizana ndi ndondomeko yomwe ikuwonetsera tsoka la mbiri ya Haiti, ndikutaya magazi omwe akhala maziko a maufumu kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
Mbiri Yam'tsogolo ya Munthu Wamphamvu Kwambiri?
Kwa ife iyi ndi mitu yofunika ndi mbiri zomwe tiyenera kuziganizira. Kupatula apo, zomwe zimatchedwa 'kukwera kwa China' kwa nthawi yayitali zakhala zikutamandidwa ndi akuluakulu ndi mabungwe aboma kuzungulira kuno kuti ndi 'kukwera mwamtendere', komanso gwero la chitukuko ndi mtendere padziko lapansi. 'Kukwera' kwachuma kwakhala kutamandidwa ngati kukhazikitsidwa pakupanga chuma ndi chitukuko kwa onse, ndipo zotsagana ndi izi zakhala zonena kuti gulu lankhondo lamphamvu mu mawonekedwe a China lingakhalenso lopindulitsa padziko lonse lapansi. 'Sitidzafuna kutchuka kapena kudzinenera kuti ndi wapamwamba,' monga Wapampando wa China Regional Forum a Zhang Bijian anatitsimikizira mwachidule.
Izi zitha kuganiziridwa ngati zofalitsa zaboma, koma ngakhale pakati pa zigawo zina za kumanzere ku Asia, makamaka magulu omwe ali ndi kuwunika kokhudza zochitika za anthu, chiyembekezo china chokhudza 'kukwera kwa China' chakhalapo, chosiyana ndi poyera. kukondwerera mosamveka bwino.
Zikondwererozo zakhala zowonekera kwa nthawi yayitali pazowunikira zambiri zachuma pa 'kukwera kwa China'. Pulofesa wa pa yunivesite komanso mkulu wa bungwe la NGO Walden Bello, mwachitsanzo, analemba mu 1999 kuti '[r]ulemu ndi zomwe boma la China limalandira kuchokera kwa osunga ndalama. Ulemu ndi umene maboma athu alibe. Pankhani yotsata zofuna za dziko, chomwe chimalekanitsa dziko la China ndi mayiko athu ambiri ndi nkhondo yopambana yosintha dziko yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kukhala dziko lopanda pake.'(1)
Chenjezoli likuwonekera pakuwerenga mosagwirizana ndi zinthu zomwezo, zomwe sizimatchulanso zankhondo ndi gulu lankhondo la China 'kukwera', kutengera izi ku malipoti akumanja a "China-bashing" m'manyuzipepala amakampani ndi kupitilira apo. gawo la anthu osankhika aku US. Imanyalanyaza zitsanzo zingapo zokhazikika za izi zomwe zilipo m'derali komanso padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza thandizo lotsimikizika la boma la China paulamuliro wowopsa wankhondo ku Burma, ndipo posachedwa kuthandizira kwake maboma osakondedwa komanso achinyengo ku Africa kufunafuna mafuta. Komabe, monga ndanenera kale, chiyembekezo chili pansi pa chenjezo lomwe lilipo pakusiya koonekeratu - chiyembekezo mwina kuti kunja kwa dziko la China ndondomeko za dziko la China ndizosiyana, zabwino kwambiri kuposa ulamuliro wa imperialism wa US ndi Europe.
Pansi pa zonsezi zikuwoneka ngati maziko kuti wachiwiri, wotsogola kwambiri kapena wankhondo wa 'Asian' atha kukhala wokwiyitsa ku US hegemony ndi militarism, komanso gwero lamtendere ndi bata padziko lonse lapansi.
Ngati pakhala pali vuto loti mkangano womwe uli pamwambapa ndi wowopsa bwanji, koma momwe zowopsa, zoyipa, komanso zamagazi zomwe zotsatira zake zochirikizira zitha kukhala kwa anthu wamba komanso mayendedwe otchuka padziko lapansi, titha kuziwona lero ku Haiti. Kuti asitikali onse aku China ndi aku Brazil akutenga nawo gawo pa ntchito yophatikizira mgwirizano wa UN m'dzikolo zimalankhula bwino za "mphamvu zakumwera".
N'kutheka kuti matsenga amphamvu kwambiri ndi zotsalira kuchokera ku nthano zazikulu kwambiri za nthawi yathu ino, za 'Nkhondo Yozizira'. Pakati pa "nkhondo" yomwe idapangidwa pomwe anthu adziko lapansi adasankha pakati pa magulu awiri ankhondo 'otsutsana', olemba ambiri ozindikira komanso atolankhani adanenanso kuti pambuyo pa nthawi inayake US ndi Soviet Union zidakhala zokhutiritsa kudzisungira okha, ndi kulamulira maiko omwe ali m'madera awo omwe akuzilamulira popanda kusokoneza kwambiri ena. Komanso, nkhondo zenizeni za nthawi ino zinali zotentha kwambiri, ndipo zidachitidwa ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu motsutsana ndi anthu wamba, mayiko ndi magulu padziko lonse lapansi, phunziro lomwe sitiyenera kuiwala mu kusanthula kwathu. 'No nonsense' hegemony akadali hegemony yomwe imamangidwa pamagazi, ndipo siingathe kuthandizidwa momveka bwino kapena mosapita m'mbali pofunafuna 'kulinganiza kwa mphamvu zapamwamba'.
Kuthetsedwa kwa gulu lazandale lazachibadwidwe m'dziko losauka, ndiye kuti, ndi mfundo yogwirizana kwa onse 'kambuku wamapepala' komanso 'chinjoka chokwera'. Ndi Haiti monga mfundo yofotokozera, timapeza umboni osati wa mphamvu yachiwiri komanso yotsutsana nayo, koma m'malo mwake chifaniziro cha mphamvu ina yamphamvu, yochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi maufumu omwe alipo, komanso mofanana ndi anzawo m'mbiri yonse. Mwachidziwitso ichi ndikofunikira kuti pa Tsiku la Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse ndi Haiti, tikuwona kugwirizana pakati pa ife ndi zochitika m'dzikolo- komanso kuti timatsutsa mwamphamvu chiwawa cha mfumu ndi kuponderezedwa kwa demokarasi yomwe ikuchitika kumeneko.
(*) Poyamba ndinali nditatchulapo chochitika china chokhudza asilikali a ku China amene ankaphunzitsa anthu achifwamba a ku Haiti. Gwero langa loyambirira linali mawu ochokera kwa Kevin Pina, koma nkhaniyi yatsutsidwa ndi mboni yeniyeni pazochitikazo, Reed Lindsay.
Mawu a Pina, kuchokera ku kuyankhulana pawailesi iyi, omwe poyamba adaphatikizidwa munkhaniyi ndi motere:
"M'mafunso athu akukhala ku Port au Prince, iye [Reed Lindsay] amandiuza momwe anali padenga la nyumba ndi anthu owombera anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi anthu aku Brazil, koma sanali aku Brazil koma anali aku China, ochokera ku People's Republic of China, amene anali pamwamba pa denga ndi apolisi a ku Haiti, akuwaphunzitsa kuwombera, ndipo kodi anali kuyang'ana chiyani pamene anali padenga limenelo? Kodi nchiyani chimene iwo anali kuwaphunzitsa, kugwiritsira ntchito monga chitsanzo cha maphunziro? Chinali chionetsero chamtendere ku Bel Air, ndendende mitundu ya ziwonetsero zomwe apolisi aku Haiti m'misewu [panthawiyi] akhala akuwombera kale ziwonetsero zopanda zida, akhala akupha kale anthu m'misewu. Ndipo tsopano, apolisi a ku People's Republic of China aphunzitsa apolisi aku Haiti njira zozembera padenga?'
Nkhani yotsatira ya Reed Lindsay pazochitikazo ndi yosiyana:
"Ndinali padenga la nyumba ku Bel Air ndi zigawenga ziwiri zaku China, pamodzi ndi anthu angapo ochokera ku France komanso mwina wina wochokera ku US, komanso mamembala angapo a gulu lapadera la CIMO la apolisi aku Haiti. Panalibe kulumikizana konse pakati pa achifwamba aku China ndi apolisi aku Haiti, komanso maphunziro ocheperako. A CIMO adatopa ndikumvetsera wailesi ndikucheza nthawi ndi nthawi ndi anthu aku France. Achina adangokhala akuyang'ana mbiya yamfuti zawo ku Bel Air. Iwo anali kuyembekezera chionetsero kuti chichitike, koma sichinachitike, ngakhale kuti sichinawonekere padenga.'
Ngakhale kutchulidwa kwa chochitikachi kuwonjezeredwa pachidutswachi, sindikuganiza kuti chochitika chilichonse chili chofunikira kuti tikambirane zankhani zambiri, mbiri yakale, komanso zandale zomwe ndimafuna kuti ndifotokoze m'nkhaniyi. Chifukwa chake, potengera matembenuzidwe omwe amatsutsana, ndachotsa chochitikachi m'nkhaniyi.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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