Nthabwala yakale, yotaya mtima yakhala ikuzungulira zaka zambiri m'madera ambiri a South Asia. Ikufotokoza nkhani ya munthu wabizinesi amene chikwama chake chachuma chinasowa. Amanena zomwe zachitika kupolisi yake, kenako amapita kunyumba kukadandaula zamwayi wake womwe watayika. Kenako masana, chikwamacho chinapezeka mu thalauza lina, ndipo wabizinesiyo akutenga foni kuti adziwitse apolisi. "Palibe chifukwa chovutikira kufufuza," akutero "Ndapeza chikwama changa".
“Kufufuza?” akuyankha wapolisi uja. "Tamanga kale anthu anayi ndipo atatu mwa iwo avomereza!"
Zowonadi, nthabwala nthawi zambiri zimaoneka ngati njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi chisoni chimene nkhanza zofala zochitidwa ndi apolisi zachititsa m’maiko aang’ono. Ngakhale zakhala zodziwika bwino kwa anthu kwa zaka zambiri, chithunzithunzi chenicheni cha kuchuluka kwa ziwawa za apolisi posachedwapa zaperekedwa ndi lipoti lochititsa mantha lotulutsidwa ndi Asian Legal Resource Center (ALRC), bungwe la NGO lochokera ku Hong Kong, logwirizana ndi UN. Lipotilo, loyamba la mtundu wake, likuchokera ku Sri Lanka, ndipo limaphatikizapo maumboni ochokera kwa anthu angapo omwe anazunzidwa popanda kumangidwa komanso apolisi. Zotsatira zake sizowopsa. Lipotili limagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kuzunzika" pofotokoza zachiwawa za apolisi a ku Sri Lanka, kusonyeza vuto lomwe liri lokhazikika kusiyana ndi zochita za "nkhanza". Ndithudi, kuzunza kwafala kwambiri kotero kuti kukhala “njira yachizoloŵezi yofufuza zaupandu” m’dzikolo. Ndipo, m'zitsanzo zoperekedwa ndi lipotilo, dongosolo lotsimikizirika la lamulo likuwonekera panthawi ya chiwawa chotere - motero lingaliro la 'maapulo oipa' ochepa mu gulu la apolisi ogwira ntchito likutsutsidwa. Mantha ozama omwe apolisi amadzetsa pakati pa anthu ambiri, ndithudi, akuphatikizidwa ndi "udindo waumwini" pamagulu ena olemekezeka ndi amphamvu.
Pofotokoza mawu oti "kuzunza", ALRC imayika patsogolo mkangano womwe Malcolm D Evans ndi Rod Morgan mu ntchito yawo yofunika ya 1998, Kupewa Kuzunzidwa.
"Kuzunzika," lipoti la ALRC likufotokoza, "amagwiritsidwa ntchito… kuti ayankhe (monga chidziwitso) komanso kutumiza uthenga wowopsa polanga anthu ena."
Zomwe zili pamwambazi zingakhalenso zolondola ngati tanthauzo la "uchigawenga". Ndipo pa Seputembara 11, 2001, pomwe dziko lonse lapansi linkawonera zithunzi zomwe zikuyenera kumveketsa mawu omveka a nthawi yathu ino, Ranjini Rupika Hewage adagwidwa ndi zigawenga zina zomwe zidafala kwambiri, zomwe zidachitika ndi gulu lina. boma. Apolisi atafika kunyumba kwawo kwa Mathugama akufufuza mwamuna wake n’kuuzidwa kuti kulibe, Ranjini “anamenyedwa ndi mitengo yamatabwa ndi kumenyedwa m’mimba”. Pa nthawiyi n’kuti ali ndi pakati pa miyezi itatu. Lipotilo linati: “Atalira kuti ali ndi pakati, ziwawazo zinkapitirirabe. Ranjini adasungidwa kupolisi kwa masiku angapo. Pa September 13 anayamba kutuluka magazi kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake anataya mwana wake. Hers mwatsoka ndi imodzi mwamilandu yambiri yolembedwa ku Sri Lanka ndi ALRC. Zitsanzo zina ndi za Lasantha Jagath Kumara Mullakandage, wazaka 23, yemwe adamangidwa ndikumenyedwa mpaka kufa ndi apolisi a polisi ya Payagala, ndi Gerald Perera, wazaka 39, wogwira ntchito padoko komanso bambo wa ana awiri, yemwe "adazunzidwa ndi anthu asanu ndi atatu. apolisi…zinapangitsa kuti akhazikitsidwe njira yothandizira moyo wake".
Kodi munthu angayambe bwanji kumvetsetsa ndi kufotokoza kukhalapo ndi kulimbikira kwa kuzunzika kotereku, komwe kumatengera cholinga chake pa unyinji wa anthu? Pamlingo wosamveka, kutchulanso Evans ndi Morgan, lipotilo limafotokoza molondola kuti "kuzunzika kwamasiku ano kumagwira ntchito ngati njira yowongolera boma yomwe imalepheretsa kutenga nawo gawo kwa demokalase". Ntchitoyi ikuwonekera kwambiri m'magulu ambiri a Dziko Lachitatu, kumene, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri pamakhala chitetezo chochepa cha anthu ku nkhanza za boma. Basil Fernando, Executive Director wa ALRC analankhula nane zambiri za izi:
“Umu ndi mmene zilili m’madera ambiri a ku Asia masiku ano. Mumasaina zigamulo ndi mapangano a UN… koma kunyumba, palibe chomwe chingateteze anthu. Mtundu wa malamulo omwe amafunikira kuteteza ufulu kulibe… m'malo ambiri monga Cambodia kapena Vietnam, machitidwe achitetezo otere avutika kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo zapachiweniweni. Ndiye pali mayiko amene adutsa mwaulamuliro wankhanza ndi machitidwe azamalamulo avutika monga zotsatira- nkhani tingachipeze powerenga kuti ndi Indonesia. Zotsatira za zochitika ngati izi ndikuti kuzunzidwa kumakhala kofala…”
Nkhani ya ku Sri Lanka ikusonyeza, komabe, imasonyeza kulakwa kwa kungotchula mafotokozedwe osavuta monga ‘nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni’ kapena ‘maulamuliro ankhanza’ kaamba ka kufafanizidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Ngakhale kuti dzikolo lasautsidwa ndi nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni yomwe yakhala ikuchitika kwa zaka pafupifupi 20, lipoti la ALRC likuwona kuti "njira yoyendetsera boma" si njira yothetsera zigawenga m'madera omwe ali ndi mavuto - ndikutsimikizira izi mwa kupereka kokha. maumboni amene anasonkhanitsidwa kutali ndi mbali yakumpoto ya dzikoli imene munali nkhondo.
"[Ife] tapewa dala kunena za milandu yomwe ili m'malo omwe kuli mikangano yapachiweniweni, mikangano kapena "chitetezo," mawu oyamba a lipotilo amawerengedwa. Mizinda yambiri ndi mizinda yomwe ofufuza adayendera inali kumwera kwa dzikolo, "m'malo opanda zovuta".
Fernando akupitiriza.
“Mukatchula za kuzunzika kumene kunachitika m’madera amene kuli mikangano, nthaŵi zina anthu a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amanena kuti ‘zimenezi zikuchitika’… tinkafuna kusonyeza kuti pali zambiri kuposa zimenezo, osati chabe. chinachake chimene chinachitika pa mkangano.
“Anthu akudziwa zomwe zikuchitika kumpoto, koma kumweranso kwachitika kuti anthu masauzande ambiri aphedwa atamangidwa. Pakhala pali makomiti ndi kufufuza ndi mabungwe aboma, ndipo nthawi zina anthu 30,000 akufa amanenedwa kumwera kokha… awa ndi kupha munthu atamangidwa.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti kumbuyo kwa nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni kukhoza kunyalanyazidwa ngati chinthu choyambitsa, akufotokoza. Koma m'malo mozindikira njira za 'kuzunza' ndi "kuwongolera boma" monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa m'dera lomwe lachitika nkhondo, tiyenera kuwona kuti nkhondoyo idapereka chikhalidwe chachiwawa chomwe chakhala chikuchitika m'dziko lonselo chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ndi magulu amphamvu ankhondo. anthu. Izi zakhala ndi zotsatirapo kwa anthu wamba kutali ndi madera omwe nkhondo yeniyeni ikuchitika, monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera ndi kugwa kwenikweni kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kum'mwera kwa Sri Lanka.
Zikuwoneka kuti zopereka zazikulu zankhondo pakukula kwa chizunzo ndi mantha a boma m'madera "amtendere" akhala: 1). kufalikira kwa ziwawa zake zowopsa ndi uchigawenga m'mabungwe a anthu ndi 2). kuvomerezedwa ndi kuvomerezeka kumene wapereka kaamba ka kuchulukitsa “miyambo” yachiwawa ndi ulamuliro.
Zoperekazi zikuwoneka kuti zikutsatira mfundo yakuti apolisi ambiri akubwezera asilikali omwe adachita nawo nkhondoyi. Asilikali aku Sri Lankan adatsutsidwa ndi magulu monga Human Rights Watch chifukwa chochita "kampeni yolimbana ndi zigawenga" motsutsana ndi anthu ambiri aku Tamil kumpoto. Asilikali ambiri obwerera kwawo, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala odziwa zankhanza monga kuzunza komanso kupha anthu popanda milandu, amatengedwa kukhala apolisi m'dziko lonselo.
“Kumpoto” Fernando akufotokoza kuti, “Pakhala zinthu zambiri zosatsatirika zimene asilikali achita, n’zoona kuti anabwezeranso nkhanza zofanana ndi zigawenga zamagulu ankhondowo. kutenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo… kumanga anthu, kuwalowetsa m’misasa yophera anthu. Ambiri achita nawo kupha anthu komanso kuzunza anthu ambiri.”
Sikuti ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo komanso chidziwitso chonyamula nkhanza zomwe asitikali akalewa amabweretsa kwa apolisi, komanso, kubweretsa mfundo (2), chidziwitso cha chitetezo chawo pazotsatira zilizonse zomwe zingachitike. Chitsimikizo cha chidziwitso chomalizachi chinafika panthawi ya Malamulo a Zadzidzidzi mu 1971 komanso kupyolera mu malamulo otsutsana ndi zigawenga, omwe adachotsa macheke onse okhudzana ndi kuzunzidwa, kumangidwa mopanda chilungamo, ndi kupha anthu ena, zomwe zinachititsa kuti 'asowa' pafupifupi 30,000. anthu. Mphamvu yodziwa kuti munthu atha kuchita zinthu mosasamala paudindo umodzi waulamuliro (ndipo amalimbikitsidwa kuchita zinthu mosaganizira ngati gawo la kampeni yolimbana ndi zigawenga) ndiye maziko achiwawa omwe amaperekedwa ku maudindo onse otsatirawa. , monga apolisi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosasamala kumeneku, popanda kufufuzidwa kulikonse, kuli ndi zotulukapo zowopsa kwa anthu wamba ambiri osalakwa: “99% ya ozunzidwa, ndithudi, ndi osalakwa,” akutero Fernando. “Anthu osalakwa ukawagwira sangaulule. Sakudziwa kalikonse za mlanduwo. Choncho ndi anthu amene akuzunzidwa kwambiri!”
Fernando akuyenerera zonena zake kukhala zodziwika kwambiri ku Sri Lanka. “Izi sizongonena zomwe bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe linganene. Nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa, ngakhale mkati mwa apolisi. ”
Ndipotu, mamembala a ALRC ndi Sri Lanka NGOs posachedwapa anagawira makope a lipoti kwa akuluakulu a apolisi ndi ndondomeko ya ndale, kuwafunsa mwachindunji chifukwa chake nkhanza zoterezi zakhala zikuchitika.
“M’malipoti awoawo amavomereza kuti pali ‘kupanda mwambo’,” akutero Fernando. "Kufotokozera kwawoko… zikuwoneka kuti sakulamuliranso."
Koma malinga ndi miyezo ya aliyense, ‘kupanda mwambo’ ndiko kulongosola kosakwanira kwa milingo yokulirapo ya chiwawa chotere— osatchulanso utali wotani wachiwawawu wapitirira popanda kuloŵererapo. Ndipo ‘kusalanga’ kumawoneka kukhala liwu lachilendo ndi losalondola kwenikweni logwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani yolembedwa. Zina mwa izo, pali umboni woonekeratu wa dongosolo la lamulo lomwe likugwira ntchito. M’nkhani ya Gerald Perera, wotchulidwa pamwambayo, wovulazidwayo akufotokoza kumenyedwa kwake kukhala kogwirizanitsidwa ndi lamulo la wapolisi: “Pamene mtembowo uyenera kupachikidwa ndi kumenyedwa, iwo anachita zimenezo . . . . Pamene ankati atsitsidwe, iwo anamvera.”
Zoonadi, zikuoneka kuti chilango chikuchitidwa pozunza anthu. Pankhani yowulula kwambiri, akuluakulu adafunsidwa pafoni atamangidwa Gresha de Silva, pomwe kuzunzidwa kwake kudayamba. Ngakhale kuti milandu yotereyi yokhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi apolisi ndi yochepa, nthawi zambiri ndi kusachitapo kanthu pa madandaulo ndi kuwopsyeza odandaula komweko ndiko umboni wokwanira wa "mwambo" wakuti "kuzunza kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chidziwitso ndi chilolezo cha akuluakulu. apolisi". Mwachitsanzo, sipanakhalepo mlandu umodzi kapena chigamulo chomwe chinaperekedwa kwa wapolisi potengera mbiri ya madandaulo omwe anthu ozunzidwa ndi mabanja awo amachitira. Milandu iyi ndiye, lipotilo likumaliza mochititsa mantha, liyenera kuwonedwa ngati "mbali ya machitidwe a mabungwe".
Izi zikuwoneka zolondola kwambiri. Ndipo polingalira za kufalikira kwa maupandu ameneŵa ndi chenicheni chakuti iwo apitiriza kwa zaka zambiri, kupendedwa kowonjezereka kuyenera kuyamba ndi kuthekera kwa zokonda zina kutumikiridwa mwa kupitiriza ‘kuzunza’. Zowonadi, chida chachiwawa choterechi chikakhalapo, ndizomveka kuyembekezera kuti chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apindule ndi mphamvu zandale ndi zachuma mdera la anthu- kapena "zogwiritsidwa ntchito… kutumiza uthenga wachiwopsezo polanga anthu ena" bwererani ku tanthauzo lakale la "chizunzo" choperekedwa ndi Evans ndi Morgan.
Kupenda umboni, ndithudi izi zikuwoneka kuti ziri choncho. Mphamvu za apolisi zopanda malire zachititsa kuti anthu azipereka ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimapangitsa "mwayi wambiri kuti apolisi alemere", ndipo, mosiyana, ubwino wa chiwawa kwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zachuma. Chitsanzo chimodzi choonekeratu, ndiponso chochititsa mantha kwambiri ndicho cha Angeline Roshana Michael, wothandiza panyumba wanthaŵi ina, yemwe anamangidwa chifukwa cha kuba ndi wapolisi amene anali “bwenzi la banja lolemera kwambiri” ndipo anafotokoza kuti “ankayesa kuchita zabwino. kwa abwenzi ake”. Mwinamwake ichi ndi chifukwa chake "abwenzi" ake adaloledwa kulowa m'chipindamo kuti aone pamene Angeline akuzunzidwa mwankhanza ndi mkuluyo. Zochitika zenizeni zotere, mchitidwe "wamba" wa "kumangidwa ndi kumenyedwa pamalipiro", zikuwululanso pamlingo wosadziwika bwino, powonetsa kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pamagulu achiwawa ndi olemera.
M'malo mwake, lingaliro lina lazachuma lomwe lisanachitike nkhondoyo linali litapanga kale kuzunzika ndi ziphuphu kukhala 'zanzeru' zantchito ya apolisi ku Sri Lanka, ngakhale izi ziyenera kukulitsidwa ndi mkangano. Uwu unali lingaliro lakuti kuzunza ndi kufunsidwa mafunso kunali "njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yofufuzira milandu". Lipotilo likunena kuti apolisi a ku Sri Lanka ankagwira ntchito "podalira ntchito zotsika mtengo", polemba anthu osauka kwambiri, osaphunzira kwambiri monga apolisi, ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza 'zofufuza' zawo. “Munthu waukali ndi wabwinopo” akufotokozedwa ngati lingaliro lofunikira pakusankha. "Kusokoneza" ndi kudyetsedwa kwa makalasiwa kunakwaniritsa zofunikira zachuma zamagulu amphamvu, "zotsika mtengo". Zomveka, malipiro omvetsa chisoni angawonjezere chizolowezi cha ziphuphu ndi katangale - izi ndizosakwanira malinga ndi miyezo ya aliyense, koma zitha kuwonekanso ngati kukulitsa kudalira kwa apolisi kumagulu amphamvu ndi olemera. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zinthu zomveka bwino pazachuma izi za ntchito ya apolisi zidaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni.
M'madera akumidzi, pakhalanso "zokonda zandale zomwe zakhala zikuchitika posalola kuti demokalase igwire ntchito" pogwiritsa ntchito ziwawa za apolisi. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ziwawa zimenezi kwakhala kofunika kwambiri kwa ulamuliro wandale kotero kuti wapolisi wa kumaloko nthaŵi zambiri “akhoza kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri pa ndale kuposa ‘akuluakulu’ ake” chifukwa chakuti amafanana ndi andale akumaloko. M’chitsanzo chimodzi chosonyeza kuti apolisi aku Wariapola akuti akukakamira kuti Deputy Inspector General wawo (DIG) achotsedwe ndi thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kwa andale akuderali. Kampeni yawo idayamba a DIG atawaimbira mlandu wogwiririra, motero akuphwanya "mwambo" wopatulika wovomereza.
Fernando ananena kuti: “Posachedwapa, pachitika ziwawa zambiri zandale, komanso kuopsezedwa kwa anthu otsutsa. Chipani chimodzi chikakhala paulamuliro amamanga chipani chinanso”.
Zowonadi, kunenanso za mlandu wa Wariapola, thandizo la apolisi linali lofunika kwambiri pazandale moti ngakhale nduna yowona za amayi idabwera kudzateteza apolisi omwe akuimbidwa mlanduwo. Mchitidwe wolakalakawu ndi wonyansa kwambiri tikaganizira kuti milandu yoyambirira ya DIG idaperekedwa kwa apolisi pambuyo poti mayi wina adamenyedwa ndikugwiriridwa ali m'manja mwawo.
Uwu ndiye mulingo wosuliza womwe anthu aku Sri Lankan akukumana nawo ndi magawo olemera komanso amphamvu. Chiwawa, nthawi zonse chida cha mphamvu, chinapeza mphamvu yatsopano ndi kufalikira kulikonse mwa njira ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni… ndi zotsatira zoopsa kwa anthu wamba m'dziko lonselo.
Ngakhale ali ndi zolinga zabwino za mamembala ena amilandu, makhoti osafikirika komanso osagwira ntchito mpaka pano akhala njira yosagwira ntchito yotetezera anthu. Ndipo ngakhale ndi dzina lake lochititsa chidwi, National Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka (NHRC), bungwe loyendetsedwa ndi boma, silinathandize kwenikweni polimbana ndi kuzunzidwa komweko.
"Iwo [NHRC] sadzitsatsa okha bwino…” Fernando analingalira motero. "Ndipo asiyanso kudalirika chifukwa amayesa kuthetsa milandu yozunzirako ndalama zochepa."
Zomwe zimafunikira nthawi yomweyo ku Sri Lanka, akuti, ndi njira yofulumira komanso yothandiza yodandaulira nkhanza za apolisi. Koma mpaka pano, ngakhale kuti anthu ndi mabungwe ayesetsa molimba mtima, kukhazikitsa izi kwakhala ntchito yovuta.
"Palibe njira yothandiza yodandaulira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi boma," akufotokoza motero. "Chisomo chokha chopulumutsa ndi anthu ochepa omwe siaboma, anthu ena ammudzi, ndipo tsopano gulu lolandirira alendo padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lapanga njira yopititsira patsogolo "madandaulo mwachangu" kudzera pa imelo ndi intaneti. Izi zayamba kupangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zina, komabe palibe njira yeniyeni, yofulumira yothandizira. "
Dongosolo lachiwongola dzanja lachangu pakadali pano likufikira anthu pafupifupi 200,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Njira yothandiza yadzidzidzi, kukulitsa nkhawa zapadziko lonse ndi kukakamizidwa, makamaka m'maiko olemera, zithandizadi kupulumutsa miyoyo.
Koma ntchito yochulukirapo ikufunika mkati mwa Sri Lanka. Fernando akutipatsa mawu okhudza mtima ofotokoza kuopsa kwa zinthu.
Iye anati: “Zimene mukuona pano n’zopanda mphamvu kwa nzika wamba pamaso pa apolisi. “Akhala ngati amphamvu kwambiri…. ndipo anthu alibe mphamvu yofunsa ndikutsutsa izi. ”
Pamene akuluakulu aboma la Sri Lankan ndi atsogoleri a LTTE akumana ku Bangkok kuti akambirane zamtendere zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zitha kubweretsa chiwopsezo, zikuwonekeratu kuti pali zinthu zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pomanganso gulu lankhondoli. Pakati pawo, kufufuza kodziyimira pawokha kwa ziwawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira m'boma, mwina kudzera m'makhothi odalirika komanso ogwira mtima, ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ngati njira yotetezera ufulu wa anthu. Mwachidziwitso, boma la Sri Lanka ndi mabungwe opangira zisankho ayeneranso kukhala omasuka komanso oyankha kwa anthu. Koma kulingalira izi mozama kudzakhudzanso mafunso ofunikira komanso osatsutsika okhudza demokalase, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zachuma ndi ndale pakati pa anthu, komanso momwe mabungwe amakhalira. Chilichonse chocheperapo chingasiye chitseko chotseguka cha nkhanza zina.
Asia Legal Resource Center: http://www.alrc.net/index.php
Lipoti la ALRC la kuzunzidwa kwa apolisi ku Sri Lanka likupezeka mu Vol. 1, Nkhani 4 (Aug 2002) ya nthawi yawo, "Article 2". Kuti mumve zambiri, kapena kuti muyikidwe pamisonkhano yawo yachangu, chonde lemberani [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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