Paul Kagame: “Our Kind of Guy”
Edward S. Herman ndi David Peterson
Kalelo mu 1995, mkulu wa bungwe la Clinton, poyankhapo za Purezidenti wa Indonesia Suharto, paulendo wake ku Washington, adamutcha "munthu wamtundu wathu."[1] Iye anali kulankhula za wankhanza ndi mbava wankhanza ndi pawiri genocidist (woyamba Indonesia palokha, ndiye East Timor), koma amene kuphana mafuko ku Indonesia anathetsa vuto lililonse lamanzere m'dzikolo, anagwirizana Indonesia asilikali monga Western ally ndi kasitomala boma, ndipo anatsegula chitseko cha ndalama zakunja, ngakhale ndi chiphuphu chachikulu. Gawo loyamba la kupha anthu pawiri (1965-1966) chifukwa chake linali lothandiza ku zofuna za US ndipo lidazindikirika ndi mabungwe andale ndi atolankhani. Zowonadi, kutsatira kupha anthu ambiri ku Indonesia moyenera, a Robert McNamara adatcha kusinthako ngati "gawo" loperekedwa ndi ndalama zankhondo zaku US kumeneko,2] ndi mu New York Times, James Reston anatcha kuwuka kwa Suharto kukhala “kunyezimira kwa kuunika ku Asia.”[3]
Purezidenti wa Rwanda Paul Kagame momveka bwino ndi "munthu wamtundu wathu": Monga Suharto, Kagame ndi wopha anthu pawiri, komanso amene adathetsa ziwopsezo zilizonse za demokalase ku Rwanda, adagwirizanitsa Rwanda ndi azungu ngati kasitomala waku US, ndikutsegula chitseko. ku ndalama zakunja. Pambuyo pake, komanso mopindulitsa kwambiri, Kagame adathandizira kupeza mwayi wopezera chuma ndi mwayi wopezera ndalama kwa anzawo komanso US ndi mabungwe ena akumadzulo ku Zaire yoyandikana nayo, dziko lalikulu, lolemera kwambiri pakati pa Africa lomwe lidatcha Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) mu 1997 pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya Congo.ca. July 1996 - July 1998).
Kwa zaka zambiri Kagame wakhala akufotokozedwa m'manyuzipepala a kumadzulo monga mpulumutsi wa dziko la Rwanda, atathetsa chiwembu chomwe chinachitidwa ndi anthu amtundu wake ochepa, Atutsi, ndi Ahutu ambiri (April - July 1994).4] Iye ndi omutsatira ake akhala akulungamitsa asilikali a Rwanda Patriotic Front ikuwukira kwa Zaire - DRC ngati njira yosavuta ya Ahutu genocidaires omwe adathawa ku Rwanda pankhondo mkati, ndi kugonjetsa kwa Kagame, dzikolo. Kupepesa kumeneku, komwe kunkaganiziridwa kale ngati chinyengo ndi anthu ambiri osagwirizana ndi anthu oponderezedwa, pamapeto pake afika pokayikira ngakhale mkati mwa kukhazikitsidwa ndi kutayikira[5] kenako kufalitsidwa kwa lipoti la UN lomwe linakonzedwera Mkulu wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe wa Anthu (ie, "Report of the Mapping Exercise yomwe ikuwonetsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi malamulo okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wapadziko lonse lapansi komwe kunachitika ku Democratic Republic of the Congo pakati pa Marichi 1993 ndi June 2003.," Juni, 2010). Sikuti lipotili likungotchula za nkhanza zazikulu zomwe zachitika ku DRC kwa zaka khumi zokha, komanso likuti RPF ili ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri mwa nkhanzazi. "Palibe amene angakane kuti kuphana kwa mafuko kunachitika komanso kuti ozunzidwawo ambiri anali Ahutu ochokera ku Burundi, Rwanda, ndi Zaire," lipoti lokonzekera likugwira mawu zomwe zinapezeka mu 1997 UN inquiry (para. 510). Kutengera - "kuchuluka kwa milandu ndi kuchuluka kwa ozunzidwa" komanso "kuukira kwadongosolo komwe kunachitika motsutsana ndi Ahutu…[p]makamaka ku North Kivu ndi South Kivu…kukuwonetsa kukonzekereratu ndi njira yolondola" ( ndime 514). Gawo la lipoti lokonzekera za "Crime of Genocide" likumaliza motere: "Kuukira mwadongosolo komanso kofala ... komwe kunakhudza anthu ambiri othawa kwawo achihutu aku Rwanda komanso anthu wamba achihutu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti aphedwe, zikuwonetsa zinthu zingapo zoyipa zomwe, ngati atatsimikiziridwa ndi bwalo lamilandu loyenerera, akhoza kutchulidwa kuti ndi milandu yopha anthu" (ndime 517).6] Luc Cote, yemwe kale anali wofufuza milandu komanso mkulu wa ofesi ya zamalamulo pa International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), anati: “Zinali zodabwitsa kwa ine. Ndinaona chitsanzo ku Congo chimene ndinachiwona ku Rwanda. Pali zochitika zambirimbiri, pomwe muli ndi dongosolo lomwelo. Zinachitidwa mwadongosolo."7]
Kwenikweni, aka sikanali koyamba kuti bungwe la UN liloze zochita za Kagame ku Rwanda ndi DRC. Ngakhale kufufuza kwa 1997 (kotchulidwa pamwambapa), kusanachitike kolembedwa chidule cha nkhani yapakamwa ya Robert Gersony pa UN mu October 1994 ikusimba za “kupha mwadongosolo ndi kosatha ndi kuzunzidwa kwa anthu wamba Achihutu ndi [RPF]” kum’mwera kwa Rwanda kuyambira April mpaka April. August wa chaka chimenecho, ndi "Kupha kopanda tsankho kwakukulu kwa amuna, akazi, [ndi] ana, kuphatikizapo odwala ndi okalamba ...." Lipoti la Gersony linanena kuti pakati pa 5,000 ndi 10,000 Ahutu amafa mwezi uliwonse kuyambira April kupita m’tsogolo. "Zinkawoneka kuti ambiri mwa amuna, akazi, ndi ana omwe anaphedwa pazochitikazi anali akuyang'aniridwa mwa mwayi wogwidwa ndi [RPF]." (“Chidule cha UNHCR Presentation Before Commission of Experts,” October 11, 1994.) Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti, mamembala a Bungwe la United Nations limeneli anavomereza panthaŵiyi kuchitira umboni ndi umboni wa Gersony monga “zachinsinsi,” ndipo analamula kuti uyenera “kungopangidwa. kupezeka kwa mamembala a bungweli"—omwe adakaniratu zomwe adapeza.8] (Onani kalata yolembedwa pa UN High Commissioner for Refugees yolembedwa ndi Francois Fouinat, yopita kwa Ms. B. Molina-Abram wa Commission of Experts on Rwanda, October 11, 1994.)
Pakati pa malipoti ena ambiri a UN ku DRC, lachiwiri pamndandanda wa Bungwe la Akatswiri a UN pa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachisawawa kwa Zachilengedwe ndi Mitundu Ina Yachuma ku Democratic Republic of Congo" (S / 2002/1146, October, 2002) nawonso ndiwodziwika bwino. Bungwe la UN linanena kuti pofika mu September 2002, anthu pafupifupi 3.5 miliyoni anafa mopitirira muyeso m’zigawo zisanu za kum’maŵa “chifukwa cha kulanda dziko la DRC ndi Rwanda ndi Uganda” (ndime 96). Lipotili linakananso maganizo a boma la Kagame loti asilikali ake akupitirizabe kukhalapo kum'mawa kwa DRC kuti ateteze dziko la Rwanda ku gulu lankhondo lachihutu lomwe likuopseza dera la malire ndikuwopseza kuti liwaukira; m'malo mwake, "cholinga chenicheni cha nthawi yayitali ndi ... 'kuteteza katundu'," bungwe la UN linanena (ndime 66).9] Koma ngakhale lipoti ili la 2002 silinalamulidwe lidapondereza momwe lipoti la Gersony la 1994 linalili, silinanyalanyazidwebe m'manyuzipepala a kumadzulo, ngakhale kuti anthu 3.5 miliyoni omwe amafa amaposa chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha "kuphedwa kwa mafuko ku Rwanda" mu 1994.
Kuponderezedwa kumeneku kunali chifukwa chakuti Kagame ndi kasitomala waku US, yemwe kupha kwake ku DRC kunali kogwirizana ndi mfundo ya US yotsegulira dzikolo ku US ndi migodi ina yakumadzulo ndi bizinesi. M’malo mwake, poyankha mafunso pa lipoti lotayidwali, Mlembi Wothandizira wa Boma la United States Philip Crowley anavomereza kuti “Tili ndi ubale ndi Rwanda kupatula mbiri yomvetsa chisoni ya kuphana kwa mafuko ndi nkhani zina za m’ma 1990. Dziko la Rwanda lachitapo kanthu molimbikitsa m’chigawochi posachedwapa. Lakhala ndi gawo lofunikira mu mishoni zosiyanasiyana za UN. Ndi chidwi chathu kuthandiza akatswiri ankhondo. Ndipo timayesetsa kuchita zimenezi m’madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Ndiye tapangana ndi Rwanda."10] Crowley ndi kampani anali asanaphunzire lipoti la UN panthawiyo. Koma, kumbali ina, panali malipoti am'mbuyomu a UN onena za kupha anthu wamba kwa Kagame ku Rwanda ndi DRC, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti US kapena UN asayankhe (kupatula, monga tawonera, kuponderezedwa). Kodi zikhoza kukhala kuti awa anali mayankho ovomerezeka a "asilikali odziwa ntchito zankhondo," monga momwe akhala akugwirira ntchito akatswiri a asilikali a Suharto ndi asitikali ophunzitsidwa ndi US aku Latin America omwe atuluka kumene ku Sukulu ya America? Kodi zingakhale kuti zoopsazi zinalinso “zopindula” ndi “kuŵala kwa kuwala” kwatsopano—mu Afirika?
Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti woyamba New York Times Nkhani yolemba lipoti la UN, lolembedwa ndi Howard French, ikunena za vuto lomwe lidakumanapo potulutsa lipoti latsopanoli - idatulutsidwa koyamba. Le Monde ku France ndi odziwa zamkati omwe anali ndi nkhawa kuti mbali zake zovuta kwambiri zitha kudulidwa asanatulutsidwe. UN idawona kale kuti ndi koyenera kuwonetsa chikalatacho ku boma la Kagame kuti lipereke ndemanga,[11] komanso kudzudzula kwa boma pa chikalata “chokwiyitsa” kudafotokozedwa m'ndime yonse munkhani ya NYT. Monga momwe French anafotokozera, panali “zovuta m’miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri” kuti lipotilo litulutsidwe pa zotsutsa za boma “lomwe lakhala likusangalala ndi chichirikizo champhamvu cha ukazembe kuchokera ku United States ndi Britain.”[12]
Mwina anthu a UN ndi atolankhani analimba mtima kuchitapo kanthu ndi mavoti 93 peresenti omwe Kagame adapeza pa chisankho cha Purezidenti pa Ogasiti 9, 2010, pomwe akuwoneka kuti adathandizidwa kwambiri ndi Ahutu omwe abale awo ndi mafuko awo adawapha. chigawo chachikulu chotere ku DRC. Chisankhochi chidadziwika mokwanira kuti chikhazikitse dziko la Rwanda pawailesi yakanema, ngati mwachidule, ngakhale akuluakulu aku US akuwonetsa "kuda nkhawa" pang'ono pa "zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zoyesayesa za boma la Rwanda kuletsa ufulu wolankhula" (Philip Crowley, August 9),[13] ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha mwaufulu. Tiyerekeze umboni wodalirika wapezeka ndi UN kuti Hugo Chavez wa ku Venezuela anapha zikwi za akazi othawa kwawo, ana, okalamba, ndi kuvulazidwa m'dziko loyandikana nalo. Kodi mungaganizire bungwe la UN likufunsa Chavez kuti apereke ndemanga pa lipoti lokonzekera ntchito zake, ndikumupatsa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri munthu wina asanatulutse ku nyuzipepala yayikulu?
Titha kuzindikiranso kuti kuphana kumeneku ku DRC kukukambidwa ndi a Howard French ndi ena onse ofalitsa nkhani munkhani ya "The Genocide" ya 1994, pomwe Kagame akuti ndiye mpulumutsi yemwe adathetsa kupha anthu ambiri mwachihutu. Monga momwe Chifalansa akulembera, kutsatira dongosolo lachipani la Kumadzulo lokhazikitsidwa, “Mu 1994, anthu oposa 800,000, makamaka a fuko la Atutsi ku Rwanda, anaphedwa ndi Ahutu.”[14] M’nkhani iyi ndi malipoti enanso amakono, munali, choyamba, kuphana kwa fuko kwa Atutsi kochitidwa ndi Ahutu, kumene tsopano kukuwoneka kuti kunatsatiridwa ndi kuphana kwachiŵiri kwa mafuko poyankha kwa Atutsi motsutsana ndi Ahutu.
Koma nkhaniyi idakhazikitsidwa ndi bodza lalikulu la kuphedwa koyamba, ndipo vuto lalikulu pakulengeza kupha anthu ambiri ku DRC lili ndi gwero lodziwika bwino ndi bodza limeneli: monga Kagame ndi mtumiki wa US ndi ena. Maulamuliro amphamvu akumadzulo, malipoti a milandu yake amanyalanyazidwa ndi akuluakulu aku Western ndipo amapewa m'manyuzipepala ambiri. Chowonadi, chomwe Howard French ndi anzake sangavomereze, ndikuti kuphedwa kwenikweni kwa 1994 kunali. komanso makamaka ntchito ya Paul Kagame, mothandizidwa ndi Bill Clinton, British ndi Belgians, UN, ndi atolankhani ambiri.15]
Paul Kagame amadalira nthano za udindo wake wopulumutsira kuti apitirize ulamuliro wake ku Rwanda,16] ngakhale kuti izi zimangowonjezera kudalira kwake kwakukulu pa mphamvu. Koma wapanga "kukana kupha anthu" kukhala mlandu, ndi chitsanzo cha "chiwonongeko cha ku Rwanda" chotengedwa ngati chowonadi, kotero kuti iwo omwe akutsutsa ulamuliro wake akhoza kutengedwa ngati "okana kupha anthu" kapena "ogawikana" ndikuyimbidwa milandu yotsutsana ndi anthu. Dziko la Rwanda. Pazifukwa izi, Peter Erlinder, loya waku US komanso woweruza wamkulu ku ICTR, adamangidwa pomwe adafika ku Rwanda kumapeto kwa Meyi kuti adzayimire Victoire Ingabire Umuhoza, yemwe ndi wachihutu wotsutsa ndale, yemwenso adamangidwa ndikuletsedwa kupikisana nawo. ofesi ya ndale. Ngakhale kuti Erlinder anamasulidwa pa belo m'katikati mwa mwezi wa June, kumangidwa kwake ndi kusokoneza mwadongosolo maphwando otsutsa ndi ofuna chisankho chisanafike chisankho cha August chinali chovuta kwa oteteza mpulumutsi ndi chitsanzo chokhazikika.17]
Pankhani ya nthano yachitsanzo chimenecho, lingalirani izi:
* “Chochitika choyambirira” pakupha mtundu woyamba chikuvomerezedwa kuti chinali kugwetsa ndege yomwe inanyamula Juvenal Habyarimana, pulezidenti wachihutu wa ku Rwanda, Cyprien Ntaryamira, pulezidenti Wachihutu wa ku Burundi, pa April 6, 1994. Pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti kuwombera kumeneku kunakonzedwa ndi Paul Kagame. Awa anali mawu omaliza a Michael Hourigan, wofufuza yemwe adafufuza za ICTR mu 1996.18] Koma lipoti lake pa izi kwa woimira boma pa milandu ku ICTR Louise Arbor linayikidwa pambali, atakambirana ndi akuluakulu a US, ndipo ICTR inalephera kuchita nawo kafukufuku wina uliwonse wa "chochitika choyambitsa" pazaka 13 zotsatira. Chifukwa chiyani ICTR, cholengedwa cha US-Down Security Council, ingasiye nkhaniyi pokhapokha ngati umboni wodalirika ukuwonetsa Kagame wothandizidwa ndi US ndi RPF?
* Kufufuza kowonjezereka kwa "chochitika choyambitsa" cha Woweruza waku France Jean-Louis Bruguière adatsimikiza kuti Kagame anafunika "kuchotsa mwakuthupi" kwa Habyarimana kuti alande mphamvu za boma mu Rwanda chisankho cha dziko chisanachitike chomwe chinayitanidwa ndi mapangano a Arusha a 1993, zisankho zomwe Kagame pafupifupi akanataya, poganizira kuti anthu ochepa a Tutsi anali ochulukirapo kuposa Ahutu ambiri. [19] Bruguière adanenanso kuti RPF yokha ku Rwanda mu 1994 inali gulu lankhondo lokonzekera bwino, ndipo linali lokonzeka kumenya. Ndipo RPF yofooka pandale koma yankhondo yotsogozedwa ndi Kagame anachita kuukira boma la Rwanda pasanathe maola awiri kuchokera pamene Habyarimana anaphedwa. Izi zikusonyeza kudziŵiratu zinthu, kukonzekera ndi gulu lokonzekera kuchitapo kanthu, pamene olinganiza Ahutu a m’nthano ya zochitikazi akuwoneka kuti anali osalinganizika, opambanitsa, ndi opambanitsa mwamsanga. Pasanathe masiku 100, Kagame ndi RPF adalamulira Rwanda. Polingalira kuti kuwombera pansi kunali pakati pa dongosolo lalikulu la Mphamvu za Hutu ndi kupha fuko, izi zikanafuna chozizwitsa cha kusakhoza kwa Hutu; koma zikanakhala zomveka ngati zitachitidwa ndi mphamvu ya Kagame ngati gawo la awo konzekerani kulanda mphamvu za boma.
*Kagame adaphunzitsidwa ku Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, ndipo adalandira thandizo lokhazikika la US ndi ukazembe kuyambira pomwe adakhala mtsogoleri wa RPF atangolanda RPF ku Rwanda kuchokera ku Uganda mu Okutobala 1990,20] mchitidwe waukali waukulu umene mwanjira inayake sunauone kukhala wofunika kwambiri m’Bungwe la Chitetezo, kufikira ndi kupitirira ndi kuukira komalizira kwa RPF pa dziko la Rwanda komwe kunayamba pa April 6, 1994. Mkati mwa chiwembu chimenecho cha April, pamene “kuphana kwa fuko” mwachionekere kunali bwino. m’kati, otsalira a boma la Rwanda analimbikitsa bungwe la United Nations kuti lipereke asilikali owonjezereka kuti athetse ziwawazo, koma Paul Kagame sanafune kuti asilikali a UN achuluke chifukwa chakuti anali wotsimikiza za kupambana nkhondo, ndipo—chodabwitsa n’chakuti—United States nayonso inali yotsutsa. kuonjezera gulu lankhondo. Chifukwa chake, Security Council idachita bwino kwambiri kuchepa kuchuluka kwa asitikali a UN ku Rwanda-ndizovuta kugwirizanitsa ndi nkhani yodziwika kuti malo omwe ali ndi udindo wamasiku 100 akupha amakhala ndi "Hutu Power" (ndi akupha) ndi mapulani awo ophera fuko. Kupepesa mu 1998 ndi Bill Clinton m'malo mwa "gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi" chifukwa cha "osachitapo kanthu mwachangu kupha kutangoyamba"[21] anali chinyengo chosadziwika bwino. M'malo molephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chomwe sichinakhalepo, oyang'anira Clinton adathandizira Kagame kugonjetsa Rwanda mu 1994, kotero Clinton amagawana nawo mlandu wa Kagame pa ziwawa zomwe zidachitika ku Rwanda komanso ziwawa zomwe RPF idapitilira ku DRC kwazaka zambiri.
* Ponena za umboni wokhudza kuphedwa kumeneku, n’zosakayikitsa kuti Atutsi ambiri anaphedwa, ngakhale kuti makamaka m’zipolowe za apo ndi apo ndi kuphana mwankhanza m’madera osiyanasiyana, osati chifukwa cha zimene akuluakulu achihutu anakonza. Ndi Asitikali a Kagame okha omwe akuwoneka kuti adapha mwadongosolo komanso mwadongosolo. Ndipo kupha kwawo kunaseweredwa ndi UN ndi United States. Sikuti lipoti la 1994 la Gersony lonena za kuphedwa kwa Ahutu ndi RPF linaponderezedwa ndi UN, chikumbutso chamkati kwa Secretary of State wa US mu Seputembala 1994 chomwe chinanena kuphedwa kwa "anthu 10,000 kapena kupitilira apo pamwezi" ndi magulu ankhondo a Tutsi nawonso sanawonepo. kuwala kwa tsiku, kupatula kufukulidwa kwake ndi Peter Erlinder ndi ntchito yake monga umboni ku ICTR.22] Pamene akatswiri a maphunziro a ku United States a Christian Davenport ndi Allan Stam, omwe poyamba anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ICTR kulemba imfa zonse ku Rwanda m'chaka cha 1994, ananena kuti "ambiri mwa ozunzidwa ndi Ahutu osati Atutsi," anachotsedwa ntchito mwamsanga. "Kuphana m'madera olamulidwa ndi FAR [ie, Armed Forces of Rwanda] kunkawoneka kuti kukukulirakulira pamene [RPF] inasamukira m'dzikolo ndikupeza madera ambiri," iwo analemba motero, akufotokoza mwachidule zomwe akuwona "zotsatira zochititsa mantha kwambiri" za kafukufuku wawo. "Pamene [RPF] inapita patsogolo, kuphana kwakukulu kunakula. Pamene [RPF] inasiya, kuphana kwakukulu kunachepa kwambiri."23]
Sizikadakhala zodabwitsa kuti asitikali achi Tutsi a Kagame, gulu lokhalo lokonzekera bwino lomwe ku Rwanda mu 1994, lomwe mabwalo awo pabwalo lankhondo adatsagana ndi spikes paimfa, komanso omwe adatha kugonjetsa Rwanda m'masiku 100, osatha kuletsa kufa kwa Atutsi kuti asapitirire kufa kwa Ahutu ndi malire akulu, monga momwe chitsanzo cha "chiwonongeko cha ku Rwanda" chikugwirizira? Zowonadi, ndizodabwitsa, ndipo ziyenera kuonedwa ngati nthano zabodza.
* Nthano imeneyinso sigwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu. Monga tidanenera koyamba kwina,[24] ndipo tsopano ndibwerezanso apa (onani Table 1, pansipa), kalembera wa boma wa 1991 wa ku Rwanda anatsimikiza kuti mafuko a dzikolo anali 91.1% Ahutu, 8.4% Atutsi, 0.4% Twa, ndi 0.1% "ena." Chotero mwa chiŵerengero cha anthu a ku Rwanda cha 1991 cha anthu 7,099,844, Atutsi ochepa a ku Rwanda anali 596,387, poyerekezera ndi chiŵerengero cha Ahutu cha 6,467,958. Kuphatikiza apo, monga Davenport ndi Stam akunenera mu awo Miller-McCune IBUKA inanena kuti "Atutsi pafupifupi 300,000 anapulumuka kuphedwa kwa 1994," zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "mwa anthu 800,000 mpaka 1 miliyoni omwe amakhulupirira kuti anaphedwa panthawiyo, oposa theka anali Ahutu."25] M’chenicheni, kuli kothekera kwambiri kuti oposa theka la awo amene anaphedwa mu Rwanda mkati mwa nyengo ya April-July 1994 anali Ahutu; ndipo ndithudi RPF italanda mphamvu za boma mu July, imfa za Ahutu mkati mwa Rwanda ndipo kenako DRC inapitirizabe mosalekeza kwa zaka khumi ndi theka.
Kumaliza Zolemba
Pali kupitiriza kwakukulu mu ndondomeko ya US mu Third World, ndipo sizosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake mkulu wa Bill Clinton adapeza wakupha wamkulu Suharto "munthu wamtundu wathu" mu 1995, ndipo Suharto adalandira chithandizo chokhazikika cha US kwa zaka 33, kudzera mu maulamuliro a Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, ndi Clinton, mpaka kugwa kwake. Panthawi yamavuto a ndalama za ku Asia mu 1998. Posachedwapa, kuyambira 1990 mpaka lero, Paul Kagame, wopha anthu wankhanza kwambiri, wapeza thandizo kuchokera kwa George Bush woyamba, Bill Clinton, wachiwiri George Bush, ndipo tsopano. Barack Obama (yemwe Wachiwiri kwa Secretary Secretary of State anali asanayang'ane zolemba za UN Report za kupha anthu ambiri a Kagame ku DRC). Ndizosangalatsa, komanso, kuwona atolankhani akuchitira "mtundu wathu" waposachedwa kwambiri, ndi owolowa manja New Yorker's Philip Gourevitch ngakhale kufanizitsa Kagame ndi Abe Lincoln (m'buku lake la 1998 Tikufuna kukudziwitsani kuti mawa tiphedwa limodzi ndi mabanja athu), ndi Stephen Kinzer akufalitsa mbiri ya wothandizila wakupha wa mphamvu yaku US (Mapiri Chikwi: Kubadwanso Kwatsopano kwa Rwanda ndi Munthu Amene Anazilota [2008].
Lipoti lodziwika bwino la UN komanso kulengeza koyipa komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha chisankho chabodza cha Kagame mu Ogasiti 2010 zitha kutsegulira anthu ambiri kuwunika moona mtima kwa wakupha anthu ambiri omwe amathandizidwa ndi US. Koma sichinthu chotsimikizika, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa ntchito yake ku mphamvu za US ku Africa, ndikupatsidwa kudzipereka kwakukulu kwa bungwe la US ku nkhani yomwe kwa zaka zambiri yateteza komanso kuyeretsa "munthu amene amalota."
[ Edward S. Herman ndi David Peterson ndi olemba anzawo a Ndale za Kupha Anthu, lofalitsidwa mu 2010 ndi Monthly Review Press. ]
Edward S. Herman ndi David Peterson, "Paul Kagame: 'Our Kind of Guy'," Z Magazine, Okutobala, 2010.
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