Kukana Kuphedwa kwa Genocide ndi Kuthandizira Kupha Anthu:
Gerald Caplan ndi Ndale za Kupha Anthu
Edward S. Herman ndi David Peterson
Mu June 17 "kuwunika" kwa bukhu lathu Politics of Genocide, chifukwa Pambazuka News,[1] Gerald Caplan, wolemba waku Canada yemwe wa Kigali New Times akufotokozedwa ngati "ulamuliro wotsogola pa Kuphedwa kwa Genocide ndi kupewa kwake,"[2] ikunena kwambiri za gawo lomwe timapereka ku Rwanda ndi Democratic Republic of Congo.3] Caplan sanena chilichonse chokhudza bukhu lonselo: Palibe chilichonse chokhudza kusanthula komwe timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yonseyi, palibe chilichonse chokhudza kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe timafotokoza za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mawu oti 'kupha anthu' m'malo owonetserako zisudzo zosiyanasiyana komwe nkhanza zachitika, palibe chilichonse chokhudza zathu. zotsutsa za "udindo woteteza" chiphunzitso ndi International Criminal Court, ndipo pafupifupi chilichonse chokhudza mikangano ina yambiri yomwe imatsimikiziranso malingaliro athu.4] M'malo mwake, Caplan amagwiritsa ntchito "kuwunika" kwake kuti adziwe malo omwe adapha anthu ambiri omwe amadziwika kuti "kuphedwa kwamtundu wa Rwanda," monama akukana kuti dziko la United States likuchitapo kanthu pa zoopsa zomwe zikuchitika ku Rwanda ndi DRC kuyambira 1990 mpaka pano. , ndi kunena mwachipongwe aliyense amene sakugwirizana naye kuti ndi "wotsutsa kupha anthu" komanso "wamisala." Caplan amateteza ngakhale utsogoleri wankhanza wa Paul Kagame, kuphatikiza kuletsa kwa Kagame zisankho zaulere komanso kulankhula mwaufulu. Zonsezi, tikukhulupirira, zimapangitsa Caplan osati a wotsutsa kupha anthu, koma pamene akuthandizira kusokoneza maganizo pa kupha anthu ambiri a Kagame ndi kulanda katundu ku DRC, a wotsogolera kupha anthu komanso.
Caplan ngati Wowunika Mabuku
Caplan ndi wobwereza mosasamala. Amatiimba mlandu chifukwa chonyalanyaza kutchula mndandanda wautali wa olemba 45 ("Kupatulapo [Alison] Des Forges, kuphatikizapo Linda Melvern, ... Timatchula, anayi motsimikiza: Gรฉrard Prunier pa nkhani ya Gersony ku Rwanda, Fergal Keane pa lipoti la Bruguiรจre, ndi Alex de Waal ndi Mahmood Mamdani pa mikangano ya ku Darfur kumadzulo kwa Sudan. Wachisanu ndi wachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi William Schabas ndi Philip Gourevitch, onse Rwanda, osati motsimikiza. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri, Ingvar Carlsson, timamutchula podutsa.
(Katswiri wina pamndandanda wa Caplan yemwe sitinatchule m'buku lathu koma okondwa kutchula apa ndi Renรฉ Lemarchand. M'kalata yaposachedwa yopita kwa Pambazuka News podzutsa chikaikiro ponena za โumboni wotsimikizirika wa Caplan popereka ndemanga pa ubwino wa lipoti la Mutsinziโ [kuti tipeze chithandizo cha zimenezi, onani mโmunsimu], Lemarchand akulemba kuti โzabodza zoperekedwa ndi [Caplan] ndizokwanira kuyika chikaikiro champhamvu pa [lipoti la Mutsinzi. ] zoona."[5])
Zowonadi, Caplan samagwirizana ndi zomwe adalemba kale, kuphatikiza ntchito imodzi yomwe akuwoneka kuti amanyadira kwambiri: Lipoti la 2000 m'malo mwa Organisation of African Unity, lotchedwa. Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide.[6]
Caplan akutidzudzula chifukwa chotsutsa kuti Rwandan Patriotic Front "1990 kuwukira kwa Rwanda kuchokera uganda sizidachitika ndi anthu a ku Rwanda koma ndi asilikali a Uganda pansi pa Pulezidenti Museveni wa Uganda, RPF ndi 'phiko la asilikali a Uganda'.7] Iye akuwonjezera kuti "Palibe gwero lomwe laperekedwa lachidziwitso ichi, chomwe chimatsutsana pafupifupi mbiri ina yonse ya kuukira." Koma zoona zake zilipo ambiri magwero otsimikizira izi-ndi chimodzi mwa iwo ndi Caplan mwiniwake. Choncho mu zake Lipoti la OAU, Caplan analemba kuti pa "October 1, 1990, ... Paul Kagame, omudde omukulu wโomukulu wโobugambi bwa Museveniโฆ.โ "Uganda wa Museveni ndi kumene kunabadwira RPF," Caplan adanenanso mu lipoti lomwelo, "ndipo boma lake linapitirizabe kuchirikiza [RPF] pamene likulimbana ndi chipambano ...."[8] Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, zonena za Caplan zikupita bwino kuposa zathu ponena kuti RPF ndi yochokera ku gulu lankhondo la Uganda. Koma liti we kutsimikizira izi, Caplan akutiimba mlandu "kulembanso modabwitsa kwa mbiri yakale."
Mofananamo, Caplan amatinyoza chifukwa chonena kuti ntchito ya ku Rwanda ndi a US wofufuza Robert Gersony mu 1994 ndi wa "gulu lonse la kafukufuku wofunikira koma woponderezedwa"[9]โ"M'chenicheni," akutero Caplan, "zotchedwa kafukufuku woponderezedwa ndi Gersony zakhala zodziwika bwino kwa zaka zambiri." Koma tikayang'ananso pa lipoti la Caplan la 2000 la OAU, tikupeza Caplan akulemba kuti gulu la Gersony "mwachiwonekere linasonkhanitsa umboni wokhutiritsa wa kuphana kochitika mwadongosolo ndi RPF; Komabe, UN, pazifukwa zomwe sizinalengezedwe, adaganiza zothetsa vutoli. kuponderezana zambiriโฆ.Gersony adauzidwa kuti asalembe lipoti lililonse ndipo iye ndi gulu lake adalangizidwa kuti asalankhule ndi aliyense za ntchito yawoโฆ."10]
Chifukwa chiyani Caplan angativutitse pazomwe timalemba za chiyambi cha RPF monga "phiko la asilikali a Uganda," komanso "kuponderezedwa" kwa kafukufuku wa Gersony pa kuphedwa kwa RPF, pamene zaka khumi ndi chimodzi zapitazo, izi ndi zomwe Caplan mwiniwakeyo anali. kulemba, ndi funso lochititsa chidwi.
Caplan's Versus the Alternative View of Rwanda Genocide
Yankho, tikukhulupirira, kuti cholinga chenicheni Caplan polemba za Ndale za Kupha Anthu ndikungonyoza chifukwa chokana chipani chomwe Caplan adadzipangira mbiri yake. M'mawu a Caplan, gulu lachipanichi likunena kuti "Kusaina pangano la Arusha mu 1993 kunatsimikizira kuti a Hutu Power ali ndi vuto lochita zinthu monyanyiraโฆ.Isanafike 8:30 pm pa Epulo 6, 1994, ndege yonyamula Purezidenti Habyarimanaโฆ kuwulutsidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Logic imati chigamulochi chinakonzedwa ndi zigawenga zachihutu, powopa kuti pulezidenti wawagulitsaโฆ.Mโmasiku 100 otsatira, mโchiwembu chomwe chinakonzedwa mosamalitsa kuchokera pamwamba pa ulamuliro wa Ahutu a ku Rwanda, pafupifupi 600,000 ndipo mwina pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi. Atutsi anaphedwaโฆ."11]
Mutu wotsutsana wa gawo lofunikira la bukhu lathu ukunena kuti "magawo onse akuluakulu a Kumadzulo adameza nkhani zabodza ku Rwanda zomwe zidapangitsa kuti olakwira komanso ozunzidwa,"[12] ndi Atutsi Paul Kagame ndi gulu lake lankhondo la Chitutsi, RPF, omwe adayambitsa komanso omwe adayambitsa kupha anthu ambiri mu 1994, ndikugonjera zonse pakulanda mphamvu za boma ku Rwanda. Zotsatira za dongosololi zikuphatikiza kufa miliyoni imodzi kapena kupitilira apo ku Rwanda, mamiliyoni angapo ku DRC, mwina vuto lalikulu kwambiri la anthu padziko lapansi pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi - komanso ulamuliro wankhanza wozikika bwino kwambiri womwe ukukondwerera chaka chake cha 16. mphamvu, kukonzekeranso kupanga chisankho chabodza mu Ogasiti 2010 kuti chipikisane ndi chomwe chidapanga zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, zipani zotsutsa za Hutu ndi ofuna kupikisana nawo adaletsedwa kupikisana ndi omwe adayimilirayo, komanso kupambana kwa Kagame motsimikizika. (Kagame adapatsidwa 95 peresenti ya mavoti omwe adanenedwa mu 2003.) Koma monga nkhani yathu ya izi kwenikweni ndi zikupitilirabe kupha anthu ku Central Africa Nyanja Yaikulu chigawo sichikuvomerezeka kwa wopepesa wa Kagame, Caplan akutiukira popanda zoletsa.
Caplan's Versus the Alternative Analysis of "Choyambitsa Choyambitsa" cha Kuphedwa kwa Mitundu Yambiri.
Vuto limodzi lalikulu la Caplan ndi gulu lomwe limalimbikitsa Kagame-as-Savior Party-line13] ndi umboni paudindo wa kuwombera kwa Epulo 6, 1994 kwa ndege ya Falcon-50 yomwe idanyamula Purezidenti Wachihutu wa Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, pulezidenti wachihutu wa Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, ndi ena khumi. Ambiri omwe amawona - kuphatikizapo Caplan - amavomereza kuti ichi chinali "chochitika choyambitsa" kapena "choyambitsa mwamsanga" cha kupha anthu ambiri komwe kunatsatira. Za Caplan Et al., kuphedwa kwa Habyarimana kunachitika ndi "Ahutu ochita zinthu monyanyira," koma sikuti palibe umboni wotsimikizirika wonena izi, pali umboni wochuluka wosonyeza kuti kuwomberako kunakonzedwa ndi Kagame.
Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1996, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) idafufuza za kuphedwa kwake, ndipo wofufuza wamkulu pa nthawiyo, loya waku Australia Michael Hourigan, adapereka umboni wa ICTR wamkulu wa ICTR Louise Arbor umboni woti Kagame ndi RPF yake ndi omwe adayambitsa. za izo.14] Arbour, mwachiwonekere atakambirana ndi akuluakulu a US, adathetsa mwamsanga kufufuza, ponena kuti udindo wakuphayo unali kunja kwa ICTR. Izi zinali zabodza, chifukwa udindo wa ICTR ukukhudza zomwe zikuchitika ku Rwanda kuyambira pa Januware 1 mpaka Disembala 31, 1994;[15] koma kutsutsa kwa Arbour kufufuzidwako kunali kogwirizana ndi ntchito yomwe adakhala nayo kwa nthawi yayitali ku mphamvu za US, pankhondo yake yolimbana ndi Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, komanso kuthandizira ndi kuteteza boma la Kagame.16] Monga Hourigan adauza nyuzipepala ya Danish Berlingske Tidende mu 2006, "Nthawi yokha yomwe wozenga milandu [Arbour] adanena kuti sizinali mu [ICTR] ndi pomwe ndidatsutsa Kagame."17]
Caplan akufotokoza za gawo la Arbour-Hourigan ponena kuti mboni za Hourigan zinali "asilikali a RPF osokonekera," omwe pambuyo pake adasiya umboni wawo. Koma Hourigan anali wofufuza wodziwa bwino yemwe amatha kuwunika umboni wa umboni. Kuphatikiza apo, izi sizikufotokoza chifukwa chake Woimira Boma wamkulu Arbor adasiya nkhaniyi koyambirira kwa 1997, kale mboni isanatsutse. Komanso sizikulongosola chifukwa chake ICTR sinayambenso kufufuza za "chochitika" ichi m'zaka 13 kuchokera pamenepo - pokhapokha chifukwa chakuti umboni wodalirika umasonyeza Kagame ndi RPF.
Kufufuza kwa woweruza wotsutsana ndi uchigawenga ku France Jean-Louis Bruguiรจre pazochitika izi adatsimikiza kuti Kagame. anafunika "kuchotsedwa mwakuthupi" kwa Habyarimana kuti alande mphamvu za boma mkati mwa Rwanda chisankho chadziko chomwe chinayitanidwa ndi Arusha Accords,[18] zisankho zomwe Kagame ndithudi akanalephera, chifukwa chakuti ochepa chabe a Tutsi anali ochuluka kwambiri ndi Ahutu ambiri. Bruguiรจre adanenanso kuti RPF yokhayokha Rwanda mu 1994 anali gulu lankhondo lokonzekera bwino, ndipo anali okonzeka kumenya. Ndipo RPF yofooka pandale koma yamphamvu yankhondo motsogozedwa ndi Kagame idagunda, ndikuyambiranso kuukira boma. Rwanda nthawi yomweyo kuphedwa kwa Habyarimana. Pasanathe masiku 100, Kagame-RPF idalamulira Rwanda. Polingalira kuti kuwombera pansi kunali pakati pa dongosolo lalikulu la Mphamvu za Hutu ndi kupha fuko, izi zikanafuna chozizwitsa cha kusakhoza kwa Hutu; koma zikanakhala zomveka ngati zitachitidwa ndi mphamvu ya Kagame ngati gawo la awo anakonza pulogalamu yolanda mphamvu za boma.
Palinso mfundo yoti RPF idayambitsa chiwembu chomaliza ku boma la Rwanda pasanathe maola awiri chiwembucho,[19] zimene zimasonyeza chidziลตitso chamโmbuyo limodzi ndi mapulani ndi gulu lokonzekera kuchitapo kanthu, pamene kuli kwakuti olinganiza Ahutu mโmamangidwe anthano a Caplan akuwoneka kuti anali osalinganizika, opambanitsa, ndi opambanitsa mwamsanga. Allan Stam, katswiri waku Rwanda komanso yemwe anali mkulu wa gulu lankhondo la US Special Forces, adanenanso za momwe asitikali a RPF a Kagame adayendera pambuyo pa Epulo 6, 1994 "ndizodabwitsa ngati kuukira kwa United States ku Iraq mu 1991," zomwe akutanthauza Kagame. mwina adaphunzira pokhala ku Fort Leavenworth.20] Caplan ndithudi amanyoza zizindikiro za Stam, ndipo amadziyesa kuti "sadziwa kuti izi zikutanthauza chiyani." Koma Caplan samalongosola konse momwe anthu omwe amati akukonzekera za chiwembu cha 1994 adathamangitsidwa mwachangu, pomwe a Kagame-RPF omwe adathandizidwa ndi US komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino adawathamangitsa.
Ngakhale Kagame amayendetsa dziko lachiwawa, ndipo boma lake lamanga, kuthamangitsidwa ku ukapolo, ndikupha anthu otsutsa kunyumba ndi kunja, Caplan samakayikira kukhulupilika kwa mboni zomwe akuganiza kuti akutsutsa mlandu wa Hourigan kapena kupanga mboni zatsopano. zomwe zimathandizira mzere wa Kagame (ndi Caplan). Caplan amapezanso zotsatira za 2009 zomwe zimatchedwa Independent Committee of Experts (ie, Report Mutsinzi[21]) kuti Kagame adasankhidwa kuti afufuze za kuphedwa kwake kuti "akopeke kwambiri," monga iwo (osanena) "akudzudzula gulu la zigawenga zachihutu zomwe sizinali okonzeka kuvomereza kugawana mphamvu za Mapangano a Arusha." Zofanana ndi Caplan, akuwonjezera kuti "okana kupha anthu, achihutu ochita zinthu monyanyira komanso odana ndi Kagame" angakane zomwe ofufuza adasankhidwa ndi Kagame.22] Koma izi ndi zinanso mawu a wopepesera wa Kagame, ndipo amatilola kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake nyuzipepala ya Kigali yolangidwa monga Nthawi Yatsopano anganene kuti Caplan ndi "wotsogolera pakuphedwa kwa Genocide ndi kupewa kwake."
Ena mwa "otsutsa kuphedwa kwa anthu" komanso "odana ndi Kagame" omwe amawona kuti lipoti la Mutsinzi silingakhudzidwe konse ndi Renรฉ Lemarchand, katswiri wodziwika bwino pa maphunziro. Rwanda, ndi Luc Marchal, wamkulu wakale wa Kigali Sector ya UNAMIR (yemwe anali kugwira ntchito ku Kigali mu April 1994). Lemarchand apeza kumvetsetsa kwa Caplan pa kugawidwa kwa phindu la mgwirizano wa Arusha moyipa - Arusha inali osati "Chigonjetso chachikulu" cha RPF, akulemba, popeza idapatsa maphwando achihutu "ochuluka kwambiri," komanso momwe kuwombera kwa ndege ya Habyarimana "kunagwirira ntchito kwambiri" kwa achihutu ochita zinthu monyanyira ndi lingaliro lomwe "likuthawa m'manja mwanga. โ[23] Luc Marchal's "Analysis of the Mutzinzi Report" ndi "Analysis of the Mutzinzi Report" ndi zowononga, kusonyeza motsimikiza komanso mwatsatanetsatane kusowa kwa ufulu wodziimira komanso luso lochepa la otchedwa "Komiti Yodziimira ya Akatswiri," komanso kuti Komiti "imasonyeza kuti akuluakulu a boma amavomereza. ku Rwanda pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa fuko kunalibe kanthu kochita ndi kuukira kwa 6 April 1994, "zomwe zimapatsa funso lofunika kwambiri ndikuwonetsa Komiti "yolimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro." Ndipo kusanthula kwa Marchal kumafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kusankha kwa mboni mosakondera kwa Komiti komanso kasamalidwe koyipa ka Komiti. โUmboni.โ Zinali "zojambula zofufuza, zomwe zinalembedwa kale," "cholinga chokhacho chinali kusonyeza kusalakwa kwathunthu kwa RPF ndi Machiavellian olakwa a Ahutu Oopsa."[24] Palibe katswiri wamaphunziro kapena mtolankhani wowona mtima akadatengera Lipoti la Mutsinzi mozama, koma Gerald Caplan amatero.
Caplan Akuchepetsa Udindo wa US ku Central Africa
Caplan amatsutsa zoyesayesa zathu kuwonetsa gawo lofunika kwambiri la US mfundo za kukwera kwa ulamuliro kwa Kagame, kulanda dziko la Rwanda, ndi kupha anthu ambiri komwe kunachitika. Caplan amachita izi mwachiyankhulo chotukwana ("chiwembu chodziwika bwino cha ku America," "obsessive anti-Americanism") ndi mawu achipongwe ("popeza zikwizikwi za maofesala ochokera kumaiko padziko lonse lapansi adutsamo Fort Leavenworth [monga momwe anachitira Kagame], mungaganize kuti zikwizikwi zakuwukira kwakukulu komwe angabwerere kwawo ndikuyimba zitha kudziwika padziko lonse lapansi kuposa momwe zilili"). Koma makamaka amachita izo popondereza umboni ndi kulephera kulumikiza zinthu pamodzi. Monga tafotokozera, timanena kuti Kagame adalandira malangizo pa US asilikali mu Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Caplan akuti kukhala komweko kwa Kagame kunali "kwachidule kwambiri" komanso kuti "sizinali chinsinsi." Kodi Caplan angaone kuti zilibe tanthauzo pandale ngati sikunali "chinsinsi" kuti wachinyamata waku Canada amakhala kumsasa wa Al Qaeda ku Afghanistan ngakhale kwa kanthawi kochepa kwambiri?
Chofunika kwambiri, Caplan samamanga za Kagame Fort Leavenworth khalani pagulu lalikulu la machitidwe ena othandizira ndi maubwenzi. The United States anali wogulitsa zida kwa nthawi yayitali uganda ndi RPF, ndipo sichinachite kalikonse mu Security Council kapena mwanjira ina kusokoneza kuwukira kwa Uganda-RPF. Rwanda mu October 1990. (Timatchulanso wakale Wothandizira Secretary Secretary of State Herman Cohen, yemwe adadabwa chifukwa chake boma la Bush loyamba silinadziwitse Purezidenti wa Uganda Museveni kuti kuwukira kwa Rwanda ndi ankhondo ovala yunifolomu a ku Uganda zinali zosavomerezeka ...."[25]) Caplan amanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti mapangano a Arusha[26] wa Ogasiti 1993 adakakamiza boma la Rwanda kuti lilole gulu lankhondo la RPF kulowa mu Rwanda ndikuchita nawo (ndi kusokoneza) boma, ndipo akulephera kuwona kuti thandizo la US pakuchepetsa magulu ankhondo a UNAMIR mu Epulo 1994 sizinali choncho. cholakwika chatsoka kapena chosasamala, koma chogwirizana ndi mfundo za US zowongolera kugonjetsa kwa Kagame. Boma la Rwanda linkafuna asilikali ambiri a UN, ndipo timatchula kazembe wa UN wa Rwanda Jean-Damascรจne Bizimana, yemwe pa April 21, 1994 anauza bungwe la Security Council kuti "powona momwe chitetezo chilili tsopano ku Rwanda, mamembala a UNAMIR ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti athe kuti zithandize kuyambiranso kuleka kumenyana ndi kuthandizira kukhazikitsa chitetezo chomwe chingathetse chiwawa."27] Koma a Paul Kagame sanafunenso asitikali a UN. Choncho, a United States sanateronso. Zotsatira zake, Security Council idachepetsa kwambiri asitikali a UNAMIR-ndizovuta kugwirizanitsa ndi nkhani yodziwika kuti malo omwe ali ndiudindo wamasiku 100 akupha amakhala ndi "Hutu Power" (ndi akupha) ndi mapulani awo ophera fuko.
Caplan amalankhula zambiri zolengeza zachisoni ndi mamembala apamwamba a Clinton Administration, amene"Mwamanyazi anavomera kuti anasiya Atutsi,โ iye analemba motero, ndipo โndikuona kuti mwina chinali chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri panthaลตi imene anakhala paudindo.โ Koma mawu a Kunong'oneza bondo ndikotsika mtengo ndipo kumatha kubisa malingaliro owoneka ngati akunyalanyazidwa omwe ali ndi cholinga. (Clinton ankadziลตika chifukwa cha โkuwawaโ kwake kwachifundo pa masautso amene anabweretsa.28]) Caplan akulephera kunena kuti Kagame ndi RPF yake sanafune kulowererapo kulikonse komwe kungasokoneze malingaliro awo ogwetsa boma la Rwanda, kotero kuti zomwe amatcha "kusiya Atutsi" sizinachitikepo - maboma anayi motsatizana a US athandizira Kagame. ndi Atutsi, chifukwa chake kupha anthu ambiri pansi pake, kuyambira kuukira kwa RPF ku Rwanda mu 1990 mpaka kugonjetsa kwawo kwa masiku 100 mu 1994, mpaka pano. M'malo mwake, "kusiya anthu amtundu wa Tutsi" ndi njira yopepesa chifukwa cha mfundo zenizeni za US zochirikiza Kagame ndi kuwombera ndi kugonjetsa kwake - amaletsa "kupha anthu" ndipo United States ikadalowererapo mwamphamvu kuti ithandizire mtsogoleriyu. "kupulumutsa" Rwanda kuchokera kwa Ahutu genocidaires!
Mwachidule, oyang'anira Clinton adawona kutayika kwakukulu kwa moyo kuyambira Epulo mpaka Julayi 1994 ndi kupitilira mu Rwanda ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo kukhala "koyenera," m'mawu omwe Madeleine Albright adagwiritsa ntchito poyankha funso la "theka la miliyoni" Ana akufa aku Iraq ochokera ku US "zilango zowononga anthu ambiri."[29] Monga Mlembi Wothandizira wa State for African Affairs (yemwe tsopano ndi kazembe wa United States ku United Nations) Susan Rice akuti adauza anzawo atapita ku Central Africa mochedwa. Clinton's second term: "Museveni ndi Kagame avomereza kuti vuto lalikulu mu Nyanja Yaikulu ndiye ngozi ya kuyambiranso kwa kuphana ndipo amadziwa momwe angathanirane ndi izi. Chokhacho chomwe tiyenera kuchita ndikuyang'ana mbali ina. โ30] Yang'anani mbali ina- nthawi yayitali US kuyankha ku chiyani Ndale za Kupha Anthu timatcha "benign" kupha magazi, benign chifukwa chochitidwa ndi US ogwirizana ndi makasitomala, ndi kutumikira US zokonda. Osatchulidwa mu "kuwunika" kwa Caplan m'buku lathu, koma tiyenera kutsindika apa, tapeza kuti kusiyana kwakukulu kulipo pakati pa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amafa (5.4 miliyoni) ndi "kuphedwa" (17) kupha ku Democratic Republic of Congo. kuposa m'bwalo lina lililonse lankhanza lomwe tidafufuza. Pamodzi ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa moyo komwe anthu aku Iraq adakumana nawo koyamba panthawi ya ulamuliro wa US-UK (1990-2003) kenako nkhondo ya US-UK yankhanza ndi ntchito zankhondo (2003-), komanso kangapo kukhazikitsidwa kwa media ndi Anzeru adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'kupha anthu' powafotokoza, tikukayika kuti zitsanzo zitatu zabwino kwambiri za ndale zakupha anthu zimapezeka m'dziko lamasiku ano.31]
Caplan Amayendetsa Rwanda manambala
Caplan amanyoza "chiwerengero chochititsa chidwi" cha Christian Davenport ndi Allan Stam chakuti anthu miliyoni imodzi anafa kuyambira April mpaka July 1994, ndi kuti "ambiri mwa ozunzidwa ayenera kukhala Ahutu osati Atutsi." "Njira zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zifike ku mawu a Orwellian sizinavomerezedwe konse," Caplan akuwonjezera. Koma ngakhale njira ya Davenport - Stam sinayambe yanyozedwa, ndi Ndale za Kupha Anthu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito yawo, [32] Ziwerengero zomwe Caplan amakonda komanso ntchito za ozunzidwa, kutengera njira zosazindikirika, zakhala zikukhazikitsidwa kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo Caplan amatha kubwereza pafupipafupi popanda kuwopa kutsutsidwa.
M'nkhani yawo ya 2009 ya Miller - McCune, Davenport ndipo Stam adanena za "zodabwitsa kwambiri zotsatira" za kafukufuku wawo: "Kuphana m'madera olamulidwa ndi FAR [ie, Armed Forces of Rwanda] kunkawoneka kuti kukukulirakulira pamene RPF inasamukira m'dzikoli ndikupeza gawo lina. Pamene RPF inapita patsogolo, kuphana kwakukulu kunakula. Pamene RPF inasiya, kupha anthu ambiri kunachepa kwambiri."[33] Tikamakumbukira zotsutsa-mutu wa mankhwala athu Rwanda, kuti zonse "zovomerezeka zovomerezeka" zotetezedwa ndi Caplan ndi zina zonse za maphunziro "za serious" amatembenuza wolakwa ndi wozunzidwayo mozondoka, manthawo amatha nthawi yomweyo. Monga "gulu lankhondo lokhalo lokonzekera bwino lomwe mkati mwake Rwanda mu 1994,โ pamene RPF inkapita patsogolo, anthu a ku Rwanda ambiri ankafa; ndipo pamene RPF inasiya kupita patsogolo, anthu a ku Rwanda ochepa ankafa.
Kwa Caplan, komabe, monga momwe mutu wina wagawo umanenera, tikungotenga "Hutu genocidaires" ndi kuwasandutsa "anthu akufa a Hutu." Izi sizili choncho. Koma monga momwe Caplan mwiniwake akunenera kuti "chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha akatswiri a Tutsi omwe anaphedwa m'masiku 100 ndi 500,000 - 600,000," ndi ena (kuphatikiza Caplan) omwe "amakhulupirira kuti akhoza kukhala pafupi ndi milioni," kukayikira chitsanzo cha "Rwanda kupha anthuโ sikungapeweke. Sizikanakhala zodabwitsa kuti asilikali a Kagame a Tutsi agonjetse Rwanda mโmasiku 100, komabe chiลตerengero cha anthu oลตerengeka a Tutsi amene amafa nโchachikulu kuposa chiลตerengero cha Ahutu ochuluka omwe amafa ndi chiลตerengero cha chinachake chonga atatu kwa mmodzi? Zowonadi ndiye tikuyenera kuwerengera Rwanda 1994 ngati yokhayo dziko m'mbiri yomwe anthu omwe adaphedwa ndi fuko adapambana omwe adawapha, ndikuchotsa gawo lonselo "genocidaires" nthawi yomweyo. Ngati a prima facie Mlandu unalipo chifukwa chokayikira nzeru zonse za "akatswiri, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, [ndi] atolankhani" omwe malingaliro awo amalemekeza, tikuwapeza pano, ndi anthu omwe amati ndi Achihutu omwe adawazunza ndikuthawa kuti apulumutse miyoyo yawo m'maiko oyandikana nawo, komanso a Tutsi omwe akuti. ozunzidwa ndi ulamuliro wonse.
Caplan amavomereza kuti Atutsi anapha Ahutu, koma akulephera kutchula mawu athu a chikumbutso kwa Ahutu. Mlembi wa US State kuyambira September 1994 kuti โanthu wamba Achihutu 10,000 kapena kuposerapo pamweziโ anali kuphedwa ndi magulu a Atutsi. Ndiwo anthu wamba ambiri pamwezi-ndipo kuphana kumeneku kunapitirira mpaka 1995 ndi kupitirira apo, pamene onse othawa kwawo a Hutu a ku Rwanda ndi Ahutu a ku Kongo omwe amakhala kale kummawa kwa Zaire adakhala chandamale cha RPF kudutsa malire. Koma memorandum ya Dipatimenti Yabomayi sinawonetsedwe poyera (kupatula ngati gawo lachitetezo ku ICTR), ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake sizinakhudze ngakhale pang'ono thandizo la Clinton la opha a RPF, omwe anali otanganidwa kuntchito kum'mawa kwa DRC. nthawi yomweyo Purezidenti Bill Clinton adapereka chikhululukiro chake chachinyengo koma chosangalalira ku Rwanda. Chodabwitsanso, ICTR sinazengereze munthu wa Tutsi m'modzi aliyense upandu umene uli mkati mwa ulamuliro wake. Izi zikutiuza zambiri za ntchito yeniyeni yomwe ICTR idachita poteteza RPF kuti asamalangidwe, kuphatikiza momwe amachitira umboni wa Hourigan ndi "chochitika choyambitsa" -pamene akuyesetsa mosalekeza zolinga zake. pakuti Caplan, udindo uwu umatengedwa ngati woperekedwa ndipo mwina wolungama.
Caplan pa Udindo wa 1993 Human Rights Commission
Caplan amatsutsa ndemanga zathu za 1993 Bungwe la International Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights Abuses mu Rwanda. Koma sanatchule kapena kufotokoza mwachidule nkhani yomwe timapanga: kuti bungweli lidachita nawo a destabilization ndi kampeni-kusintha boma momwe kuwonekera ndi zoneneza-propaganda za United States ndipo mabungwe ambiri omwe siaboma omwe amakhamukira kumbali yake adalunjika ku boma la Habyarimana. Ngakhale dzina lake, the Kufufuza kwenikweni kwa bungweli sikunali kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu mkati Rwanda, koma m'malo mophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe womwe boma la Rwanda, amene dziko lawo lakhala likuukiridwa ndi gulu lankhondo la RPF kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri ndi theka. Monga momwe wapampando wa bungweli Alison Des Forges adawonera (ndipo timagwira mawu), kutulutsidwa kwa lipoti la Commission pa Marichi 8, 1993 "kunayika waku Rwanda [Sic] kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe pamaso pa mayiko"[34]-ndiko kuti, zidapangitsa kuti boma la Habyarimana likuzunzidwa pamaso pa "padziko lonse lapansi," kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa RPF komwe sikunatchulidwe.
Tikuwonetsanso kuti William Schabas, membala wa bungweli ku Canada, adatulutsa lipoti la atolankhani mogwirizana ndi lipoti la bungweli lomwe linali ndi mutu wakuti, "Genocide and War Crimes in. Rwanda." ("[G] enocide ndi," Caplan analemba kwinakwake, "upandu wa milandu.") Kutchula Ndale za Kupha Anthu: "[W]Chifukwa cha zomwe adapeza potsutsana ndi boma la Habyarimana, ntchito ya bungweli idapereka mwayi kwa boma la Rwanda ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gulu lankhondo la RPF liyenera kukhala lovomerezeka. Pomwe RPF idagwiritsa ntchito mwachangu zomwe komitiyi idanena kuti ilungamitse kupha kwatsopano, tikukhulupirira kuti mlanduwu ukhoza kupangidwa kuti lipotiliโฆanali kulemba kupha anthu ambiri kuti atsatire ...."35] Zowona, Caplan mwina sangamvetse mfundo yathu kapena, poimvetsetsa bwino, angakane ndipo motero angakonde kusokoneza madzi ozungulira. Koma mfundo yomwe timanena pazachida chakunja choyang'ana kwambiri kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu komwe kumachitidwa ndi cholinga cha US kusokoneza komanso kusintha kwaulamuliro, ngakhale kunyalanyaza nkhanza za magulu ankhondo omwe akuwuukira, n'zosadabwitsa, ndipo sitinganene kuti akunena "chiwembu chachikulu cha America mu Rwanda."
Caplan's Accommodation to Violations of Freedom of Speech
Caplan sapeza vuto lalikulu ndi malamulo a Kagame omwe amaletsa "kukana kupha anthu" komanso milandu yambiri yofananira, [36] malamulo omwe amalola kuti munthu amene amateteza ndale zomwe Kagame akuimbidwa kuti amalimbikitsa "nkhani zopha anthu" kuti aziimbidwa milandu yofanana ndendende. Loya waku US Peter Erlinder adamangidwa chifukwa cha malamulowa kumapeto kwa Meyi, atakwera ndege kupita ku Kigali kuti akateteze Victoire Ingabire Umhoza, mtsogoleri wa chipani cha United Democratic Forces - Inkingi, yemwe adamangidwa pa "kupha anthu. kukana" milandu mu Epulo.37] Caplan adalungamitsa kumangidwa kwa Erlinder chifukwa Erlinder adalowa ku Rwanda ndi chidziwitso chonse kuti anali ndi mlandu "wofunsa za zochitika za Kagame," m'mawu a Erlinder.38] Caplan amanyalanyaza mfundo yoti malamulo a Kagame okana kuphedwa kwa anthu amtundu uliwonse komanso kumangidwa kwa omwe amamutsutsa komanso otsutsa ndi ntchito yaulamuliro wankhanza, koma Caplan akutsutsa kuti Ingabire ndi Erlinder adabwera - Ingabire chifukwa "adauza atolankhani kuti satero. dziwani ngati Atutsi ambiri kapena Ahutu ochuluka anaphedwaโ mu 1994, ndi Erlinder chifukwa chakuti โkukhalapo [kwake] kuli ngati kukwapula pankhope kwa anthu onse amene anapulumuka kuphako.โ[39] Caplan amadziwonetsa kukhala odzipereka kwathunthu ku mtundu wa mbiri yophatikizidwa RwandaMalamulo a "kukana kupha anthu" ndipo ali wokonzeka kuwawona akutsatiridwa ndi mphamvu za boma.
Erlinder sanakanepo zimenezo nkhanza zazikulu ndi kupha fuko zidachitika Rwanda, ndi kuti chiลตerengero chachikulu cha Atutsi limodzinso ndi Ahutu anaphedwa kumeneko. Komabe, Erlinder amapeza zochitika zoyipazi zomwe zidachitika pakuwukira kwa Kagame RPF ndikulanda mapulogalamu ndi zoyeserera - monga timachitira. Komabe, monga Caplan sangalole ngakhale kukangana pankhaniyi, Erlinder ndi "wotsutsa kupha anthu."
Caplan nayenso amatsutsana ndi zomwe amazitcha za Erlinder "kusakhulupirika kwanzeru." Malinga ndi Caplan, Erlinder, yemwe ndi woyimira pa mlandu wa Mhutu wakale Major Aloys Ntabakuze pamlandu wa Military 1, ali ndi mlandu wonamizira mu Disembala 2008. Chiweruzo pamenepa. Monga Caplan akufotokozera:
m'mawu ake omwe nthawi zambiri amatchula za chiweruzochi Erlinder anaganiza kuti ndi bwino kuphatikizapo mawu otsatirawa kuchokera ku chigamulo: 1. 'Zowonadi, kukonzekera kumeneku [kwa woimbidwa mlandu] kumagwirizana kotheratu ndi ndondomeko yopha anthu.' 2. 'Sizingapatulidwe kuti kampeni yowonjezereka ya ziwawa zotsutsana ndi a Tutsi, motero, inakhala gawo lowonjezera kapena losinthidwa la zokonzekerazi.'
Ziganizo zonse ziwiri zomwe Caplan akupereka manambala 1 ndi 2 zimapezeka mu ndime 2110 ya December 2008. Chiweruzo. Pakati pa ziganizo ziwirizi, pali ziganizo zina ziwiri zomwe Caplan mwiniwake wasiya. Mawu awa akuti: "Komabe, [zokonzekerazi] zimagwirizananso ndi kukonzekera nkhondo yandale kapena yankhondo. Bungweli limakumbukira kuti, likakumana ndi umboni wotsimikizika, likhoza kugamula ngati kuli lingaliro lokhalo lomveka. โ40]
Choncho Caplan wasiya chifukwa chomwe bwalo lamilandu linapereka chifukwa chomasula anthu anayi achihutu omwe akuimbidwa mlandu m'gulu la asilikali 1 pa mlandu waukulu kwambiri womwe angawazengere ku ICTR: Conspiracy to Commit Genocide. Monga boma la RwandaYankho la kuphedwa kwa Habyarimana ndi kuukiranso kwa usilikali ndi RPF kunali kogwirizana ndi "ndondomeko yopha anthu" komanso "nkhondo yandale kapena yankhondo" (chitetezo chotsutsana ndi omaliza), "chiwembu chopha anthu. "Mlanduwu unakanidwa ndi bwalo la milandu. Monga tawonetsera pachiyambi ponena za kusasamala kwake monga wobwereza, apa Caplan amatsutsa mosasamala za Erlinder za "kusaona mtima kwaluntha," pamene Caplan ndi amene ali ndi mlandu.
Kaplan, Rwanda, ndi Media Access
Caplan akufuna kuti owerenga akhulupirire kuti zovuta za "Rwanda kuphedwa kwa anthu" omwe amawayang'anira mwachangu ndi ochepa, kotero kuti palibe amene ali wozama mwaluntha, komanso kuti ndi "mphamvu yayikulu ya intaneti [yomwe] imawapangitsa kuwoneka ngati ali paliponse komanso mwamphamvu." Olemba 45 akuti. "ndikuvomereza kuti panali kuphana komwe kunakonzedwa ndi kuphedwa ndi gulu la atsogoleri achihutu olimbana ndi a Tutsi ochepa ku Rwanda" zitha kuwoneka ngati zazikulu, koma Caplan akuda nkhawa kuti intaneti imakulitsa kwambiri kufikira kwa "okana kupha anthu," komanso amisala monga Erlinder. , Robin Philpot, Christopher Black, Christian Davenport, Allan Stam, ndi Michael Hourigan (osatchula awiri a ife) amasangalala ndi "kunyada kosagwirizana ndi malo."
Kuti tiyese zomwe Caplan adanena za kufalitsa kosagwirizana kwa omwe akuti "okana kupha fuko," tidagwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe ya Factiva kuti tipeze gulu lazofalitsa, ndipo tidapeza kuti Caplan adakhala ndi zolemba zosachepera 22 zokhudzana ndi Rwanda mkati mwa media media, osati Nkhani imodzi yolembedwa ndi aliyense wa otsutsa asanu ndi mmodziwa idapezeka.
Sikuti Caplan mwiniwakeyo amasangalala ndi mwayi wosagwirizana ndi zofalitsa zokhazikitsidwa, koma wagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wake kuti aukire omwe amatchedwa "okana" ndi mayina: Robin Philpot m'nkhani zake zitatu, Christian Davenport mu ziwiri, ndi Michael Hourigan mu ziwiri komanso.41] "Google Rwanda ndipo mwina mungakhale otsutsa okhudzana ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu omwe amawakayikira nthawi zonse," Caplan analemba mu 2009, akudziwonetsa ngati mawu osungulumwa m'chipululu, "French Judge Bruguiere, mkulu wakale wa UN Rwanda Jacques-Roger Booh. -Booh, Robin Philpot, wofufuza wakale wa ku Australia Michael Hourigan, katswiri wamaphunziro wa ku America Christian Davenportโaliyense akutchula anzakewo mosangalala monga umboni wawo wakuti kupha anthu onse amene amati kupha fuko kunalidi chiwembu chachifumu cha ku America.โ[42] Deta ikuwonetsanso kuti Gerald Caplan amayimira molakwika zenizeni.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuti osauka omwe adazunzidwa ndi Caplan samangolamulira "okana" mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa media zaku Western, ali ndi mwayi ndipo amayamikiridwa. Nthawi Yatsopano, nyuzipepala yachingerezi yochokera ku Kigali yomwe ndi yaubwenzi ndipo mwina ikuthandizidwa ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Kagame. Monga taonera kale, pepalalo linanena kuti Caplan ndiye โwotsogolera pa nkhani ya kuphedwa kwa mafuko ndi kupewa kwake.โ Zonsezi zikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko yathu yowunikira: United States imathandizira Kagame, kukhazikitsidwa kwa US ndi Western media support kumayendanso ku Kagame, ndipo Caplan amasangalala ndi mwayi wofalitsa nkhani pamene "otsutsa" akunyozedwa - ndipo zofalitsa za Kagame zimayamikiranso Caplan. Kaya mu Toronto Globe ndi Mail, ndi Toronto Starkapena Kigalis New Times, ndi munthu amene amabwereza zowona zokhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe Rwanda amene mawu ake ali mwamwayi.
Caplan amapanga cholakwika china chachikulu, ponena kuti Rwanda Kupha anthu sikukupatsidwa chisamaliro chochepa Kumadzulo. Owerenga a Ndale za Kupha Anthu adzawona kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa liwu loti "kupha anthu" muzofalitsa zokhazikitsidwa kwakhala kwakukulu kwambiri pamilandu ya Rwanda kuposa bwalo lina lililonse lakupha anthu ambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa - 3,199, poyerekeza ndi 17 okha ku Democratic Republic of Congo, 80 ya nthawi ya "chilango cha chiwonongeko chachikulu" ku Iraq, ndi 13 pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya US-UK ndi kulanda Iraq, zomwe zinachititsa kuti Iraqi afe mochuluka mofanana ndi ku Rwanda 1994.43]
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