George Monbiot ndi Guardian wa London pa
"Kukana Kuphedwa kwa Genocide" ndi "Revisionism"
Edward S. Herman ndi David Peterson
Lachiwiri, June 14, a Guardian of
Poyankha, aliyense wa ife adapereka mipukutu yosiyana kwa a Guardian pofika kumapeto kwa mlungu wotsatira (June 17-19). Koma Guardian adapeza kuti zomwe tatumiza zinali zovuta, ndipo adachedwetsa chigamulo chake chokhudza momwe alili pomwe amayenera kufufuza zowona za zomwe tidalemba - zomwe sizidachitepo pazachiyambi za Monbiot zodzaza ndi zolakwika komanso zosocheretsa kwambiri.
Pofika pa Julayi 5, a Guardian anali atakana mipukutu yathu yonse iwiri.2] Koma, idatipemphanso kuti titumizenso yankho limodzi limodzi, popanda chitsimikizo cha kufalitsa, ndipo idatipempha kuti tizitsatira malire okhwima a mawu 550-kapena theka la kutalika kwa mawu oyamba a Monbiot.
Posakhalitsa tinapereka mpukutu wophatikizika kwa a Guardian ndendende mawu 550; ndipo pa Julayi 20, masabata asanu ndi tsiku atasindikiza choyambirira cha Monbiot, Guardian adafalitsa yankho lalifupi, la mawu 524 pansi pa mayina athu. Koma m'malo mopatsa dzina lomwe lidawonetsa zonena zathu za zolakwika za Monbiot, umbuli, komanso kutchula mayina mwachinyengo, Guardian adapatsa dzina lomwe linali lomveka komanso lodzitchinjiriza: "Sitiri okana kupha anthu."[3]
Ndemanga zosachepera ziwiri zatumizidwa ku Guardian Tsamba latsamba lamayankho lomwe lili pansipa gawo lathu lolemba zofalitsa nkhani waku Canada a Joe Emersberger adapereka maulalo ku mayankho athu oyambilira, omwe tidatumiza ku ZNet. Koma ndemanga za Emersberger zidachotsedwa ndi a Guardianapolisi aluntha, osabwezeretsedwanso; ndemanga ya m'modzi wa ife (Peterson) yomwe idalumikizidwa ndi mayankho omwewa idachotsedwanso. Pambuyo pake, ndemanga yomalizayi inabwezeretsedwa, "mwinamwake poyankha madandaulo a anthu," Media Lens ikukhulupirira.4]
Kumbali inayi, ndemanga yoyamba yolembedwa ndi Guardian atatsegula gawo lake la Mayankho kuti ayankhe pa Julayi 20 adatifunsa kuti: "Ngati mukuti ndinu osati kukana genocide mu
Kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo chake cha Monbiot komanso kulimbikitsa zokambirana za mbali imodzi, a Wopenya (A Guardian's sister paper, yomwe imapezeka Lamlungu kuti igwirizane ndi GuardianLolemba mpaka Loweruka ndondomeko) adasindikiza Nick Cohen's "Kutsika ndi kugwa kwa akatswiri a zidole"[7] masiku atatu kuti yankho lathu liwonekere. Ichi chinali diatribe motsutsana ndi anzeru "odana ndi kumadzulo" (Noam Chomsky, Tariq Ali, Harold Pinter, Arundhati Roy, ndi "wolemba wopusa wotchedwa Diana Johnstone") omwe m'mawu a Cohen "amakhulupirira kuti ma lackeys a imperialism yaku America anali kupanga nkhani za Ziwawa za ku Serb kuti zitsimikizire kukula kwa mphamvu zakumadzulo. " Kenako patatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi idatulutsa yankho lathu, a Guardian zasindikizidwa "Kudzinenera a Tutsi kudayambitsa Rwanda's genocide is pure revisionism," lolembedwa ndi James Wizeye, wodziwika ngati "mlembi woyamba ku Rwanda high commission" kapena ambassy ku London.8] Palibe mayankho ochotsera omwe adasindikizidwa ndi a Guardian zomwe zidatsutsa nkhani zabodza izi kuchokera kwa mneneri wa boma lomwe, tidati, lakhala lakupha anthu ambiri ku Rwanda ndi Democratic Republic of Congo kwazaka makumi awiri zapitazi.9]
ena Guardian - Wowonera History[10]
The Guardian ndi Wopenya akhala akulephera kusiya kwanthawi yayitali, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ndale, nkhani zachipani za azungu pa onse awiri
Kukondera kwa Vulliamy, ndipo mosakayika "utolankhani wake wokondana" -kuchokera kusawona mtima m'bwalo lamasewera la mikangano,15] zasonyezedwa kwa zaka zambiri ndi mabodza ake ambiri pa nkhani ya Fikret Alic, amene Vulliamy anamufotokoza kuti ndi “wachinyamata wa ku Bosnia amene mphuno yake yowonda, kumbuyo kwa waya waminga wa msasa wachibalo wa Trnopolje, inakhala chizindikiro cha kupha anthu mopanda chilungamo ku Bosnia – Herzegovina. ;[16] pakukana kwake kuvomereza mtsogoleri wachisilamu wa Bosnia komanso Purezidenti wanthawi yankhondo Alija Izetbegovic kukana dziko lamitundu yambiri, lololera, komanso dziko komanso kulimbikitsa ndale zachisilamu zotsekedwa;[17] komanso kudzipereka kwake kwanthawi yayitali pakupha Asilamu aku Bosnia omwe adakwera kwambiri poyang'anizana ndi kutsika kotsika kwambiri kochokera ku mabungwe okhazikitsa.18] Kukondera komweku komanso kusaona mtima komweku kudawonekeranso munkhani yachiwawa ya Vulliamy ya 2009 pakuitana kwa Amnesty International ku Noam Chomsky kuti apereke nkhani yake yapachaka ya Stand Up For Justice, ponena kuti Chomsky akupepesa mosadziwika bwino chifukwa cha nkhanza za ku Serbia pa nkhondo za ku Balkan, kuphatikizapo "kulavulira manda a akufa."19]
Maonedwe a Vulliamy awa komanso kapangidwe kazinthu zosokoneza mosakayikira adalowetsedwa mufunso lodziwika bwino la a Emma Brockes mu 2005 ndi Chomsky wa Guardian,[20] chibwezi chomwe Guardian Reader's Editor (ombudsman) adatsimikiza kuti adapotoza zikhulupiriro za Chomsky moyipa kwambiri kotero kuti Guardian adachotsa zoyankhulanazo patsamba lake.21] Ngakhale kuti Brockes akanatha kufunsa Chomsky mafunso okhudza nkhani zambiri zomwe amazidziwa bwino, adangoganizira za Yugoslavia ndi Srebrenica, komanso katswiri wina dzina lake Diana Johnstone, yemwe ntchito yake ku Yugoslavia Vulliamy inali itatchedwa "poizoni."22] Chopaka chimodzi chosaiwalika mu Guardiankuyankhulana kwa zokambiranazo kunawonekera pansi pa mutu wake ("Wanzeru Kwambiri?"), pa njira yodziwitsira, owerenga adapeza ziganizo zotsatirazi:
Q: Kodi mukunong'oneza bondo chifukwa chothandizira omwe amati kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica kunakokomeza?
A: Chisoni changa chokha ndikuti sindinachite mwamphamvu mokwanira.
Kutsatizana kwa mafunso ndi mayankho kumeneku sikunapezeke paliponse m’mafunso ofalitsidwa. M'malo mwake, yankho lomwe latchulidwa pano lidaperekedwa ku funso losiyana kwambiri, pomwe Brockes adafunsa Chomsky ngati adanong'oneza bondo kusaina kalata yotseguka yomwe imatsutsa lingaliro la wofalitsa waku Sweden kuti asatulutse buku la Johnstone la 2002. Nkhondo ya Opusa: Yugoslavia, NATO ndi Western Delusions (Atolankhani Ndemanga ya Mwezi uliwonse); kalata iyi inanenedwa Opusa' Crusade monga "zapadera," ndipo anawonjezera kuti "pali nkhani zina zofunika kwambiri zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, zomwe ndi ufulu wolankhula ndi ufulu wopereka malingaliro otsutsana nawo."23] Brocks ndi ena Guardian's chinenero-m'malo anachotsa maganizo kalata yotseguka pa nkhani ufulu wa kufotokoza ndi chitetezo chake chachikulu cha ntchito Johnstone, ndipo analembanso mawu enieni Chomsky kuthandiza "amene amati kupha Srebrenica anali mokokomeza." Umu ndiye buku la Johnstone lovuta komanso losavuta kumva lomwe lidasokonekera potengera momwe amaganizira za kupha anthu ku Srebrenica, komwe Brockes amafunsa mokondera komanso mochulukidwa mopepuka mpaka kukhala wopanda pake.
Choyipa china chosaiwalika chinali mkangano wa Brockes woti Chomsky amagwiritsa ntchito mawu owopsa "kuti awononge zinthu zomwe samagwirizana nazo," komanso kuti adawagwiritsa ntchito pozungulira mawu oti "kupha" kutanthauza kuti "pankhondo yaku Bosnia" kupha anthu ku Srebrenica mwina kunali kochulukira. " Zonsezi zinalola Brockes kuti awonjezere kusaona mtima ndi zachipongwe kuti, "posindikizidwa pang'onopang'ono, akhoza kukumana ndi maphunziro ochepa kusiyana ndi achinyamata; monga, Srebrenica sanali kupha anthu." Koma kafukufuku wakunja wazamalamulo atakakamiza Brockes kuti atsimikizire kuti Chomsky adanena zomwe Brockes adanena, zojambulira zomwe adalankhulana ndi Brockes zidapezeka kuti "zinalembedwa pang'ono" (mwachitsanzo, kufufutidwa) kwakanthawi pakati pa kusindikizidwa kwa bukuli. interview ndi Guardianfukufuku wa boma pankhaniyi.24]
Monga tawonera, njira zamtunduwu zili mumwambo wa Vulliamy "journalism of attachment", ndipo ndizoseketsa kuona kuti mu mbiri yake ya Chomsky, Brockes sanapeleke bwino dzina la Johnstone monga "Dian".e" m'malo moti Diana, monga momwe Vulliamy sanatchulire molakwika miyezi isanu ndi itatu yapitayo mu ndemanga ya IWPR Balkan Crisis Report.[25] Zikuoneka kuti mwina Brockes ndi/kapena akonzi ake adagwirapo ntchito kuchokera palemba la miyezi isanu ndi itatuyi pokonzekera zolemba zomaliza za kuyankhulana, kapena Vulliamy mwiniwake adathandizira pokonzekera zolembazi. Mulimonsemo, palibe aliyense pa Guardian adalemba molakwika dzina la Johnstone asanatulutse zoyankhulana ndi Brockes.
Kumayambiriro kwa Disembala 2005, Ed Vulliamy adalumikizana ndi olemba ena 23 ndi omenyera ufulu omwe adalimbikitsa kwanthawi yayitali kuti Srebrenica yaku Western kukhazikitsidwa - komanso kuwonetsa "zabwino" motsutsana ndi "zoyipa" zankhondo ku Yugoslavia - potsutsa GuardianLingaliro lochotsa kuyankhulana kwachipongwe kwa Brockes ndi Chomsky ndikupereka "kuwongolera" kwa choyambirira. The "Guardian yaipitsa mbiri ya Brockes mopanda chilungamo," ziwerengero 24zi zidanenedwa m'kalata yotseguka, "ndipo zidapereka chidindo chovomerezeka pakuyesa kukana kupha anthu aku Bosnia ndikuchepetsa kuphedwa kwa Srebrenica." Ena mwa omwe adasaina nawo Vulliamy anali David Rohde, David Rieff, Marko Attila Hoare, Oliver Kamm, Nick Cohen, ndi Nerma Jelacic - onse omwe anali akatswiri ankhondo aku Serb perfidy ndi Bosnia Muslim ozunzidwa.26]
Zofanana ndi utolankhani wautali wa Vulliamy wokondana ndikuyitanitsa "kumenyera chikumbukiro cha misasa ya Bosnia," zabodza zomwe Brockes adakambirana ndi Chomsky, komanso kuwukira kwa Monbiot pa "onyoza achifwamba," yakhala mfundo yosaneneka kuti zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingachitike ku bungweli zimafotokoza. Srebrenica ili kupyola malire a utolankhani wolemekezeka. Kusaloledwa ngati kupepesa kapena kunyoza kapena kulavulira manda ndi chilichonse chomwe chimatengera mbiri yakale motsatiridwa nthawi zonse ndi maakaunti amakampani kapena mafunso okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adaphedwa kumeneko.27] Utolankhani wa attachment ndi utolankhani wokhazikika wa chipani.
Ndipo basi monga pakhala pali chipani cha Western pa kutha kwa Yugoslavia,28] momwe maudindo a olakwira ndi ozunzidwa adaponyedwa koyambirira (1991-) ndipo adatsatiridwa mwamphamvu komanso motsimikiza ndi Guardian - Wowonera's olemba, kotero mzere wa chipani pa kupha anthu ambiri mu 1994 ku Rwanda watsogolera kufalitsa kwake kwa zisudzo za nkhondoyi kwa zaka zambiri.
Apanso, kuponyedwa kwa olakwira ndi ozunzidwa kunali koonekeratu: Maudindo awa akufanana ndi zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa nthawi yayitali.
Izi adapatsidwa olakwira - wozunzidwa - mpulumutsi maudindo, kutsatiridwa kwambiri ndi Guardian kuyambira nthawi ya Epulo - Julayi 1994, idasinthiratu zenizeni zenizeni zankhondo yaku Rwanda, zomwe zimamveka bwino munthu akapenda nkhanza za miyezi inayi mkati mwa zaka zonse za 20 komanso kufalikira kwa mphamvu za Kagame. . [30]
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"Chochitika choyambitsa" mu misa
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