Chilumba cha Whidbey ku Washington State chili kale ndi vuto la madzi osakwanira. Ili ku Puget Sound, okhalamo amayenera kuyang'anizana ndi chilimwe chachitali, chowuma popanda kubwezeretsanso madzi amchere komanso kuwopseza kosalekeza kwa madzi amchere.
Koma tsopano akuyenera kuthana ndi Asitikali ankhondo aku US akubweretsa mankhwala oopsa m'zitsime zapagulu ndi zapayekha za Whidbey Island, makamaka m'dera lozungulira tawuni yaying'ono ya Coupeville, komwe Gulu Lankhondo Lapamadzi limasunga kanjira komwe kakugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti azitha kugwira ntchito ndikupita, mwa zina zolimbitsa thupi.
Cate Andrews ndi membala wa Nzika za Ebeys Reserve (COER), gulu la anthu am'deralo omwe akugwira ntchito yoteteza malo awo, nyumba zawo ndi thanzi lawo ku kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zomveka kuchokera ku US Navy. Andrews adati zitsime zina ku Coupeville zili ndi mankhwala owopsa ochokera kumasewera ozimitsa moto a Navy pamlingo wa 400% pazomwe bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) likuwona kuti ndizovomerezeka.
"Okhala akupatsidwa madzi am'mabotolo ndi Asitikali apamadzi, koma adawachenjeza kuti asamwe, kuphika kapena kuthirira minda yawo yamasamba," Andrews adauza Truthout. "Sitima yapamadzi imati, 'Musadere nkhawa za kusamba,' koma kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mankhwalawa amafalikira kudzera mu mayamwidwe a dermal. Nyumba zandalama zopitirira $1 miliyoni sizingagulitsidwe, ndipo anthu atsekeredwa mโmisampha.โ
Mankhwalawa, Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) ndi Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), ndi zinthu za perfluoroalkyl (PFASs), zomwe zimatchedwanso PFCs, ndipo zimachokera ku thovu lozimitsa moto la AFFF lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Navy's Outlying Landing Field (OLF) ku Coupeville ndi Ault. Munda ku Oak Harbor, womaliza womwe uli ku Naval Air Station Whidbey.
"Iwo adapezeka m'madzi pansi pa bwalo la ndege la OLF mu Okutobala 2016 ndipo amadziwika kuti adasamuka kuti aipitse madzi akumwa a anthu onse komanso achinsinsi," a Rick Abraham, yemwe wagwira ntchito pazakuyipitsidwa kwapoizoni ngati woyimira anthu 30. zaka, adauza Truthout.
Disembala watha, nkhaniyi idapangidwa kuwulutsa pawailesi yakanema.
Chitsime chopanda chitetezo cha Coupeville, chomwe chili pafupi ndi OLF, chimapereka madzi a PFAS kusukulu, mabizinesi, chipatala chachikulu cha Whidbey ndi mabanja mazana ambiri. Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa 2016, mabanja ena omwe ali ndi zitsime zoyipitsidwa pafupi ndi OLF adasiya kuwasiya ndikumwa, kuphika ndi kutsuka mano ndi madzi m'mabotolo apulasitiki, malinga ndi Abraham, yemwe adafufuza za kuipitsidwa kwa PFAS m'maiko angapo, kutenga zitsanzo, kuyankhulana ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira ndikufufuza zolemba zamakampani zamkati zokhudzana ndi ngozi zokhudzana ndi PFAS.
Pamodzi ndi kusokoneza kwa Navy komwe kukuchitika pavutoli, Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Whidbey Island - yomwe yati Navy ndi "mnzake" - yagwira ntchito mwakhama ndi Navy pokonza uthenga wa dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ponena za kuipitsidwa kwa anthu. Dipatimenti yazaumoyo idabisiranso anthu dongosolo loyesa zitsime za anthu ammudzi - pa pempho la Asitikali apamadzi - komanso omwe sanalole nzika kuti zipereke malingaliro pazomwe zidayesedwa komanso pamlingo wotani.
Ndipo ichi sichiri chodabwitsa.
Pali zitsanzo zambiri kudutsa dziko la Navy madzi oipitsa kuzungulira maziko ake ndi mankhwala oopsa. Monga chaka chatha, alipo kwenikweni mazana a matauni m'dziko lonselo kuthana ndi izi kapena zovuta zina.
Pakadali pano, Naval Air Station Whidbey posachedwapa yakulitsa kwambiri zombo zake za "Growler" ndege, ndege imodzi yaphokoso kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso ntchito zofananira zidzawonjezekanso.
Nzika ngati "Collateral Damage"
Anthu ambiri okhala mozungulira NAS Whidbey, OLF Coupeville, zilumba zina ku Puget Sound, Olympic Peninsula komanso anthu aku Canada omwe amakhala pafupi ndi Victoria pachilumba cha Vancouver azolowera phokoso la ndege loboola makutu kuchokera pamakina ankhondo a Navy.
Naval akukonzekera phunzitsani nkhondo yamagetsi yamagetsi pa Peninsula ya Olimpiki, komanso zomwe anali nazo akhala akuchita kale izi m'misewu yayikulu ya boma mosazindikira kwa nzika, ndi nkhani za Navy kukhala ololedwa kupha kapena kuzunza anangumi pafupifupi 12 miliyoni, ma dolphin, porpoise, mikango ya m'nyanja ndi zisindikizo. kudutsa nyanja ya North Pacific Ocean kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinthu zimene anthu a mโderali anazolowera kumva za anansi awo apanyanja.
Kuchonderera kwa okhalamo pankhaniyi (ndi ena ambiri omwe akuda nkhawa nawo) ambiri sananyalanyazidwe, kapena nthawi zina okhalamo amanyozedwa ndi Asitikali apamadzi.
Nkhani ya mankhwala oopsa m'madzi akumwa okhalamo, komabe, yakhudza anthu mwachindunji, ndipo ambiri amakwiya ndi zomwe amawona ngati kubisa.
"Zoyezetsa 'zovomerezeka' za PFAS [perfluoroalkyl substances] zomwe zimachitika m'deralo zakhala za PFOA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid], PFOS ndi PFBS [Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid]," adatero Abraham. "Town of Coupeville idayezetsa madzi ake pawokha, koma monga kuyesa kochitidwa ndi Navy, PFHxS [Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid] ndi PFHpA [Perfluoroheptanoic acid] sananyalanyazidwe."
Ananenanso kuti palibe zonena za mankhwalawa zomwe zingapezeke mu "zikwangwani ndi zida zokongola pamisonkhano yagulu ya Navy's 'Open House'," komanso sanatchulidwe patsamba lazidziwitso la Navy, kapena mawebusayiti a Island County ndi Coupeville.
"Zomwe Asitikali apamadzi ndi akuluakulu aboma amatsutsa kuti ma PFAS ovomerezeka m'madzi akumwa amaganiziridwa ndi asayansi ambiri ochita kafukufuku kukhala pachiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu," anawonjezera Abraham.
Ma PFAS amamanga ndikukhala m'thupi kwa nthawi yayitali. Zimatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu mpaka zisanu ndi zinayi kuti muchotse theka la kuchuluka kwa PFHxS kale m'magazi, zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi za PFOA, ndi zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi za PFOS. Mwa kumwa madzi oipitsidwa, mutha kukhala ndi ma PFAS ambiri m'magazi anu kuposa momwe ali m'madzi chifukwa cha bio-accumulative effect.
Malinga ndi bungwe la Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti PFASs ingathe, "kukhudza mwana wosabadwayo ndi mwana, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa kakulidwe, kuphunzira, ndi khalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kuchepetsa kubereka komanso kusokoneza mahomoni achilengedwe a mโthupi, kuonjezera mafuta mโthupi, kumakhudza chitetezo cha mโthupi, ndiponso kuonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa.โ
"Sitima yapamadzi yakhala ikudziwa za zitsime zoyipitsidwa kwazaka zambiri, ndipo tsopano ikuchitapo kanthu pambuyo powopseza anthu," adatero Andrews.
M'mwezi wa Januware, Andrews adauza Zowona kuti Asitikali ankhondo akuyesa zitsime 100 ku Coupeville mkati mwa mtunda wa kilomita imodzi kuchokera ku OLF, koma nthawi iliyonse pomwe chitsime china choyipitsidwa chikapezeka, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo limasuntha zero mtunda wina.
"Ndikukhulupirira kuti chilumba cha Whidbey chikhoza kusokonezedwa ndi chilengedwe moti sichingachiritsidwe, monga momwe chinawonongedwera chikhalidwe ndi mphwayi ndi nkhanza za asilikali a Navy," adatero. โKodi ndani amene adzalipire ndalama zoyeretsa zonsezi? Madzi ndi mpweya ndizowonongeka, thanzi la nzika zasokonekera, komabe Asitikali apamadzi - omwe amatha kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwina ndikuyamba kuyeretsa movutikira tsopano - asankha kusazindikira mwadala komanso kudzikuza. "
Palinso zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi thanzi kuchokera ku mankhwala omwe Navy yawonjezera kumadzi akumwa a Whidbey Island.
Kafukufuku, kuphatikiza omwe amakhudzana ndi kuwonekera kwa ana, akuwonetsa kuti ma PFAS amatha kuchepetsa kuyankha kwa chitetezo chamthupi pamatemera ena ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda. Kuphatikiza apo, ana omwe ali ndi magazi ochulukirapo a PFHxS adapezeka kuti ali ndi mwayi wowonjezereka wa chidwi-chosowa / vuto la hyperactivity (ADHD), komanso mankhwala opangidwa ndi perfluorinated, monga PFHxS, amakhudza ntchito ya zolandilira mahomoni ogonana.
Ngakhale mulingo "wovomerezeka" wa EPA wa PFOA ndi PFOS m'madzi akumwa ndi magawo 70 pa thililiyoni (ppt), gawoli latsutsidwa kwambiri kuti silimateteza. Zotsatira zake, mayiko angapo akhazikitsa miyezo yowonjezereka kwambiri.
Kuwongolera kwa Madzi akumwa ku Minnesota ndi 35 ppt kwa PFOA ndi 27 kwa PFOS, pomwe upangiri wa upangiri wamadzi akumwa a Vermont ku PFOA ndi 20 ppt.
Vermont samalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi okhala ndi PFOA pa ziweto zake.
Pomaliza kuvomereza kuti adapeza kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawo m'zitsime zingapo, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo lidapereka madzi am'mabotolo kwa anthu.
"Kupereka kwawo kwa madzi a m'mabotolo kumayendera mukaganizira kuchuluka kwa minda yachilengedwe yomwe ili pamtunda wa maekala mazana pachilumbachi omwe amagulitsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ku malo odyera odziwika bwino ku Seattle," adatero Andrews.
"M'mbuyomu, tidauzidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'boma la Navy kuti 'ife' ndife owononga 'nkhondo yoopsa," Andrews adanena za zomwe Navy adamuuza zaka zingapo zapitazo, pamene nkhondo yotchedwa nkhondo yachigawenga ikuyendetsa dziko lakunja la US. ndondomeko. "Ndipo ngakhale sindikukhulupirira poyang'ana koyamba, ndikukhulupirira kuti izi ndi zoona."
Kunama mwa Omission
Karen Sullivan ndi wasayansi wopuma pantchito wa zamoyo zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha yemwe adagwira ntchito ku US Fish and Wildlife Service kwa zaka zopitilira 15 ndipo ndi katswiri wazowongolera zomwe gulu la Navy likuyenera kutsatira, kuphatikizapo Environmental Impact Statements (EIS). Sullivan adayambitsa tsambalo West Coast Action Alliance, yomwe imakhala ngati woyang'anira zochitika zapamadzi ku Pacific.
"Muchitsanzo chinanso cha zolakwika mu EIS iyi, kuipitsidwa kwa madzi akumwa m'malo okhala ndi malonda pafupi ndi mayendedwe apanyanja chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owopsa sikuyankhidwa," Sullivan adauza Truthout.
EIS ya Navy ikumaliza kuti, "Palibe zovuta zazikulu zokhudzana ndi zinyalala zowopsa ndi zida zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha ntchito yomanga kapena kuwonjezera ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndege zina za Growler."
Koma malinga ndi Sullivan, mankhwalawa sanafufuzidwepo ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi Growler maphunziro ndi ntchito kwa zaka zambiri; choncho, kusanthula kwawo sikuyenera kuchotsedwa.
"Ndi maulendo apandege ku OLF Coupeville akuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 3,200 mu 2010 kufika ku 35,500, palibe amene anganene kuti kuwonjezeka kwa 1,000 peresenti m'zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe palibe kusanthula kwa madzi apansi kapena nthaka sikunayambe," adatero.
Kusindikizidwa kwa Navy kwa EIS yomwe akulozerako kunali pa November 10, 2016, ndipo akukhulupirira kuti Navy "inkadziwa bwino za mavuto omwe angakhalepo chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa madzi akumwa a m'nyumba chifukwa cha zomwe amachitcha 'mbiri' yogwiritsa ntchito zozimitsa moto poyendetsa ndege. โ
Mu Meyi 2016, EPA idapereka upangiri waumoyo wamadzi akumwa kwa PFC ziwiri, ndipo Navy idalengeza mu June 2016 kuti inali mkati mwa "kuzindikira ndikuchotsa ndikuwononga zonse zolowa perfluorooctane sulfonate (ndi PFOA) yomwe ili ndi AFFF [kupanga filimu yamadzimadzi. fumbi].โ
Komabe, pa tsamba 3-62, Navy's EIS imatsutsa nkhawa ndi mawu okhudza zomwe zidachitika pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo: "Kumanga kokonzanso kunamalizidwa mu Seputembara 1997, kuwonekera kwa anthu komanso kuwonekera kwamadzi apansi panthaka kumayendetsedwa, ndipo ma OUs ku Ault Field ndi Seaplane Base ali okonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito (USEPA). , 2016).
"Mawuwa ndi achikale kwambiri, ndipo zomwe zachitika posachedwa zimatsutsa," adatero Sullivan. "Masiku atatu EIS isanasindikizidwe, pa Novembara 7, 2016, Asitikali ankhondo adatumiza kalata kwa eni zitsime zamadzi akumwa achinsinsi opitilira 100 akuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kuti zinthu za perfluoroalkyl (PFAS) zomwe zidapezeka pansi pa OLF zidafalikira kupitilira katundu wa Navy."
Komabe, mawu oti "perfluoroalkyl" kapena "PFAS" sanatchulidwe kamodzi pamasamba onse a 1,600 Growler EIS, kapena 2005 kapena 2012 Environmental Assessments.
Mkulu wa Navy's Public Affairs Officer Mike Welding adafuna kutsimikizira anthu kumapeto kwa 2016 kuyankhulana ndi wailesi yakanema yakomweko: "Asilikali ankhondo apatsa anthuwa madzi abwino akumwa mpaka titha kudziwa momwe tingachotsere zonyansazo m'chitsime chamadzi, kusefa kapena zina zotero. Ndi chinthu chomwe chikufunikabe kukonzedwa.
Tsoka ilo, malinga ndi Sullivan, mawu ochokera ku "MERIT" ya dipatimenti yoteteza chitetezo amatsutsana ndi zomwe gulu lankhondo la Navy lidazindikira: "Pakadali pano, palibe matekinoloje opezekapo komanso njira zochepa zopangira nthaka kapena madzi apansi omwe ali ndi PFCs."
"EIS imagwirizanitsa zokambirana zake za kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi pa nthaka kupsinjika kwa nthaka ndi zotsatira zowonongeka kuchokera ku zomangamanga zatsopano, ndipo imamaliza kuti sipadzakhala zotsatira za madzi apansi," adatero Sullivan. "Palibe kutchulidwa kwa nthaka yoipitsidwa komwe kumapezeka mu EIS. Kuwunika kwakukulu kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zowopsa, komabe, zidaphatikizidwa mu Northwest Training and Testing EIS, ndiye bwanji mukusiyira Growler EIS? Izi ndi zofanana ndi zomwe dokotala akukana kuyang'ana EKG yomwe imasonyeza kuti ali ndi vuto la mtima, ndikuzindikira wodwala ali ndi nkhawa. "
Mayankho Odziwika
โNjira ya Asitikali apamadzi pavuto loipitsa ili si yosiyana ndi ya wowononga mafakitale wamkulu aliyense wofuna kupeลตa kudzudzulidwa, kuchepetsa udindo ndi kupitiriza bizinesi monga mwachizolowezi,โ anatero Abraham. "Kupeputsa kuopsa kwa vutoli, kukopa kufufuza ndi kusunga anthu mumdima ndizomwe amachita nthawi zambiri."
Adauza Chowonadi kuti Gulu Lankhondo silinaulule zonyansa zonse zomwe zidapezeka m'madzi, ndipo zolemba zawo za EIS sizinatchule za kuipitsidwa, ngakhale a Navy atayesa zitsime ndikupeza kuipitsidwa ndikudziwitsa anthu okhala pamtunda wamtunda wamtunda.
COER ikuwonetsa kuti anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi OLF amayezetsa madzi awo mwaokha mankhwala omwewo omwe apezeka ndi Navy, ndikuti Navy apemphedwe kulipira mayesowo.
"Kuyesa madzi athu sikuyenera kuchitika kamodzi kokha, ndipo kusanthula kuyenera kuzindikira zotsika kwambiri zamankhwalawa," a Maryon Attwood a COER adatero pofalitsa nkhaniyo. "Tili ndi ufulu wodziwa zomwe zili m'madzi omwe timamwa."
Bruce Saari, wina wokhala pachilumba cha Whidbey kwa nthawi yayitali yemwe wakhala zaka zambiri pafupi ndi malo apanyanja kapena OLF Coupeville, akukhumudwa kwambiri ndi vutoli.
"Mantha oyambilirawa azindikirika ndikuganiza," adauza Truthout, ponena za kuipitsidwa komwe kunapezeka pamalo apamlengalenga. "Ndipo tsopano ndi Coupeville yomwe ili pansi pa mtambo womwewo. Ndinakhala zaka 20 pa Whidbey ku Long Point pafupi ndi OLF ndi ku Oak Harbor pafupi ndi maziko. Ndimachita chidwi ndi derali kwa moyo wanga wonse, ndimagwira ntchito m'mafamu a Ebey monga wophunzira, ndipo ndikumva kuti ndili ndi chiyembekezo pazochitikazi. โ
Zothetsera?
Zomwe COER, Abraham ndi ena ambiri okhala pachilumba cha Whidbey omwe akhudzidwa ndi vutoli akufuna ndi madzi akumwa abwino komanso abwino, komanso kuti Asitikali ankhondo atengerepo udindo pazovuta zomwe zidayambitsa.
Abraham akukhulupirira kuti Navy iyenera kukhazikitsa nthawi yomweyo makina osefera pazitsime zachinsinsi komanso zapagulu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo kapena zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zitsime zonse za Coupeville ndi malo opangira madzi. Akuganizanso kuti ndizomveka kuti a Navy apereke njira zina zamadzi oyera kwa mabungwe onse omwe awona madzi awo ali oipitsidwa.
"Anthu ambiri akhala akukhala ndi madzi am'mabotolo kwa nthawi yayitali osatha," adatero.
Pa Marichi 4, Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo linayesa zitsime 27 zowunikira zomwe zidayikapo kale ku OLF Coupeville, komwe zidapeza kuipitsidwa kwakukulu m'madzi amadzi m'zitsime zina. PFOA idapezeka mpaka 1,190 ppt, PFOS mpaka 54.7, ndi PFBS mpaka 473 ppt. "Ndondomeko" ya Navy yoyesa zitsime zowunikirazi sizinaphatikizepo kuyesa kwa PFHxS kapena PFHpA, ngakhale kuti onsewo ankadziwika kuti ali m'madzi.
Andrews, COER ndi Abraham onse akuyitanitsa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo kuti liyesenso ndikuwunika zitsime zonse zapagulu ndi zachinsinsi zomwe zimadziwika kuti zili ndi kachilombo kapena "zomwe zili pachiwopsezo."
Akufunanso kuti PFHxS, PFHpA ndi PFNA [Perfluorononanoic acid] ziwonjezedwe pamndandanda wamankhwala omwe amawunikidwa pazitsime zoyang'anira za OLF; kuti madzi akumwa onse apagulu ndi achinsinsi m'derali ayesedwe ndikuwunika ma PFAS onse asanu ndi limodzi omwe amapezeka ku OLF; kuti kusamuka kwa madzi oipitsidwa kuimitsidwe; ndi kuti ma PFAS achotsedwe m'madzi, popeza matekinoloje alipo kale otero.
Koma awa ndi maulamuliro aatali tikamawonedwa kuchokera ku mfundo yoti ngakhale kupangitsa Asitikali ankhondo kuvomereza mpaka kukula ndi kuopsa kwa vutoli akadali gawo loyamba.
Dahr Jamail, mtolankhani wa ogwira ntchito ku Truthout, ndiye mlembi wa Chifuniro Chotsutsa: Asilikali Omwe Amakana Kumenyana ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan (Haymarket Books, 2009), ndi Beyond the Green Zone: Zotulutsa Zochokera kwa Mtolankhani Wosaphatikizidwa ku Iraq Occupied (Mabuku a Haymarket, 2007). Jamail adanenanso kuchokera ku Iraq kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka chimodzi, komanso kuchokera ku Lebanon, Syria, Jordan ndi Turkey pazaka zapitazi za 10, ndipo wapambana Mphotho ya Martha Gellhorn for Investigative Journalism, pakati pa mphotho zina.
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