Ulamuliro wa monarchy umafunika kufa ndi maukwati kuti ukonzenso. Koma adayitana maoda omaliza ku United Kingdom nthawi yapitayo.
London—Charles ndi dzina lomwe mafumu ambiri achingerezi adapewa kuyambira zaka za zana la 17. Choncho tiyeni tiyambe kumene tiyenera kwenikweni. Zaka 30 ndi theka Chigwirizano cha ku France chisanachitike, Angelezi anamenya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndipo anasintha zinthu mothandizidwa ndi amalonda. Iwo anapha mfumuyo (Charles I) pa January 1649, 1660, anathetsa House of Lords ndipo analengeza dziko la Republic: Commonwealth yomwe inalamulira England, Scotland, Ireland, ndi Wales mwina siinakhalapo nthawi yaitali, koma inasiya kupirira. chizindikiro. Kubwezeretsedwa kwa 1981 kunali kusagwirizana. Dziko la absolutist silinakhazikitsidwenso. “Ufulu waumulungu wa mafumu” sunaloledwe kubwereranso. Koma ufumu umene unakhazikitsidwanso unakhala wolimba kwambiri. Kuchokera ku malo ake ku Princeton, Arno Mayer adalongosola izi mu akaunti yake yakale ya XNUMX, Kulimbikira kwa Ulamuliro Wakale:
Ulamuliro wa [post 1660] komanso osankhika adathetsa kutukuka kwa mafakitale ku England popanda kugonja…. Dziko la England silinakhale “dongosolo lachibwibwi” lotsogozedwa ndi “ogonjetsa” mabourgeoisie.… Panalibe mayendedwe ochotsa korona, bwalo lachifumu, Nyumba ya Mabwana, ndi olemekezeka omwe adachitapo kanthu. Ngakhale kuti ulimi unayamba kuchepa komanso ngakhale chitetezo chambiri, chomwe chinasokoneza kufunikira kwa magulu ankhondo amphamvu, magulu okhazikikawo adatha kupititsa patsogolo dongosolo la ndale ndi chikhalidwe "zachikale".
Dongosolo lachikale limeneli lasinthidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kusintha kwakukulu kunali kuchotsedwa kwa House of Lords pamene inakana "Peoples Budget" ya David Lloyd George mu 1911, kukwiyitsa. vuto lalamulo zomwe zidathetsedwa mokomera Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chipinda chachiwiri chikhoza kuchedwa, koma osati veto, bilu yomwe idavomerezedwa ndi House of Commons. Palibenso china chinachitika.
Mu 1991, aphungu a kumanzere a Labour Tony Benn ndi Jeremy Corbyn adapereka lingaliro ndikuyika ".Commonwealth of Britain Bill” zomwe zinafuna kuti dziko likhazikike pa demokalase motsatira mfundo zotsatirazi zomwe, ngati zikanatheka, zikanamaliza kusintha kwa ma bourgeois komwe kunayamba m’zaka za zana la 17. Iwo ankaona kuti ulamuliro wa mafumu udzathetsedwa komanso kutha kwa malamulo a ufumu wachifumu ndiponso kutha kwa Tchalitchi cha England. Mtsogoleri wa dziko adzakhala purezidenti, wosankhidwa ndi msonkhano wanyumba zonse za Commonwealth Parliament; ntchito zonse zaulamuliro wa mfumu ziperekedwa ku Nyumba yamalamulo; Bungwe la Privy Council lidzathetsedwa, ndipo m'malo mwake ndi Council of State. Nyumba ya Mafumu idzalowedwa m'malo ndi Nyumba yosankhidwa ya Anthu ndipo Nyumba zonse zizikhala ndi kuyimilira kofanana kwa amuna ndi akazi. England, Scotland, ndi Wales adzakhala ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo Yawo Yadziko Lonse yokhala ndi udindo wokhudza nkhani zoperekedwa monga momwe adagwirizana; Oweruza a makhothi a m'chigawo ndi oweruza adzasankhidwa; ndipo ulamuliro wa Britain pa Northern Ireland ukanatha.
Lota!, ena anganene, makamaka tsopano, pamene dziko liri kalikiliki kulima pagulu. Maphwando onse atatu aku UK, nyuzipepala iliyonse ndi wailesi yakanema ndi ma monarchist okhazikika. Ndiye gehena akupita kuti?
Charles I sanatengere ubongo wa abambo ake; kunali kudzikuza ndi kupusa kwake komwe kunapangitsa kuti aimbidwe mlandu ndi kuphedwa. Atsogoleri achipani choukira boma adagawanikana pankhaniyi. Mayi Cromwell nawonso ankatsutsa. Anasangalala ndi tiyi ndi queen. Anali Oliver Cromwell yemwe potsiriza anaika phazi lake mwamphamvu pakhosi lachifumu. Charles Ndinaphwanya lonjezo lochuluka kwambiri.
Charles III sangatsatire njira yomweyo. Koposa zonse, atha kuchepetsedwa kukhala mfumu yopalasa njinga, yotsika kwambiri ngati ofananira nawo aku Scandinavia. M'mbuyomu, pamene anthu okonda dziko la Welsh adawopseza kuti aphulitsa chuma chake ngati kalonga waku Wales ndikulengeza kuti wowomberayo anali wokonzeka ndikudikirira kuti abweretse chisokonezo, Charles Windsor adadziwonetsa ngati munthu wanthabwala, wosavutitsidwa ndi ziwopsezo, kuvomereza ku BBC. wofunsa mafunso:
Malingana ngati sindikuphimbidwa kwambiri ndi dzira ndi phwetekere, ndikhala bwino. Sindimadzudzula anthu omwe akuwonetsa choncho. Sanandiwonepo kale. Sakudziwa chomwe ndili. Sindinapiteko ku Wales, ndipo simungayembekeze kuti anthu azikhala achangu kwambiri pankhani yoti kalonga wachingerezi abwere pakati pawo.
Osayipa kwenikweni. Koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, pamene galimoto yake inazingidwa mosayembekezereka pafupi ndi Trafalgar Square - ulendo waung'ono kuchokera ku Banqueting House ku Whitehall, kumene dzina lake linaphedwa - ndi ophunzira omwe amatsutsa boma latsopano la Tory ndikugwedezeka ndi nyimbo za "Tory scum," "parasites," ndi "kuwachotsa ndi mitu yawo!, "A Chithunzi zomwe zidatenga nthawiyo zidawululira iye ndi mkazi wake, Camilla, ali osokonezeka komanso ali ndi mantha. Kodi tsogolo la dzina lake lidawonekera pamutu pake kwakanthawi?
Pa Seputembara 9, 2022, Charles III adakhala mfumu pambuyo pa ulamuliro wautali wa amayi ake. Anali akuyembekezera moleza mtima kwa nthawi ndithu, akumayembekezera kuti kholo lake lokalamba litsatira chitsanzo cha Juliana ku Holland ndi kupuma pantchito, koma sizinali zotheka. Ulamuliro wa Charles sungakhale wautali kwambiri, koma dziko la Britain ndi ufumu wachifumu limabweretsa mafunso. Chofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndikuti ngati ufumuwo ukhoza kukhalabe ndi moyo ngati United Kingdom itasweka ndipo Scotland yasankha kuchoka ku UK ndikulowa ku EU. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, kafukufuku wamalingaliro ku Scotland akuwulula kuti 49 peresenti ya anthu aku Scotland amakonda ufulu wodzilamulira. Zaka zingapo za ulamuliro wa Conservative ndipo izi zitha kukhala 50-kuphatikiza peresenti. Mavoti ambiri kuti achoke ngati pangakhale referendum yatsopano ingakakamize kuganiziranso ku England ndipo mwinanso kukakamiza olamulira ake ndi ndale kuti ayende motsatira malamulo olembedwa.
Chifukwa chiyani dziko lomwe lidakhazikitsa koyamba mwambo wakusintha kopambana ndikupha olamulira awo olowa kumamatira kwa nthawi yayitali ku ufumuwo, kusinthira ndikuugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zomwezo: kusunga kukhazikika kwa olamulira ndi kukumbatirana kwachilengedwe. ndi mabungwe ake onse, kuphatikizapo Labor Party ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito? Monga ngati kuvomereza izi, atsogoleri ena okhwima a bungwe la ogwira ntchito ku njanji ndi ogwira ntchito ku positi, omwe pakali pano ali pakati pa ziwonetsero zogwira mtima, adawachedwetsa sabata ino ngati chizindikiro cha ulemu kwa mfumukazi yochedwa. Izi mwachiwonekere zinali kusuntha kwanzeru-koma chenicheni chakuti chinaonedwa kuti n'chofunika chimasonyeza kupitirizabe kwa bungweli pamalingaliro otchuka ku England. Kukhazikika kwa mgwirizano wa 1660 kudapanga malo opambana mwapadera kwa olamulira aku Britain.
Wolemba mbiri waku Scotland, Tom Nairn, wanena kwa zaka pafupifupi theka kuti ufumuwo ukufunika kuti ukhale ngati gudumu lowongolera kunyumba, kuti gulu la ogwira ntchito liziyang'anira (kulowererapo kwa George V pakumenyedwa kwakukulu kwa 1926 kunali brutal) ndikuyesera kuziphatikiza mwadongosolo, kotero kuti kukhulupirika kwake ku ndale komwe kunalipo sikunayambe kukaikira. Poyamikira kudzichepetsa kwa Labor, mfumuyo inati, “Ndife anthu odabwitsa chotani nanga.”
Kumayiko ena, Ufumu wa Britain unafunikira mfumu yoti ilimbikitse madera amene mafumu ankawaona ngati abwinobwino. Ku Asia ndi ku Afirika, mafumu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoziziritsira mtendere. Mfumukazi yomwe inali itangomwalira kumene inali ku Kenya mu 1952 pamene a British anali kuphwanya anthu a ku Mau Mau kudzera m'misasa yachibalo, "British gulags" monga Caroline Elkins adawafotokozera, kuchititsa manyazi olemba mbiri achingelezi. Ku Kenya komwe mfumukazi inauzidwa kuti abambo ake amwalira. George anali atangokhala mfumu chifukwa mchimwene wake wamkulu, Edward, anakwatira mkazi wa ku America wosudzulidwa (amene amadziwika kuti ndi luso lake pa fellatio) ndipo anakakamizika kusiya. Ena anali amantha chifukwa chakuti Edward anasonyeza poyera kukonda Hitler. Ajeremani akadatenga Britain pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Edward Windsor akadakhala pampando wachifumu, Pétain wa ku England.
Ulamuliro wachifumu umagwiritsidwa ntchito mofunitsitsa kuteteza zosowa za dziko la Britain monga momwe amafotokozera ndale, mautumiki achinsinsi, ndi zina zotero. Chigamulo chogonjetsa Prime Minister wa Australia Gough Whitlam monga chilango chobweretsa asilikali a dziko lake kunyumba kuchokera ku Vietnam chinatengedwa ndi chilolezo cha Elizabeth. Windsor ndi bwanamkubwa waku Britain. Australia, momvetsa chisoni, akadali si republic.
Kufupi kwambiri komwe ndakhalako ku Buckingham Palace kunali mu 1973, pamene gulu lathu linamangidwa chifukwa chotsutsa kukhalapo kwa wolamulira wankhanza wachipwitikizi Marcelo Caetano patebulo la mfumukazi. Monga ndinaneneratu kwa wapolisi wondimanga, Caetano anagwetsedwa ndi zigawenga zotchuka chaka chotsatira. Nikolae Ceausescu wakupha waku Romania adagwidwa ndi Elizabeti ndikugona ndikudya chakudya cham'mawa kunyumba yachifumu. Banjali lili ndi mbiri yayitali yochita chiwerewere ndi olamulira ankhanza, ndipo Charles nthawi zambiri amayenda ndi mbale yopemphapempha kupita kumayiko a Gulf kuchonderera ndalama zopangira maziko ake. "Olimba" - monga momwe banja lachifumu limadzinenera - ndi bizinesi yomvetsa chisoni yomwe iyenera kutsekedwa.
Funso lokhalo lalikulu lomwe lidadzutsidwa ndi imfa ya mayi wina wazaka 96, wolemera kwambiri m'nyumba yake ndilakuti kodi izi zitha mpaka liti? Makina osindikizira ambiri aku Europe pakadali pano akuwononga mapepala ambiri pa Windsor angachite bwino kukumbukira kuti mfumukazi yochedwa inali (mwachinsinsi) wothandizira kwambiri Brexit, monga. kuwululidwa ndi chiguduli cha Murdoch The Sun! Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi zawulula ufumu wa monarchy (ndipo m'njira zina Britain mwiniwake) kuti ali muvunda kwambiri. Kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa Diana tsopano ndi nkhani ya kanema wamba. Kuipa kwa Prince Andrew kwasokoneza anthu angapo achifumu. Zonsezi zakhala nkhani ya sewero la sopo lamitundu yambiri pa Netflix. Ndiko kumene kuli Korona—ndipo kumene uyenera kusungidwa. Ndi atsogoleri aku Scottish akufuna referendum yatsopano komanso okonda dziko la Welsh akuumirira kuti pasakhale kalonga watsopano wa Wales (dzina loperekedwa kwa wolowa m'malo mwa mfumu kuyambira pomwe a Welsh adaphwanyidwa) ndikuwopseza kusokoneza ndalama ku Caernafon, gehena ndi chiyani. mfundo yoti zipitirire? Kodi nchifukwa ninji dziko la England liyenera kusiyidwa kuti lisenze mtolo wa ufumu wopitirizabe? Dziko silikusowa.
Mu 1714, pamene Mfumukazi Anne anamwalira popanda wolowa nyumba, gulu lolamulira la reptilian linanyalanyaza maubwenzi apamtima ku Scotland (iwo anali Akatolika) ndipo adagula chovala cha Chiprotestanti ku Hanover. Chifukwa chake zidachitika kuti achifumu a Hanoverian adakhala mafumu aku Britain. Awiri oyambirira ankalankhula Chijeremani chokha; George wachitatu anataya madera onse a ku America ndi mabulosi ake. The Prince Regent, munthu wina wachiwerewere wodziwika bwino, anali nkhani yachipongwe chapoyera ndi mkwiyo, ndipo panali nkhani zambiri za kuukira kotchuka kolimbana ndi a Hanoverian. Victoria adakhazikitsa ufumuwo. Anachita zimenezi mogwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Britain. Unali ulamuliro waufumu umene unapatsa Korona mwala wake wowala kwambiri m’lingaliro lenileni la mawuwo. India inapereka maziko akuthupi ophimba gulu la ogwira ntchito mu nthano za bourgeois. Inaperekanso Koh-i-noor, mwala waukulu kwambiri wosadulidwa padziko lonse lapansi, womwe mpaka lero umayikidwa mu korona wamwambo. Ndipo kutchuka kwa ufumuwo kunagwirizanitsidwa ndi ufumu wa monarchy m’kuzindikira kwa anthu ambiri.
Ufumuwo unatha kalekale, koma ufumu wa monarchy umakumbutsa anthu za “nthaŵi zazikulu” zimenezo pamene unalamulira madera akuluakulu a dziko. Monga Nairn akutsutsa mu The Enchanted Glass, chigonjetso cha boma la Britain polimbana ndi Kuukira boma kwa France chinali chifukwa china chotsimikizirira kukhalabe ufumu wa monarchy. M’mawu ake: “Kupita patsogolo kwa chisinthiko chake cha mafakitale kunapangitsa makontinenti kukhala m’mapazi ake, m’njira imene palibe dziko lotsatira lomwe likanatha kutsanzira. Magazi olemera a chuma cha padziko lapansi anathamangira m’mutu mwake, kubweretsa ulemerero ndi tanthauzo latsopano ku mzera wake waung’ono.” Dzina la mzera wa Hanoverian lidayenera kusinthidwa pomwe Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse idayandikira. Inakhala Nyumba ya Windsor.
M’zaka zaposachedwapa anthu ambiri ofotokoza ndemanga amanena kuti mfumukazi imene inangomwalirayo idakali yotchuka chifukwa inali yogwirizana ndi zimene zinkachitika pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ambiri mwa mbadwo umene unakhalapo m’nkhondoyo tsopano wamwalira. Ana awo ndi adzukulu awo akanakhala ndi kalori kakang’ono mogwirizana ndi malingaliro amene General de Gaulle anauza mfumukaziyi m’kalata imene inatumizidwa mu 1961: “M’nyumba yachifumu mmene Mulungu anakuikani, khalani amene ndinu Mayi. Khalani munthu amene, chifukwa cha kuvomerezeka kwanu, zinthu zonse mu Ufumu wanu zalamulidwa; munthu amene anthu ako amaona mtundu wawo; munthu amene kukhalapo kwake ndi ulemu wake, mgwirizano wa dziko umachirikizidwa.”
Ma monarch akusowa masiku ano. Mfumu yeniyeni ya Britain imakhala mu White House. Ntchito yokhayo ya Nyumba ya Windsor lero ndikuthandizira kusunga chikhalidwe chakale cha dziko la Britain, koma kusintha kwadongosolo kumafunika pamlingo uliwonse - monga momwe zilili ndi malamulo olembedwa. Mwina tidzadikira kuti ma Scots ayambe ntchitoyo. Kupatula apo, adapanga James Stuart (bambo a Charles I) mfumu yokhayo yaku Scotland ndi England yemwe anali wanzeru wanzeru.
Sindinazindikire zachisoni kapena bata m'misewu ya London sabata yatha. Achinyamata ambiri alibe chidwi ndi ufumu wa monarchy. Thatcher ndi ena mwa zigawenga zake adalonjeza kuti asintha, koma izi zidakhala zosokoneza. Anagwidwanso - ndipo pamapeto pake adagwa pawonetsero yonse. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, ndinalongosola dziko la Britain kukhala chisumbu chimene “Mfumukazi iŵiri inakhala pampando wachifumu umodzi.”
Ulamuliro wa monarchy umafunika kufa ndi maukwati kuti ukonzenso. Makamera a kanema amathandizira kupanga chisangalalo. Ukwati umasonyezedwa kukhala wosangalatsa nthaŵi zonse—ndipo pamene ukwatiwo ukutha, zikumbukiro nazonso zatha. Maliro aboma amachepetsa dziko la Britain mpaka ku North Korea, monganso kutamandidwa kopanda nzeru komanso kokonzekera komwe tikuchitira umboni masiku ano. Malirowa akugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsindika mgwirizano wa United Kingdom. Mochedwa kwambiri, ndikuganiza. Mtsinje wa Scottish watsekedwa.
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