Taganizirani zinthu ziwiri zimene zingaoneke ngati sizikugwirizana.
Kugwa uku, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yatulutsa zatsopano zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafa mopitilira muyeso m'dziko lonselo. Nora Volkow, mkulu wa National Institute on Drug Abuse, adanena CNN kuti amayembekeza kuti kufa kwamankhwala osokoneza bongo kutsika pambuyo pa kukwera kwakukulu panthawi ya mliri. M’malo mwake, imfa zoterozo zangowonjezereka.
Pakadali pano, kumapeto kwa Novembala, a Donald Trump anali atakwera kwambiri pafupifupi 60% Thandizo pa chisankho choyambirira cha Republican. M’zaka 43 zapitazi, Malinga ndi ndi Washington Post, palibe phungu yemwe wakhala ndi mtsogoleri wotero ndipo walephera kupambana pa chisankho cha chipani chake.
Pamaso pake, ziwerengero zake zochititsa chidwi zitha kuwoneka ngati zilibe kanthu kochita ndi kukwera kopitilira kwa kufa mopitilira muyeso. Zomwe zimachitika, komabe, zochitika ziwirizi ndi zolumikizana moyipa, zolumikizidwa ndi funso lofunikira lomwe anthu aku America ambiri akukumana nalo: M'dziko lomwe limakhala losungulumwa komanso lopanda chiyembekezo, tingatani kuti tizimva bwino?
Kukhala Woona Mtima pa Kusungulumwa Kwathu
Mmodzi wa ife, Mattea, ndi wolemba yemwe panopa amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo winayo, Sean, ndi dokotala yemwe amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yochira ku matenda osokoneza bongo. Tonsefe tinaleredwa kuti tikhulupirire kuti zomwe tachita ndi muyeso wa kufunikira kwathu komanso kuti china chake - udindo, ndalama, zolemekezeka - zingatipangitse ife kukhala amphumphu. Tonse aŵirife tinali ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana ndipo tili ndi CV zabwino kwambiri, koma palibe aliyense wa ife amene anapeza kuti kuchita zimenezi kunabweretsa malingaliro athunthu. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati kuti tikuwoneka bwino kwambiri, momwe timamvera.
Zinatitengera zaka pafupifupi 40 kuti tizindikire kuti kufunitsitsa kwathu kukwaniritsidwa komanso kuchita bwino kuposa anthu ena kunali kutichititsa kutaya mtima. Ndipo lero tikulemba chifukwa timakhalabe mukumva zowawa ndipo tikufuna kunena zoona. Tafika pomvetsetsa kuti ngakhale anthu omwe amawoneka kuti ali pamwamba nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda kanthu omwe amayesa kudzaza ndi ntchito, antidepressants, cannabis, vinyo, benzodiazepines, mumatchula.
Pakadali pano, pali kuzindikira komwe kukukulirakulira m'magulu azachipatala ndi ochira omwe kusungulumwa ndi ku muzu za kumwerekera kochuluka - ndipo kusungulumwa kumeneko kukukulirakulira. Malinga ndi dokotala wamkulu wa Opaleshoni Vivek Murthy, kusungulumwa ku America kwakuladi kukhala vuto laumoyo wa anthu. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, Murthy adatulutsa a lipoti mutu wakuti “Mliri Wathu Wosungulumwa ndi Kudzipatula,” pamene anafotokoza za ulendo wopita kumaiko osiyanasiyana ndi kumva anthu ambiri a ku America amitundu yonse akuulula kuti amadziona ngati osaoneka, osafunika, ndiponso osungulumwa. Kusungulumwa komweku limodzi ndi zowawa komanso zovuta zambiri zamatenda am'maganizo tsopano zikuwononga moyo waku America, zomwe zikuyambitsa kukhumudwa ndi imfa, zambiri zokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zomwe zikusokoneza mabanja ndi madera ndikuchepetsa. nthawi ya moyo.
M'malo amdima chonchi, njira imodzi yodzimvera bwino ndikuyika ziyembekezo zanu mwa mtsogoleri wamaginito yemwe amakupangitsani kumva ngati ndinu gawo latanthauzo. Njira ina ndikukhala ndi martini ndi chinthu chilichonse chosintha malingaliro - chilichonse chochepetsa ululu.
Ili si vuto la munthu payekha. Uku si kulephera kwamakhalidwe kapena cholakwika mu ubongo wathu (kapena wanu). Ili ndi vuto lalikulu lachitukuko, lomwe limapindulitsa The Donald kwambiri.
Kuchotsa Nation World
Bruce Alexander ndi pulofesa wotuluka pa psychology ku Simon Fraser University ku British Columbia komanso wolemba Globalization of Addiction. Anavutika ndi moŵa ali mnyamata ndipo kenako anachoka ku U.S. kupita ku Canada, kumene anathera moyo wake waukatswiri ku maphunziro a kumwerekera. Anayang'ana kwambiri pa tanthauzo la "kuphatikizana m'maganizo," kudalirana kwabwino ndi anthu komwe munthu amakumana nako pamene amadziona kuti ndi wofunika komanso kuti ali wa gulu lalikulu. Malinga ndi Alexander, kuphatikizana m'malingaliro ndi komwe kumapangitsa kuti moyo wamunthu ukhale wopirira ndipo kusowa kwake kumatchedwa "dislocation" kapena, m'mawu amodzi, kusagwirizana.
Mwanjira ina, kuchotsedwa kumayendera limodzi ndi gulu lathu lamakono la msika waulere. Zambiri zomwe zitha kuphatikizira m'maganizo monga kugawana chakudya pakati pa anthu onse ammudzi masiku ano zikuwoneka ngati zosagwirizana ndi misika yaulere kapena zosatheka. M’malomwake, munthu aliyense amafuna kuti azichita zofuna zake. Malinga ndi Alexander, izi zimapangitsa lingaliro la kusagwirizana osati chikhalidwe cha anthu ochepa chabe, koma chikhalidwe cha ambiri.
Kulekanitsidwa koteroko kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsimikizira kukhala chochitika chopweteka m’maganizo chimene nthaŵi zambiri chimadzetsa chisokonezo, manyazi, ndi kutaya mtima. Monga aliyense payekhapayekha, timakonda kuyesa kuthana ndi malingaliro otere mwa kudziletsa tokha kapena kufunafuna cholowa m'malo mwa kulumikizana kwenikweni, kapena zonse ziwiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azingokhalira kulimbikira ntchito, ma TV, chuma, kugonana, mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi zina zambiri. N’zoona kuti kungotsatira chilichonse mwa zinthu zimenezi sikutanthauza kuti munthu ali wozoloŵereka. N'zotheka kukhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi ntchito kapena munthu wopanda thanzi - ndipo ndizowona pafupifupi chirichonse.
M'malingaliro awa akukhalapo kwamakono, kuledzera ndi yankho laumunthu kwambiri ku mikhalidwe yomwe timadzipeza tokha. Malinga ndi Dokotala komanso katswiri wodziwika bwino wazovuta zaubwana ndi zizolowezi zoyipa Gabor Maté, kumwerekera ndikofala kwambiri padziko lathu lapansi kotero kuti anthu ambiri sadziwa n'komwe kukhalapo kwake.
Komabe kunena kuti anthu "okonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo" ndikuwavula umunthu wawo ndikuwapereka kwa iwo zotsika kwambiri za anthu athu. Ndilo liwu lomwe limapeputsa kutsimikizika kwa zomwe munthu wakumana nazo ndikunyalanyaza kufunika kwake. Ngakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zizolowezi - mankhwala kapena ndalama, mwachitsanzo - ndizofanana, zoyambazo zimasalidwa, pomwe zomalizazo ndizovomerezeka kapenanso kulemekezedwa.
“Kupatula munthu wokonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo mosiyana ndi enafe n’kunyada komanso mopondereza,” akulemba Maté, amene wakhala akulankhula mosapita m’mbali ponena za kumwerekera kwake—kuntchito ndi kogula—kufikira poti amauza odwala amene anali oledzera. Odwala ake, akuti, adadabwa kuti anali “monga tonsefe.”
"Mfundoyi," adatero Maté m'mawu ake kuyankhulana ndi Guardian kumayambiriro kwa chaka chino, "ndi ife onse monga tonsefe.”
Pambuyo pazaka zopitilira theka lazaka zakubadwa, Bruce Alexander samalekanitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mokakamiza ndi zomwe zimadalira. Amagawa zoledzeretsa za mowa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chakudya, njuga, mphamvu, kudzimva kuti ndi wapamwamba, ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zina monga mayankho ku ululu womwewo.
Komabe amaona kukoma kumodzi kwa kumwerekera kukhala kosiyana ndi ena onse.
"Kodi chizoloŵezi choopsa kwambiri ndi chiyani m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi?" adafunsa pokambirana ndi m'modzi wa ife ku Zoom chaka chatha. Ndiyeno iye anayankha funso lake lomwe. Malinga ndi pulofesa wa octogenarian yemwe wapereka moyo wake ku psychology yosokoneza bongo, a zoopsa kwambiri kuledzera masiku ano ndikuchulukirachulukira padziko lonse lapansi ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo ngati a Donald Trump.
Zomwe Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo ndi Autocracy Amagwirizana
Masiku ano, akatswiri azachipatala akuzindikira kuti kusungulumwa ndi komwe kumayambitsa vuto lathu lokonda kumwerekera. Koma akatswiri a ndale akhala akudziwa kale kuti kusungulumwa kungachititse kuti anthu asokonezeke, n’kumasokoneza bata m’zandale m’njira zosadetsa nkhawa.
Wolemba mbiri komanso wanthanthi Hannah Arendt anamvetsetsa kudzipatula ndi kusungulumwa ngati mikhalidwe yofunikira kuti wolamulira wankhanza aziwuka. Kuti wandale atenge mphamvu zonse, adalemba mu 1951 mu Chiyambi cha Totalitarianism, anthu ayenera kudzipatula kwa wina ndi mnzake. Kalekale, adatchula za kudzipatula ngati dziko la "pre-totalitarian", kutanthauza kuti ulamuliro wopondereza "umadzikhazika pa kusungulumwa, chifukwa chosakhala wadziko konse, zomwe ndi zina mwazovuta kwambiri komanso zovutirapo za anthu. munthu.”
Munthawi yake, Arendt adawonanso zabodza zandale ngati luso komanso sayansi yomwe wolamulira wankhanza waku Germany Adolf Hitler ndi a Joseph Stalin waku Soviet Union adapanga kuyandikira ungwiro. Analitcha kuti “luso losuntha anthu ambiri.” Akadakhala ndi moyo m'nthawi yathu ino, mosakayikira akadachita chidwi ndi njira zomwe sayansi yamankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso luso lazofalitsa zandale zakwera kwambiri. Kupatula apo, timanyamula m'matumba athu, usana ndi usiku, timakompyuta ting'onoting'ono tomwe nthawi zambiri timapereka chidziwitso, pomwe mankhwalawo achuluka kwambiri kotero kuti kumwa mopitirira muyeso kumachitika pafupipafupi kuchokera kumapiritsi omwe amaperekedwa mwalamulo komanso kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwamankhwala oletsedwa.
Izi ziyenera kukhala zowopsa, koma taphunziranso kanthu kena kofunikira kuchokera ku zomwe takumana nazo komanso za anthu ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mankhwala omwe munthu aliyense amasankha - zilizonse - amayenera kumvetsetsedwa ndikulemekezedwa ngati njira yothanirana ndi mavuto. Tsatirani mankhwala ku ululu pansi. Mawu a Gabor Maté ndi akuti: "Osafunsa chifukwa chake chizoloŵezicho, funsani chifukwa chake ululuwo."
Ziribe kanthu kaya anthu achepetse kapena kuchepetsa kuvutika kwawo ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mowa, wailesi yakanema, kapena potsatira mtsogoleri wotsimikiza kukhala yekha m'dziko lawo, njira imeneyo imakhala ndi cholinga chofunika kwambiri pamoyo wawo. Ndipo ndizowona ngakhale chizolowezi chofala masiku ano kwa omwe angakhale aku America wolamulira wankhanza kuti atsogolere kupereka mphamvu zosatsutsika ndi kulamulira nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi kuti ziwonongedwe mobwezera. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti kukondana ndi mankhwala kapena ndi Donald Trump (kapena onse awiri) kumathandiza anthu kulekerera ululu wawo - nthawi zambiri, ululu womva kuti alibe malo padziko lapansi.
Molekyu iyi imandimvetsa, samandiweruza. Mnyamata uyu amandimvetsa, samandiweruza.
Arendt anazindikira msanga kuti mabodza abodza andale amapereka zenizeni, ndipo anthu ambiri akamathandiza mtsogoleri wodziyimira pawokha, akuponya voti motsutsana ndi dziko lapansi monga akudziwira - dziko lomwe lili ndi kusungulumwa. Ndi kusungulumwa koteroko komwe kumawonjezera kuthandizira wandale wokhomerera chitsulo, ndikupanga njala ya mamolekyu osokonekera, zikhumbo zonse zomwe zimabadwa chifukwa chosowa kulumikizana. Monga a New York Times mutu kuika, opioids amamva ngati chikondi (ndicho chifukwa chake amakhala akupha nthawi zovuta). Kuti munthu akhoza kukondedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kungaoneke ngati kosangalatsa kwa ambiri - koma chikondi choterocho ndi chenicheni ndipo chimamveka bwino kusiyana ndi kusakhala ndi chikondi nkomwe.
Pakati pa kusungulumwa komwe kukuchitika, mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ulamuliro wodzilamulira aliyense amapereka njira yopulumukira ku zenizeni zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zosapiririka.
Tinaganiza Zochitira Umboni Zowawa za Wina ndi Mnzake
Chikhalidwe chathu modus operandi ndiko kuweruza anthu omwe amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena omwe ali ndi vuto la kumwerekera - kulingalira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri la khalidwe, vuto lalikulu la makhalidwe. Mu 2022, m'modzi wa ife adatsogolera kafukufuku wazachipatala mdziko lonse apezeka 69% ya omwe adafunsidwa ku US konse amakhulupirira kuti anthu amawona anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati "mwanjira ina, kwambiri, kapena otsika kwambiri." M’mawu ena, ambiri a ife timakhulupirira kuti anthu amene amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo ndi okanidwa. Pakadali pano, dongosolo lathu lazamalamulo limayimitsa zinthu zina (pomwe mamolekyu ofanana kapena ofanana ndi ovomerezeka) ndipo amawona anthu omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati ochita zoipa omwe amayenera kulangidwa ndikumayang'aniridwa m'ndende ndi ndende kapena kudzera paufulu kapena kuyesedwa.
Koma mukangozindikira vuto lalikulu - loti anthu ali osungulumwa, okhumudwa, komanso akumva kuwawa - zimawonekeratu kuti kutsekeredwa m'ndende kapena zilango zina zofananira si yankho. Amayimira, kwenikweni, mfundo zoyipa kwambiri zomwe mungabweretse polimbana ndi anthu omwe akumva kuwawa komanso odzipangira okha kuti amve bwino. Ofesi ya United Nations ya High Commissioner for Human Rights posachedwapa akuyitanidwa mayiko onse kuti aone kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ngati vuto laumoyo wa anthu ndikuletsa njira zowalanga kuti athane nazo. Ku U.S., ngakhale pali a kuzindikira m'bandakucha kuti nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo yakhala ikulephera komvetsa chisoni, akuluakulu ambiri osankhidwa (ndi pulezidenti ofuna) amangofuna kuwirikiza pa mfundo zokhwima.
Mmodzi wa ife adakumanapo ndi chilango chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo manyazi oweruzidwa ndi kulangidwa amakhala omveka mwakuthupi kotero kuti ndi ofanana ndi kubayidwa ndiyeno mpeni ukupotozedwa mwa inu mobwerezabwereza. Pamwamba pa zowononga zikugwirira zomwe zimakhudza gawo lililonse la moyo wanu waukatswiri ndi wamba, ndizofala kuweruzidwa moyipa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zanu ndi anzanu, abale, ndi anansi - pafupifupi aliyense amene mumamudziwa. Izi, zimapangitsa kuti kuchira ku vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuwoneke ngati kosatheka chifukwa mankhwala ndi omwe amachititsa manyazi.
Choncho, ifeyo patokha tinaganiza zoyesa zosiyana. Ndife anthu aŵiri amene takumanapo ndi kusungulumwa ndipo, m’malo moweruzana, tasankha kuchitira umboni zowawa za wina ndi mnzake. Izi zikutanthauza kumvetsera zomwe takumana nazo popanda kuchepetsa, kupatuka, kapena kuyesa kukonza vutolo. Ndipo zomwe tapeza ndikuti izi zimatipangitsa kuti tisakhale osungulumwa komanso zimapereka muyeso wamphamvu wamachiritso.
lodziwika, kafukufuku zikuwonetsa kuti kuthandizira anzawo popanda kuweruza ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pomwe kutsekeredwa m'ndende kapena kulangidwa mwanjira ina kapena kuchotsedwa ngati wofooka kapena wodetsedwa kumalepheretsa thanzi lamalingaliro (ndipo nthawi zambiri zikutsimikizira chakupha), kukhala ndi chithandizo cha anzanu odalirika ndi okondedwa kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa kupweteka kwamaganizo komwe kumapangitsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo poyamba.
Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe Hannah Arendt ankaganiza, nayenso. Mu Chiyambi cha Totalitarianism, iye analemba kuti kusungulumwa ndiko “kudzitayitsa wekha” chifukwa chakuti ndife anthu ocheza nawo, ndipo timatsimikizira kuti ndife ndani kudzera mwa “gulu la anthu [athu] odalirika ndi odalirika.” Ndiko kuti, timafunikana wina ndi mzake kuti tikhale umunthu wathu wonse.
Kunena zimenezo mwanjira ina, ponena za kumwerekera, kaya kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena kwa mtsogoleri wowopsa, zowona mankhwala ndi mgwirizano wina ndi mzake.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama