Dm'mwezi 15, malo de l'Opéra, Paris. Zovala zitatu zachikasu zidawerenga adilesi 'kwa anthu aku France ndi Purezidenti wa Republic, Emmanuel Macron' kuti: 'Kusunthaku si kwa aliyense komanso kwa aliyense. Limapereka mawu kwa anthu amene kwa zaka 40 alandidwa chilichonse chimene chinawathandiza kukhulupirira tsogolo lawo ndi ukulu wawo.’
Mkwiyo womwe udabwera chifukwa cha msonkho wamafuta wopangidwa, mkati mwa mwezi umodzi, kuzindikirika kwakukulu kwazomwe zikuvutitsa anthu komanso demokalase. Magulu ambiri omwe amasonkhanitsa anthu omwe ali ndi mabungwe ochepa amalimbikitsa kulowerera ndale mwachangu, zomwe zikufotokozera chifukwa chake 'anthu' azindikira kuti 'alanda tsogolo lawo' patatha chaka chimodzi atasankha purezidenti munthu yemwe amadzitama kuti adachotsa zipani ziwiri zomwe zidasinthana. mphamvu kwa zaka 40.
Macron wabwera osakhazikika. Monga momwe adachitira kale wunderkinder ngati wachinyamata, akumwetulira komanso amakono: Laurent Fabius, Tony Blair, Matteo Renzi. Akuluakulu a bourgeoisie akhumudwa kwambiri. Kupambana kwake pazisankho zapurezidenti waku France mu 2017 - kaya zinali zodabwitsa kapena zodabwitsa zaumulungu - zidawapatsa chiyembekezo kuti dziko la France lakhala malo abata ku West komwe kunali mavuto. Pamene Macron anavekedwa korona (kwa Beethoven's Ode to Joy), The Economist, wonyamula muyezo wa malingaliro a gulu lolamulira padziko lonse lapansi, adamuyika pachikuto chake, akuyenda pamadzi.
Koma nyanja yameza Macron, wotsimikiza za chibadwa chake komanso amanyoza kwambiri mavuto azachuma a anthu ena. Kusautsika kwa anthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala chiyambi cha kampeni yachisankho, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera kusankha kwa omwe amavota molakwika. Koma pamene mkwiyo wakale uyamba ndi kusonkhezeredwa zatsopano popanda kulingalira kwa awo akupirira, ndiye, monga momwe nduna yatsopano ya zamkati Christophe Castaner ananenera. (1), 'chilombo' chikhoza kutuluka m'bokosi lake. Ndiyeno, chirichonse chimakhala chotheka.
Amnesia ya ku France yokhudza mbiri ya kumanzere ikufotokoza chifukwa chake pakhala pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa kayendetsedwe ka chikasu chachikasu ndi kumenyedwa kwa 1936, panthawi ya Popular Front, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu asankhidwe mofananamo kudabwa ndi moyo wa ogwira ntchito komanso zofuna zawo kuti azithandizidwa. ulemu. Simone Weil, yemwe ndi katswiri wa maphunziro a nzeru za anthu komanso wochita za kampeni analemba kuti: ‘Onse amene sali m’gulu laukapolo satha kumvetsa zimene zatsimikizira kuti n’chiyani chingathandize pa nkhaniyi. M'gulu ili sizikukhudza izi kapena zofuna zina, ngakhale ndizofunikira ... Pambuyo popereka nthawi zonse, kupirira zonse, kuvomereza zonse mwakachetechete kwa miyezi ndi zaka, ndi pafupi kulimba mtima kuwongola, kuyimirira. Kuti mutenge nthawi yanu yolankhula' (2).
Magome anali atatembenuka
Prime Minister Léon Blum, polankhula za mapangano otsatirawa a Matignon a 1936, omwe adapereka tchuthi cholipidwa, sabata la maola 40 ndi malipiro abwinoko, adanenanso za kusinthana pakati pa omwe akukambirana ndi olemba anzawo ntchito pomwe wina adati kwa wina, ataona kuchuluka kwa ena. malipiro, 'Zitheka bwanji izi? Tinalola bwanji zimenezi? (3)' Kodi Macron adawunikiranso chimodzimodzi pomva zovala zachikasu zikufotokozera moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku? Wotopa, wotumbululuka, maso ake adayang'ana pa teleprompter, adavomera m'mawu ake ku mtunduwo kuti "kuyesayesa kwawo kunali kwakukulu" komanso "kopanda chilungamo". Matebulo anali atatembenuka ndipo tsopano ndi amene akuphunzirapo kanthu.
Tinalola bwanji zimenezi? Chifukwa cha ma vests achikasu, aliyense akudziwa bwino za kusalungama kwa boma: € 5 pamwezi kuchepera mu 2017 kuti apindule ndi nyumba pomwe mitengo yowonjezereka ya msonkho pamalipiro idathetsedwa; msonkho wachuma unathetsedwa; mphamvu zogulira opuma zikuchepa. Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri inali kubweza ngongole ya msonkho ya mpikisano ndi ntchito (CICE, ndondomeko ya ngongole yamakampani yamakampani) ndikuchepetsa zopereka zachitetezo cha olemba anzawo ntchito, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chaka chino Treasury idzalipira bonasi iwiri kwa Bernard. Arnault, munthu wolemera kwambiri ku Europe, mwini wa Carrefour, LVMH, Le Parisien ndi The Echoes. Ndondomekoyi idzawononga pafupifupi €40bn mu 2019, 1.8% ya GDP ndi kuchulukitsa nthawi 100 kupulumutsa kuchokera ku kuchepetsa phindu la nyumba. Mu kanema waufupi, wokwiya, wowonedwa nthawi za 6.2m, zomwe zidathandizira kuyambitsa kayendedwe ka vest yachikasu, Jacline Mouraud, 51, wolemba nyimbo komanso hypnotherapist wochokera ku Brittany, adafunsa Macron katatu, 'Mukuchita chiyani ndi ndalamazo?' Tsopano tikudziwa.
Kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta komanso kuyesa kwabwino kwa magalimoto kunali kokwanira kuti chilichonse chiwonekere. Monga mabanki omwe amalemera pa ngongole iliyonse, komabe m'dzina la kupulumutsa mtengo 'rationalise', kutanthauza pafupi, nthambi zawo, monga momwe amachitira ma akaunti a makasitomala omwe amalemba cheke yomwe imadutsa mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi. . Boma lomwe limagwira ntchito za penshoni, zotsika kale, ngati kuti ndi bokosi lachuma. Amayi olera okha ana amene ali ndi vuto lopeza chithandizo cha ana kuchokera kwa okondedwa awo akale, nawonso ali osauka. Anthu okwatirana amene akufuna kupatukana koma amakakamizika kukhalira limodzi chifukwa sangakwanitse kupeza ndalama ziwiri za lendi. Intaneti, makompyuta ndi mafoni a m’manja zimene tsopano zili zofunika zomwe ziyenera kulipiridwa, osati chifukwa cha zosangalatsa koma chifukwa chakuti kulinganiza kwautumiki ndi positi, akuluakulu amisonkho ndi njanji, ndi kutha kwa mafoni aboma, kumapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kukhala opanda mafoniwo. Ndipo kulikonse pali zotsekedwa za amayi oyembekezera komanso malo ogulitsa otsekedwa pomwe Amazon imatsegula nyumba zosungiramo zatsopano. Chilengedwe cha anomie, ukadaulo wokhazikitsidwa, kudzaza mawonekedwe, kutsatira zokolola komanso kusungulumwa zitha kuwonekanso m'maiko ena. Zakhalapo pansi pa maulamuliro andale osiyana kwambiri ndipo zisanachitike chisankho cha Macron, koma akuwoneka kuti alikonda dziko latsopanoli ndipo wakwaniritsa ntchito yake yokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu - chifukwa china chomwe amadedwa.
Koma osati padziko lonse. Anthu omwe akuchita bwino - omaliza maphunziro, apakati, omwe ali m'mizinda yayikulu - amagawana chiyembekezo cha Macron. Malingana ngati dziko liri bata, kapena kukhumudwa, zomwe zimakhala zofanana, dziko lapansi ndi mtsogolo ndi zawo. Vesiti yachikasu yemwe ali ndi nyumba yotsekedwa yomwe m'ma 1970 ikanakhala chizindikiro cha kuyenda m'mwamba anati, 'Ndege zikawuluka motsika, timaganiza kuti: Tawonani, pali anthu a ku Paris omwe angakwanitse kupeza tchuthi. Kutaya kuipitsidwa kwawo pa ifenso' (4).
Chigawo chomaliza pa chessboard
Macron amatha kudalira othandizira kupitilira gulu lapakati la Parisian ndi ndalama zoyendera, kuphatikiza atolankhani. Pali EU. Ndi UK kubwerera ku insularity, Hungary refractory, Italy osamvera, ndi Purezidenti wa US Donald Trump akulimbikitsa onse, EU singachite popanda France kapena kulanga monga Greece pamene mabuku ake sali bwino. Ngakhale ali wofooka Macron, ndi m'modzi mwa zidutswa zamphamvu zomaliza pa chessboard ya neoliberal Europe. Chifukwa chake EU ndi Germany akufuna kuti akhalebe m'malo, ngakhale atalola France machimo angapo akupha.
Pa Disembala 6, masiku anayi Macron asanavomereze zofuna za vest zachikasu (potero kulola kuchepa kwa bajeti ya France kupitilira malire opatulika a 3% ya GDP), Commissioner wowona za chuma ku EU Pierre Moscovici sanadzudzule kapena kuwopseza Macron ndi chiyembekezo chothetsa ulesi. . M’malo mwake, iye anadziŵikitsa kuti iye analibe chitsutso: ‘Udindo wanga, monga woyang’anira pangano la kukula ndi kukhazikika, sindikunena ku dziko lirilonse, “Muyenera kudula zinthu zakuti ndi zakuti, muyenera kusintha izi msonkho wotere” … Lamulo la 3% ili silofunika kwambiri. Ndinamva Gérald Darmanin [mtumiki wa akaunti za boma ku France] akunena, "2.9% kapena 3.1% si kusiyana kwa kumwamba ndi gahena". Sanalakwe kwenikweni pa izi, ndipo zili kwa France kusankha chomwe ikuyenera kuchita. Sindikunena lero, "France ikuwopsezedwa ndi zilango, ikuchoka ku ndondomeko zoperewera".' A Spanish, Italiya ndi Agiriki akuyenera kumasulira izi (zosindikiza za LMD za dziko zidzatha) ndi maboma amtsogolo aku France, omwe ulamuliro wawo pazachuma ukhoza kutsutsidwa kwambiri komanso zolakwika za bajeti sizilandiridwa bwino, ziyenera kusunga zolembedwa.
Pofuna kufotokozera mozungulira € 10bn ku chiwongoladzanja, Macron adauza aphungu ake ambiri kuti, 'Panthawi yamavuto, mtengo wake ndi wachiwiri.' Angela Merkel mwamsanga adathandizira kukwera kwake; Cholinga chake chinali, adatero, 'kuyankha madandaulo a anthu'. Ndipo kutsutsa kwamanja ku France posakhalitsa kudafuna kuti ziwonetserozi zithe. Gulu lapakati, lomwe limadziwa pomwe zokonda zake zagona, zimamamatirana nyumba ikayaka moto. Kuti 'apulumutse Private Macron', mabwana adalimbikitsanso mabizinesi kuti azilipira antchito awo bonasi yapadera, potsatira kuyitanitsa kwake kuti alandire malipiro ochepa. Atolankhani adaletsanso kudzudzula kwake atakumana ndi boma lomwe likupunthwa. Katswiri wina wa zachuma ndiponso wandale anawachenjeza kuti: ‘Atolankhani ayenera kukumbukira kuti iwo si ongoonerera chabe, koma ali m’gulu la anthu osankhika amene ntchito yawo ndi kuteteza dziko ku chipwirikiti. The Conservative tsiku lililonse Le Figaro adalandira uthengawo, monga momwe adafotokozera mkonzi pambuyo pakulankhula kwa Macron: 'Pakadali pano, boma liyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti lasunga zofunikira ... , komanso kuchepetsa malipiro ndi misonkho pa bizinesi. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi zitha ' (5).
Funso la 'immigration'
Palibe amene angatsutse kuti chikhumbo ichi chidzakwaniritsidwa. Boma silinagwe; idadzikoka pamodzi, kutetezedwa ndi mabungwe a Fifth Republic, komanso ndi aphungu ake ambiri, omwe adzakhala okhulupirika kwambiri chifukwa ali ndi ngongole kwa Macron. Boma linanenanso momveka bwino kuti ufulu wawo wowoneka bwino sikuletsa kuyika magalimoto okhala ndi zida m'misewu ya Paris ndikumanga movutikira owonetsa (1,723 pa 8 Disembala), monga adachitira masabata apitawa. Ndipo mkuluyo sasiya kuchita mantha - nyumba yachifumu ya Elysée inachenjeza moyipa za 'zovuta' za anthu omwe abwera ku Paris 'kuti adzaphe' - kapena kunena kuti alowererapo (Russian inde). Kuphatikiza apo, Macron, posankha kuwunikira 'funso losamukira kumayiko ena', adatsimikizira kukayikira kwake pandale.
Boma likhoza kunena kuti ma vests achikasu ali ndi chidziwitso chofooka cha momwe dongosolo lapadziko lonse limagwirira ntchito. Zonyenga za Macron Olympian ndi ubale wake wogwirizana ndi zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu olemera zalimbikitsa chinyengo chakuti ndondomeko zake ndi zofuna zaumwini, kotero kuti ali ndi ufulu wosintha kwambiri. Koma dziko la France silikulamuliranso ndalama zake; ntchito zake zaboma zili pansi pa malamulo a mpikisano wa EU; Akuluakulu aku Germany amawunika ndondomeko yake ya bajeti ndi mzere; Brussels ikukambirana za mgwirizano wake wamalonda. Komabe mawu oti 'Europe' ndi 'European' samawoneka pakati pa ma vests achikasu' 42 amafuna.
Ziwonetsero zozungulira ndi omwe amawatsatira akuwoneka kuti akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa mamembala anyumba yamalamulo ndi mwayi waunduna kuposa kutsutsa zandale zawo zopanda mphamvu, zikuwonekeratu kuti abwana a Ford yamayiko osiyanasiyana aku US sanafune kuyankhula ndi nduna yaku France. foni kampani yake italengeza kutsekedwa kwa mbewu ndi 850 kuchotsedwa ku Blanquefort pafupi ndi Bordeaux (6).
'Social miracle' ya m'ma 1990
Pierre Bourdieu adatcha gulu la kusowa kwa ntchito m'nyengo yozizira ya 1997-98 'chozizwitsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu', akutsutsa kuti kupindula kwake koyamba kunali kukhalapo kwake: 'Imasokoneza anthu osagwira ntchito ndi ogwira nawo ntchito onse osatetezeka, omwe chiwerengero chawo chikukula tsiku ndi tsiku. za kusawoneka, kudzipatula, kukhala chete ... kusakhalako.' Kutuluka kwadzidzidzi kwa zovala zachikasu, monganso zozizwitsa komanso zamphamvu kwambiri, kumasonyeza kusauka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa gawo lalikulu la anthu. Zimasonyezanso kumverera kwa kusamvera kotheratu kwa - pafupifupi kunyansidwa ndi - njira zachizolowezi zoyimilira: gululi liribe atsogoleri kapena oyankhula, limakana zipani zandale, silimatalikirana ndi mabungwe, limanyalanyaza aluntha komanso limadana ndi zofalitsa. Izi mwina zikufotokozera kutchuka kwake, komwe adakwanitsa kusunga ngakhale ziwawa zitachitika boma lina lililonse.
Palibe kulosera zamtsogolo za gulu lachilendo lachikhalidwe kwa anthu ambiri omwe amawerenga kapena kulemba Dziko la diplomatic. Chiyembekezo chake pandale sichidziwika bwino ndipo mawonekedwe ake osakanikirana amathandizira kukopa kwake koma amawopseza mgwirizano wake ndi mphamvu. N'zosavuta kupanga mgwirizano pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi apakati pa kukana msonkho wa mafuta kapena kuthetsa msonkho wa chuma kusiyana ndi kusintha malipiro ochepa, popeza eni eni ang'onoang'ono ndi amalonda odziimira okha akuwopa kuti ndalama zawo zidzakwera. Komabe, pali mgwirizano womwe ungathe kugwirizanitsa, popeza zofuna zambiri zimachokera ku kusintha kwa capitalism: kusagwirizana, malipiro, msonkho, kuchepa kwa ntchito za boma, chilango cha chilengedwe, kuthawa, kuyimira mopambanitsa omaliza maphunziro apakati m'mabungwe aboma ndi ma TV. .
Mu 2010 mtolankhani François Ruffin anafotokoza maulendo awiri otsutsa ku Amiens tsiku lomwelo, omwe adadutsa njira koma sanagwirizane; m'modzi anali ogwira ntchito kukampani ya Goodyear, winayo, otsutsa kufalikira kwa mayiko omwe akuchita ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi malamulo odana ndi akazi ku Spain. Ruffin analemba kuti: ‘Zili ngati kuti maiko aŵiri, olekanitsidwa ndi makilomita asanu ndi limodzi okha, afulatirana. Popanda kuthekera kwa "anyamata olimba" ochokera kufakitale kujowina zomwe wantchito wina adazitcha "gulu lapakati lapakati pamzinda kuti aziyenda" '. (7). Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Rick Fantasia adanenanso zomwezo ku Detroit kuti panali 'kumanzere kuwiri ... kosiyana ndi kosiyana', omenyera ufulu wopanda mapulani andale, komanso owona omwe alibe chidwi chofuna kuchitapo kanthu. (8). Ngakhale magawano a Amiens ndi Detroit sali ofanana, akuwonetsa kusiyana komwe kukukulirakulira pakati pa chilengedwe cha anthu ogwira ntchito omwe akuwukiridwa nthawi zonse koma akuyesera kumenyana nawo, ndi dziko la mikangano lolimbikitsidwa ndi aluntha omwe kusinthika kwawo pamapepala sikuwopseza dongosolo la anthu. . Zovala zachikasu zimatikumbutsa za kugawanika uku, koma sikuli kwa iwo okha kuti atseke.
(1) Christophe Castaner, 'Un monstre de colères anciennes' (Chilombo cha mkwiyo wakale), Brut, 8 December 2018.
(2) Simone Weil, 'La vie et la grève des ouvrières métallos' (The life and strikes of female metal workers) La Révolution prolétarienne, Paris, 10 June 1936.
(3) Serge Halimi, Zolemba za Quand la Gauche: Les leçons du pouvoir (1924, 1936, 1944, 1981) (Kumanzere kunayesa: Maphunziro a mphamvu), Agone, Marseilles, 2018.
(4) Marie-Amélie Lombard-Latune ndi Christine Ducros, 'Derrière les "gilets jaunes", cette France des lotissements qui peine' (Kuseri kwa zovala zachikasu), Mchinji, Paris, Novembala 26, 2018.
(5) Gaëtan de Capèle,L'heure des comptes' (Nthawi yowerengera), Mchinji, 11 December 2018.
(6) Pierre Bourdieu, Contre-feux, Raisons d'agir, Paris, 1998Kuwombera Mmbuyo, Verso, London, 2003).
(7) François Ruffin,Dans la fabrique du mouvement social' (Mu fakitale yomwe inamanga gulu la anthu), Le Monde diplomatique, December 2010.
(8) Rick Fantasia,Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani ku US kumanzere?', Le Monde diplomatique, Chingelezi, December 2010.
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