Zotsatirazi zinali Nkhani Yolemekezeka ya Chancellor yoperekedwa ku Fayetteville State University [University of North Carolina - Fayetteville], November 14, 2006.
Dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu ku America, ndi akaidi mamiliyoni awiri, ndi ena mamiliyoni anayi omwe ali pamiyezo, parole kapena akuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu lero, akuyimira vuto lalikulu kwambiri pazandale komanso pamakhalidwe kuti demokalase ipulumuke masiku ano. Abraham Lincoln ananenapo nthaลตi ina pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo, kuti mtundu umenewu sungakhoze kupirira kukhala โkapolo theka ndi theka laufulu.โ
Ukapolo โwatsopano,โ โkusankhana mitunduโ kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, wagawanitsa mtundu uwu ndi mtundu watsopano wa kusalingana kwa mafuko. Dongosolo la chilungamo chaupandu, komanso zomwe akatswiri ambiri amalitcha kuti "Prison Industrial Complex," ali ndi udindo wodzudzula anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America kuti asakhale ndi moyo wosaloledwa, kusokoneza zilakolako za ana awo, komanso kupatukana ndi anthu komanso moyo wapagulu.
Ndikuthokoza kwambiri kundiitana mowolowa manja kukalankhula ku Fayetteville State University, monga gawo la โChancellorโs Distinguished Lecture Series,โ zomwe zandipatsa mwayi wolankhula nanu motsutsa nkhanizi. Ndikufunanso kuthokoza bwenzi langa lakale, Dean David Barlow, amene kafukufuku wake wamaphunziro amtundu, umbanda ndi chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, amadziwika ndi kulemekezedwa kwambiri.
Madzulo ano, mutu wankhani yanga, "Race-ing Justice, Disenfranchising Lives," ukukamba mfundo zinayi zofunika, zomwe ndikufuna kufotokoza mwachidule: Choyamba, m'zaka makumi awiri zomaliza za zaka za m'ma 1968, panali kutsutsana kosagwirizana. Zoweruza ndi malamulo zomwe bungwe la Civil Rights Movement lidakwaniritsa, lomwe cholinga chake chinali kuthetsa mapologalamu ovomerezeka, maphunziro a anthu ochepa komanso mapulogalamu ovomerezeka ovomerezeka m'makoleji. Mapulogalamu oterowo anali ndi udindo waukulu wochulukitsa kanayi kukula kwa anthu aku Africa-America pakati pa 1995 ndi XNUMX.
Chachiwiri, kumenyedwa kotsutsana ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso kuchitapo kanthu kumagwirizana ndi kukulirakulira kwa ndende, komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende kwa mamiliyoni ambiri akuda ndi a Latinos, omwe nthawi zambiri amalandidwa ufulu wawo wovota, mwayi wamaphunziro ndi zachuma. Chachitatu, chotsatira cha njira ziwirizi, โNew Racial Domainโ ya mโzaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, ndi utatu wosayera wa ulova waunyinji, kutsekeredwa mโndende kwa anthu ambiri, ndi kulandidwa kwaunyinji, kumene kumathera pa imfa ya anthu, kwa oponderezedwa. Pomaliza, ndikufunsa kuti, kodi akatswiri ndi maphunziro apamwamba ayenera kuchita chiyani pavuto lalikulu la ndale ndi makhalidwe?
Chimodzi mwazolepheretsa kwambiri chitukuko cha anthu m'mbiri yonse ya US chakhala chotchinga cha tsankho. Ngakhale kuti zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zasintha, idakali dongosolo la tsankho ndi kusalungama komwe anthu aku America sanagonjetsebe; kotero ndi nkhani ya kusalingana kwa mitundu yomwe ndikufuna kuti ndiyambe phunziro langa.
Kodi akatswiri a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu amasanthula chiyani akamapenda tsankho masiku ano? Zizindikiro "zoyera" ndi "zamitundu" za Jim Crow South zasowa kalekale. Kusankhana mitundu mwalamulo ku United States kunali koletsedwa zaka zambiri zapitazo. Komabe, akatswiri onga ngati katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu Lawrence D. Bobo atsutsa kuti mzere wachikhalidwe wa anthu a ku America โsanathe,โ koma mโmalo mwake โwangosinthidwanso.โ "Imfa ya Jim Crow Racism yatisiya m'malo osasangalatsa omwe nthawi zina ndimawatcha dziko la Laissez Faire tsankho," adalemba. Bobo anafotokoza tsankho la laissez-faire "monga momwe anthu amakhalira ndi zolinga, koma kumasuka ku mgwirizano wochepa kwambiri pa msinkhu waumwini kumakhalabe, pali kusakhazikika kwa ndale pa mitundu ina ya machitidwe ovomerezeka, malingaliro oipa a mafuko ang'onoang'ono akupitirizabe, ndipo a pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malingaliro okhudza kufunikira kwa tsankho.โ Anthu ambiri apakati akuda ndi a Latinos masiku ano amavomereza nkhani zandale zadziko lonse zokhudzana ndi lonjezo la demokalase ya America: kudzera muzochita payekha komanso udindo waumwini, timaphunzitsa ana athu, kupambana ndi kupita mmwamba ndizotheka.
Vuto lalikulu ndi lingaliro ili ndiloti "laissez-faire racism" akadali kusankhana mitundu, ngakhale momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino m'chinenero chopanda tsankho chachilungamo. Kupitirizabe kukhalapo kwa kusiyana kwa mafuko komwe kungayesedwe muzotsatira za chikhalidwe cha anthu sikuli chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndondomeko yaumwini pamagulu ang'onoang'ono a mafuko, koma zopinga zakuya zomwe zimapitirizabe kusungidwa kupyolera mu mphamvu yofalikira ya mwayi woyera. Chifukwa chake, mu nthawi ya pambuyo pa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, kusiyana pakati pa mafuko kumadziwonetsera ngati "zachilendo" za chikhalidwe cha anthu aku America. Nthawi zonse pali "opambana" ndi "otayika" mu mpikisano wazinthu ndi mphamvu. Zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti ngati anthu aku America aku America akadali kumapeto kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, malingaliro omveka bwino ndikuti alibe wina womuimba mlandu koma iwo eni.
Kuwukira kwamakono motsutsana ndi kusiyanasiyana, kusankhana mitundu komanso kufanana kwa anthu ku America kwakhala nthawi imodzi pazandale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, komanso malingaliro. Munali mu 1980s ndi 1990s kudzipereka, khama logwirizana ndi osunga mwambo kuti atembenuzire nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe; kwenikweni, kulembanso kukumbukira kwa anthu aku America pazomwe zidachitika mu 1950s ndi 1960s. Chifaniziro ndi mawu a Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. adasinthidwa mwachipongwe kuti apereke chivomerezo chapambuyo pake pakuletsa mapulogalamu ovomerezeka. Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika ku California mu Novembala 1996, ndi ndime ya Proposition 209, yomwe imatchedwa "California Civil Rights Initiative." Popambana ndi malire a 54 mpaka 46 peresenti, njirayo inaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito โfuko, kugonana, mtundu, fuko, kapena fukoโ mโmbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu. Ovota zikwizikwi a Black ndi Latino, osokonezedwa ndi chilankhulo cha zomwe adachita, adalephera kumvetsetsa kuti kuvomereza sikuloledwa ku California, ndikuvotera. Patsiku la referendum, mavoti otuluka ku Los Angeles Times adawonetsa kuti ambiri mwa ovota aku California adagwirizana ndi mapulogalamu ovomereza. Komabe ovota omwewa, osokonezeka kapena ayi, adavomereza Proposition 209 ndikuipanga kukhala lamulo. Zonsezi zinatheka chifukwa maphunziro ndi mbiri ya Civil Rights Movement zachotsedwa kwambiri mu chidziwitso cha dziko. Monga Ward Connerly, wa Negro Conservative yemwe adatsogolera kampeni ya Proposition 209, adalongosola kuti: "Zakale ndi mzimu womwe ungawononge tsogolo lathu. Nkoopsa kumangokhalira kuiganizira. Kuyang'ana pa zolakwa za America ndikunyalanyaza zabwino zake. โ
Oyera odziyimira pawokha ndi omasuka omwe adateteza kwa nthawi yayitali mapulogalamu otsimikizira mtundu wawo adasokonekera ndikugwa kwambiri chiwembucho chisanachitike. Wopereka kamvekedwe kake anali Purezidenti William Jefferson Clinton, yemwe mu kampeni yake yosankhanso zisankho mu 1996 adanenanso kuti "adachita zambiri kuti athetse mapulogalamu omwe sindimaganiza kuti anali achilungamo ndikulimbitsa ena kuposa omwe adanditsogolera kuyambira pomwe adanditsimikizira. kuzungulira.โ Kulephera kwa Clinton kukhazikitsa kufunikira kopitiliza kuchitapo kanthu pazovuta za US
mbiri ya mafuko, ndi kufunikira kokhazikitsa njira zolipirira chilungamo kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe anali kuponderezedwa m'mbiri, zingakhale zotsimikizika. Mu 1996, Khoti Loona za Apilo la ku United States la Fifth Circuit, mโchigamulo cha Hopwood v. State of Texas, linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito fuko ngati chinthu chimene chimapangitsa kuti anthu alowe mโmayunivesite. Initiative 200 ku Washington State mu 1998 idatsata California pakuletsa kukakamiza anthu kuchitapo kanthu. Zotsatira zake zachindunji, mchaka choyamba cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Proposition 209, chiลตerengero cha omaliza maphunziro aku Africa-America omwe adalembetsa ku Berkeley campus adatsika kuchokera pa 258 mpaka 95, kutsika kwa 63%. Ku Yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles, kutsika kunali kuchokera pa ophunzira 211 akuda mpaka 125.
Omenyera ufulu wovomerezeka ndiye adatsutsa zomwe zidachitika kale za chilungamo chamtundu wa anthu akuda, ndikubwereranso ku njira zina ziwiri zovomerezeka: choyamba, njira zosagwirizana ndi mtundu zomwe zingavomereze kuchuluka kwa anthu omaliza maphunziro asukulu yasekondale ku yunivesite ya boma. dongosolo; chachiwiri, kukonzanso mapulogalamu omwe kale anali okhudzana ndi mafuko kuti aphatikize anthu aku Asia, azungu omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa, ndi ena omwe amafotokozedwa kuti "osaimiridwa" kapena "osowa." Njira ziwirizi ndizovuta kwambiri, kuchokera kumadera aku Africa-America ndi Latino. Njira yokhazikika imapindulitsa kwambiri kukhalapo kwa kusankhana mitundu, kupatsa mwayi wochuluka kwa ophunzira ochepa omwe amakhala m'masukulu akumidzi omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri, koma kuchepetsa kwambiri mwayi wa koleji kwa ophunzira oyenerera a Black omwe amapita kusukulu zosakanikirana kapena zokhala ndi azungu. Ku Texas, "ndondomeko yapamwamba ya 10 peresenti" idakhazikitsidwa mu 1997 kutsatira chigamulo cha Hopwood, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo onse a University of Texas ku Austin ndi Texas A&M, mabungwe awiri otsogola m'boma, adatsika pang'ono mwa ophunzira ochepa. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2002, mwa omaliza maphunziro a matric, Afirika Achimereka anali 3 peresenti yokha, ndipo Latinos osachepera 10 peresenti - m'chigawo chomwe anthu oposa 40 peresenti ndi Latino ndi African American.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, panthawi yomweyi ya mbiri yakale, panali kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa ogwira ntchito zaupandu-chilungamo, komanso kumanga ndende zatsopano ku United States. Mwachitsanzo, zimene zinachitika ku New York State zinali zofanana ndi zimene zinachitika mโdziko lonselo. Kuyambira 1817 mpaka 1981, New York idatsegula ndende za boma makumi atatu ndi zitatu. Kuchokera mu 1982 mpaka 1999, mโnyumba zolangirira anthu ku New York State munali akaidi oposa 71,000.
Mu 1974, chiลตerengero cha Achimereka omwe anamangidwa mโndende zonse za boma chinali 187,500. Pofika mu 1991, chiลตerengerocho chinali chitafika pa 711,700. Pafupifupi aลตiri mwa atatu mwa akaidi onse aboma mu 1991 anali ndi maphunziro osakwanira a kusekondale. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a akaidi onse anali lova panthaลตi imene anamangidwa. Chiลตerengero cha anthu omangidwa pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za mโma 1980 chinali chitakwera kwambiri kuposa kale lonse, makamaka kwa anthu akuda aku America. Pofika mu December 1989, chiลตerengero chonse cha akaidi a ku United States, kuphatikizapo mabungwe a boma, chinaposa 1 miliyoni kwa nthaลตi yoyamba mโmbiri, chiลตerengero cha kutsekeredwa mโndende kwa nzika 1 mwa nzika 250 zilizonse. Kwa Afirika Achimereka, mlingowo unali woposa 700 pa 100,000 kapena pafupifupi kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa azungu. Pafupifupi theka la akaidi onse anali akuda. Amuna makumi awiri ndi atatu pa 1989 aliwonse aamuna akuda a zaka makumi awiri anali m'ndende, pa parole, poyesedwa, kapena kuyembekezera kuzengedwa mlandu. Chiwerengero cha anthu akuda aku America omwe anatsekeredwa mโchaka cha XNUMX chinali chitaposa ngakhale cha anthu akuda omwe ankakhalabe muulamuliro wa tsankho ku South Africa.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1990, chiลตerengero cha mitundu yonse ya ziwawa zachiwawa chinayamba kutsika. Koma malamulo otumiza olakwawo anali amphamvu kwambiri. Ana ankaonedwa kwambiri mโmakhoti ngati anthu akuluakulu ndipo ankapatsidwa zilango zokhwima. Malamulo monga "kumenyedwa katatu ndipo mwatuluka" aku California adachotsa kuthekera kwaparole kwa olakwa obwerezabwereza. Unyinji wa akaidi atsopano ameneลตa anali osachita zachiwawa, ndipo ambiri a iwo anaimbidwa mlandu wa kulakwa kwa mankhwala oledzeretsa amene anakhala mโndende kwa nthaลตi yaitali. Ku New York, anthu 25 pa 1999 alionse a ku Africa kuno ku America ndi Latinos, koma pofika 83 anaimira 94 peresenti ya akaidi onse a boma ndi 14 peresenti ya anthu onse amene anaimbidwa mlandu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mchitidwe wa tsankho m'ziwerengerozi umatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wa U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, yemwe adapeza kuti ngakhale kuti anthu a ku America a ku America lero ndi 35 peresenti yokha ya anthu onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'dziko lonse, 55 peresenti ya kumangidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, 75 peresenti. pa milandu yonse ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi XNUMX peresenti ya ololedwa kundende chifukwa cha milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Pakalipano, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali pansi pa mtundu wina wa utsogoleri, kuphatikizapo parole ndi probation, ndi mmodzi mwa khumi ndi asanu kwa anyamata oyera, mmodzi mwa khumi kwa anyamata achichepere aku Latino, ndi mmodzi mwa atatu ovota amuna aku Africa-America. Masiku ano, opitilira asanu ndi atatu mwa amuna khumi aku America aku America adzamangidwa nthawi ina m'moyo wawo.
Tsankho lachikhalidwe ndilovuta kwambiri kuthetsa m'dziko lathu lero, mwa zina, chifukwa atsogoleri andale m'magulu akuluakulu awiriwa adabweza dala mabiliyoni a madola amisonkho kuti achoke kuzinthu zopangira maphunziro a anthu kuti amangidwe zomwe akatswiri ambiri tsopano akuzitcha kuti ndende ya mafakitale. . Uwu ndiye mgwirizano woyipa pakati pa maphunziro ndi kutsekeredwa m'ndende.
Kufufuza kochitidwa mu 1998 ndi bungwe la Correctional Association of New York ndi bungwe la Justice Policy Institute lozikidwa ku Washington, D.C., kunasonyeza kuti ku New York State madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri achotsedwa pa bajeti ya mayunivesite aboma kupita ku ntchito yomanga ndende. Lipotilo linati: โChiyambire chaka chandalama cha 1988, mayunivesite aboma a New York awona ndalama zawo zoyendetsera ntchito zikutsika kufika pa 29 peresenti pamene ndalama za ndende zawonjezeka ndi 76 peresenti. M'madola enieni, pafupifupi pakhala kusinthana kofanana, ndi dipatimenti ya Correctional Sciences ikulandira chiwonjezeko cha $761 miliyoni panthawiyo pomwe ndalama za boma zamayunivesite aku New York zidatsika ndi $615 miliyoni. Pofika mโchaka cha 1998, dziko la New York linali kuwononga ndalama zokwana kuwirikiza kawiri ndalama zimene linapereka poyendetsa ndende zaka XNUMX mโmbuyomo. Kuti alipire kukula kwakukulu kumeneku, maphunziro ndi malipiro a ophunzira ku State University of New York (SUNY) ndi City University of New York (CUNY) adakwera kwambiri.
Kwa achinyamata akuda ndi a Latino, kusintha kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kupita ku koleji kuposa kale, koma kukhala kosavuta kupita kundende. Kufufuza kwa 1988 ku New York State kunapeza kuti: โPali Akuda (34,809) ndi Hispanics (22,421) ochuluka otsekeredwa mโndende kuposa amene amapita ku State University of New York, kumene kuli ophunzira 27,925 Akuda ndi Achispanish.โ Pakati pa 1989 ndi 1998, panali Akuda ambiri omwe ankalowa m'ndende chifukwa cha milandu ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo chaka chilichonse kuposa omwe anali omaliza maphunziro awo ku SUNY omwe ali ndi digiri yoyamba, masters, ndi digiri ya udokotala - ataphatikizidwa.
Mu June 2003, Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States linagamula milandu iwiri yokhudzana ndi mapulogalamu ovomerezeka ku yunivesite ya Michigan ku Ann Arbor. Chofunikira kwambiri pazigamulo ziwirizi, Grutter v. Bollinger, adanena kuti pali chidwi chokakamiza boma kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu olimbikitsa "kusiyana," komanso kuti maphunziro apamwamba adalemeretsedwa chifukwa chokhala ndi anthu amitundu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana monga gawo la maphunziro. kulembetsa ku yunivesite. Chifukwa chake, khotilo lidalengeza mu chigamulo chake chocheperako zisanu mpaka zinayi, kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu ngati chinthu chovomerezeka, bola ngati sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gawo. Kuyankha koyambirira kochokera kwa ophunzira anali kuti Grutter adayimira chigonjetso chodziwika bwino champhamvu zotsimikizira komanso "zosiyanasiyana." Mwatsoka iwo ananyalanyaza kufunika kokwanira kwa maganizo a unyinji pa khoti lalikulu: kuti mayunivesite anafunikira kulingalira oyembekezera ophunzirawo โmonga munthu payekhaโ ndipo kuti asawakane kapena kuwavomereza kupyolera mโmaprogramu alionse ozikidwa makamaka kapena makamaka pa magulu a mafuko. Gawo ili lachigamulo linamasuliridwa mwachangu kutanthauza kuti mapulogalamu onse mkati mwa koleji kapena kuyunivesite sayenera kuzikidwa pamagulu amitundu.
Kuchokera kumapeto kwa 2003 mpaka 2004, m'kanthawi kochepa, mazana a mayunivesite ndi makoleji aku US adatseka kapena kusintha kwambiri mapulogalamu awo otsata anthu ochepa. Mndandandawo unali wodabwitsa kwambiri: ku Yale University, pulogalamu yolembetsa yolembetsa yachilimwe ya pre-freshmen, "Cultural Connections," inatsegulidwa kuti alowe nawo oyera; pa Yunivesite ya Princeton, "mapulogalamu osankha mitundu" anaimitsidwa mwadzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo Junner Summer Institute yomwe chaka chilichonse imabweretsa ophunzira aku koleji aku Africa-America ndi Latino ku Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs; ku Boulder, "Summer Minority Access to Research Training Program" ya "Summer Minority Access to Research" ya University of Colorado inatchulidwanso ndikutsegulidwa kwa azungu; ku California Institute of Technology, pulogalamu yake yoyendera kampasi yopangidwira Akuda, Latinos, ndi Amwenye aku America idatsegulidwa kwa azungu ndi Amwenye aku Asia; pa yunivesite ya Indiana, "Summer Minority Research Fellowship" ya masabata asanu ndi anayi omwe adapangidwa kuti "apeze ophunzira ochepa a sekondale ndi akukoleji omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kafukufuku wamankhwala powafananiza ndi alangizi" adakonzedwanso kuti alembe anthu aku Asia ndi azungu; pa Yunivesite ya St. Louis, pulogalamu yamaphunziro pachaka yopereka $10,000 aliyense kwa ophunzira 30 aku Africa-America "inathetsedwa" ndipo "Martin Luther King, Jr" watsopano. maphunziro adalowetsedwa m'malo, kuchepetsedwa mpaka $8,000 pa wophunzira aliyense, ndikuvomerezedwa popanda kuganizira mtundu; komanso ku Williams College ku Massachusetts, pulogalamu ya chiyanjano cha udokotala, yomwe kwa zaka zopitirira khumi zomwe zimaperekedwa chaka chilichonse kwa ophunzira a Black ndi Latino apamwamba, ndi cholinga choyambirira choonjezera maprofesa ochepa, atsegulidwa kwambiri aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu, amene amaonedwa kuti ndi "oyimiridwa pang'ono," monga "amayi m'madipatimenti a physics," kapena "olembera oyera ku Asia Studies."
Poganizira, Grutter anali kupambana komanso kugonja. Zinawonetsa kugonjetsedwa koopsa komwe kudzachepetsa mwayi wopita patsogolo maphunziro kwa mazana masauzande a ophunzira aku Latino ndi aku Africa-America m'zaka zikubwerazi, zonse m'dzina la "zosiyanasiyana."
Umu ndi nkhani yosankhana mitundu momwe tiyenera kusanthula ndikukambirana zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano muulamuliro wamilandu waku US. Dongosolo la tsankho la Jim Crow litha kutha mwalamulo, koma m'malo mwake patuluka zomwe ndimatcha "New Racial Domain," kapena NRD. Dongosolo Latsopano la Racial Domain ndikusinthanso kovutirapo kwa mtundu ndi mphamvu pazachuma chandale cha neoliberalism ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko. Mwachidule, matrix a New Racial Domain ndi makona atatu akupha, kapena utatu wosayera wa tsankho: kusowa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, komanso kuchotsedwa ntchito. Katatu kameneka ka โkusankhana mitunduโ kamene kamachititsa kuti anthu azisalidwa, kusalidwa komanso kusalidwa, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu azifa.
Kuzungulira kwa chiwonongeko kumayamba ndi kusowa kwa ntchito, umphawi komanso umphawi. Ndalama zenizeni za anthu osauka omwe amagwira ntchito zidatsika kwambiri pa nthawi yachiwiri ya Clinton. Pambuyo pa ntchito yazaumoyo ya 1996, ukonde wachitetezo cha anthu mu nthawi ya Great Society unasokonekera. Pamene olamulira a Bush adatenga mphamvu, kusowa kwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali kudafalikira kwa ogwira ntchito akuda pantchito yopanga. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2004, m'mizinda ngati New York, theka la amuna onse akuda anali opanda ntchito yolipidwa.
Ulova wambiri umapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azitsekeredwa m'ndende. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a akaidi onse anali lova panthaลตi imene anamangidwa, ndipo ena pafupifupi amapeza ndalama zosakwana $20,000 pachaka mโchaka chimene anatsekeredwa mโndende. Masiku ano, pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu asanu alionse a ku America ali ndi mbiri yaupandu. Malamulo opereka zilango zocheperako omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1980 ndi 1990 m'maboma ambiri adalanda oweruza mphamvu zawo popereka chigamulo, kuyika mawu okhwima kwa olakwa koyamba komanso osachita zachiwawa. Parole yakhalanso yoletsa kwambiri, ndipo mu 1995 ndalama zothandizira a Pell zothandizira mapulogalamu a maphunziro a akaidi zinathetsedwa. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi woyenda bwino pamilandu yamilandu ndikutuluka m'ndende, amapeza kuti maboma ndi maboma amaletsa mosapita m'mbali kulembedwa ntchito kwa omwe adapezeka olakwa m'mabizinesi mazanamazana. Vuto la ulova limayambanso.
Ozunzidwa kwambiri ndi njira zachilungamo zosagwirizana, ndi achinyamata aku Africa-America ndi Latino. Mu Epulo 2000, pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zapadziko lonse komanso zamayiko zomwe a FBI, dipatimenti yazachilungamo komanso mabungwe asanu ndi limodzi otsogola adachita kafukufuku wozama yemwe adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwamitundu pamilingo iliyonse yazachilungamo kwa ana. Anthu aku Africa aku America osakwana zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu amapanga
15 peresenti ya gulu la zaka za mโdziko lawo, komabe panopa akuimira 26 peresenti ya onse amene amangidwa. Pambuyo polowa mu dongosolo lachigawenga, achinyamata oyera ndi akuda omwe ali ndi zolemba zofanana amachitidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Dipatimenti Yachilungamo, pakati pa olakwa achinyamata achizungu, 66 peresenti amatumizidwa ku makhoti a ana, pamene 31 peresenti yokha ya achinyamata a ku Africa-America amatengedwa kumeneko. Akuda amapanga 44 peresenti ya otsekeredwa mโndende za ana, 46 peresenti ya onse amene akuzengedwa mlandu mโmakhoti amilandu achikulire, limodzinso ndi 58 peresenti ya ana achichepere amene amasungidwa mโndende za achikulire. Kunena zowona, izi zikutanthauza kuti achinyamata aku America aku America omwe amamangidwa ndikuimbidwa mlandu amakhala ndi mwayi wopitilira kasanu ndi kamodzi kuti atsekedwe m'ndende kuposa olakwa.
Kwa achinyamata omwe sanakhalepo m'ndende, Achiafirika Achimereka ali ndi mwayi wochuluka kuwirikiza kasanu ndi kamodzi kuposa azungu kuti awengedwe kundende za ana. Kwa achinyamata omwe akuimbidwa milandu yamankhwala osokoneza bongo, Akuda ndi ochulukirapo kuwirikiza makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kuposa azungu kuti athe kuweruzidwa kundende ya ana. Achinyamata achizungu omwe akuimbidwa milandu yachiwawa amatsekeredwa m'ndende kwa masiku 193 atazengedwa mlandu; Mosiyana ndi izi, achinyamata aku Africa-America amasungidwa masiku 254, ndipo achinyamata aku Latino amamangidwa masiku 305.
Ngakhale kunja kwa makoma a ndende, magawo a anthu akuda amafotokozedwa makamaka ndi oimira boma ndi mphamvu zapadera. Pofika mโchaka cha 2002, ku United States kunali apolisi pafupifupi 650,000 ndi alonda achinsinsi okwana 1.5 miliyoni. Komabe, mochulukirachulukira, madera a anthu akuda ndi osauka akuchitidwa โapolisiโ ndi magulu apadera ankhondo, omwe nthaลตi zambiri amatchedwa magulu a SWAT (Zida Zapadera ndi Machenjera). Wofufuza wina dzina lake Christian Parenti anatchulapo kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti โmโdzikoli muli magulu a apolisi odziwa zida ndiponso ophunzitsidwa za usilikali oposa 30,000.โ Kusonkhanitsa magulu a SWAT, kapena โkuimba foni,โ kunawonjezeka ndi 400 peresenti pakati pa 1980 ndi 1995, ndi chiwonjezeko cha 34 peresenti cha zochitika zakupha zolembedwa ndi magulu a SWAT kuyambira 1995 mpaka 1998.
Kodi zotsatira zandale zandale ndi zotani pakuwongolera mabungwe akuda ndi abulauni kudzera m'malo okakamiza a malo athu owongolera? Mwina chokhudza kwambiri ndi njira ya Black voti. Malinga ndi ziwerengero za 1998 za Sentencing Project, malo ofufuza osachita phindu ku Washington, D.C., maiko makumi anayi ndi asanu ndi atatu ndi akaidi a m'boma a District of Columbia omwe adapezeka olakwa chifukwa chovota. Maboma makumi atatu ndi awiri omwe ali m'boma omwe anali ophwanya malamulo omwe pakali pano ali pa parole kuvota. Maiko makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu amaletsa ngakhale akuluakulu kuvota ngati ali ovomerezeka. Pali mayiko asanu ndi awiri omwe amakana ufulu wovota kwa akaidi akale omwe akhala akumangidwa chifukwa cha milandu, ngakhale atamaliza chilango chawo. Ku Arizona, omwe kale anali olakwa amalandidwa moyo wawo wonse ngati apezeka ndi mlandu wachiwiri. Delaware imaletsa ena omwe anali olakwa kwa zaka zisanu atamaliza zigamulo zawo, ndipo a Maryland amawaletsa kuvota kwa zaka zina zitatu.
Zotsatira zake ku demokalase ndizowononga. The Sentencing Project idatulutsa ziwerengero izi mu 1998:
- Anthu aku America pafupifupi 3.9 miliyoni, kapena mmodzi mwa iwo
akuluakulu makumi asanu, mu 2002 anali ndi pano kapena mpaka kalekale
anataya ufulu wawo wovota, chifukwa cha mlandu
kukhudzika.
- 1.4 miliyoni amuna aku Africa-America, kapena 13 peresenti ya
Amuna akuda, adachotsedwa ntchito kasanu ndi kawiri
chiwerengero cha dziko lonse.
- Achizungu aku America opitilira 2 miliyoni (Latinos ndi
sanali Latino) adachotsedwa ntchito.
- Amayi opitilira theka la miliyoni adataya ufulu wawo
kuvota.
Pulojekiti Yopereka Chigamulo inawonjezera kuti "kuchuluka kwa kusavota kwachiwembu ndikokulirapo kuposa m'dziko lina lililonse ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri njira zademokalase komanso kuphatikiza mitundu." M'malo mwake, Lamulo la Ufulu Wachisankho la 1965, lomwe lidatsimikizira mamiliyoni a anthu aku Africa ku America ufulu wochita zisankho, likuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi ziletso za boma zoletsa kuvota kwa omwe anali ophwanya malamulo. Anthu omwe amangidwa mochulukirachulukira, ndiyeno mwadongosolo amakanidwa ufulu wovota, sanganene kuti amakhala pansi pa demokalase.
Chotulukapo cha kuphwanyidwa kofala koteroko ndicho chimene chingatchedwe โimfa yapachiweniweni.โ Munthu amene waimbidwa mlandu wopalamula, amakhala nthawi, ndipo amamaliza parole, komabe amalangidwa nthawi iliyonse. Amalangidwa pantchito, akukanidwa ntchito zina chifukwa chaupandu. Iye ali ndi mwayi wochepa wachindunji kapena chikoka pakupanga zisankho za ndale. Atha kulembedwa ntchito ndikulipira misonkho, potengera udindo wa nzika zina, komabe akhoza kuletsedwa kwakanthawi kapena kosatha ku ntchito imodzi yomwe imatanthawuza unzika wokha - kuvota. Anthu omwe amalangidwa motere sakhala ndi chilimbikitso chochepa chotenga nawo gawo pazokhudza moyo wa anthu wamba chifukwa sadziwa chilichonse popanga zisankho. Akaidi omwe anali akaidi pa parole nawonso nthawi zambiri saloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pa ziwonetsero zapagulu kapena misonkhano ya ndale chifukwa choletsa parole. Kwa akaidi ambiri omwe anali m'ndende, pali kuthawa ntchito zandale; kudzimva kukhala otalikirana ndi kukhumudwitsidwa kumabweretsa mosavuta mphwayi. Anthu omwe amaphedwa mwachisawawa amasiya kudziona ngati "ochita zachitukuko," monga anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wosintha zinthu zofunika pagulu komanso m'maboma.
Kodi mayunivesite ochita kafukufuku angatani kuti achitepo kanthu pa chiwonongeko chomwe sichinachitikepo m'mbuyomo chokhudza mfundo za demokalase monga ufulu wachibadwidwe, kufanana mosasamala kanthu za mtundu pansi pa lamulo, komanso chilungamo m'dongosolo lathu lachilungamo? Akatswiri ayenera kufunsa kuti ndi chiyani chomwe chidzakhudza dziko lonse pakuwononga miyoyo ya mamiliyoni a anthu akuda ndi a bulauni ku America? Timalimbikitsa chinyengo cha chitetezo ndi chitetezo, koma osati zenizeni zake. Timawononga $ 150 biliyoni kuthamangitsa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga" polanda Iraq, komwe sitinapeze chida chimodzi chowonongera anthu ambiri. Komabe, pamawu onse olamulira a Bush okhudza "chitetezo chakudziko," madera athu sakhala otetezeka. Mu 2004, chifukwa cha kuchepetsa bajeti, Cleveland anachotsa ntchito apolisi 250, 15 peresenti ya apolisi onse.
Ku Los Angeles County, mu 2005, dipatimenti ya Sheriff idathamangitsa nduna 1,200 ndipo adakakamizika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa bajeti kuti atseke malo angapo owongolera olakwa. Ku Pittsburgh, gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a apolisi ake onse adadulidwa. Ku Houston, maofesala 190 m'ndende ya mzindawo adamasulidwa, ndipo m'malo mwake ndi apolisi aku Houston. Ntchito zatsopano zoyendetsera malamulo zomwe zinali zogwira mtima pochepetsa kupha anthu komanso umbanda m'misewu m'zaka za m'ma 1990 zikuchepetsedwa ndipo ngakhale kuthetsedwa. Chifukwa chake m'madera athu ndife otetezeka kwenikweni, mosasamala kanthu zomwe olamulira a Bush akunena za "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga."
Zolinga zathu ziyenera kukhala chilungamo chobwezeretsa ndi kuthekera kwachitukuko
kumanga: kubweretsanso, kuchokera m'mphepete, mamiliyoni aku America omwe amakanidwa ntchito nthawi zonse chifukwa cha milandu yomwe adayimba kale; kubweretsanso, m'ndondomeko yathu yovota, mamiliyoni a nzika za ku America zomwe sizikuloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wademokalase wovota; kubweza akaidi akale mu chuma chathu, potsutsa ndi kuchotsa mndandanda wa ntchito zovomerezeka ndi boma zomwe akaidi akale amakanidwa mwayi wopempha ndi kugwira; kubweretsanso, mwa kuchitapo kanthu kwa anthu, utsogoleri wobisika, zidziwitso ndi luso la mamiliyoni a anthu omwe azunzidwa ndi New Racial Domain, kuchoka pantchito kupita ku chuma chambiri.
Tiyenera kuumirira pakusintha kwadongosolo lathu lazamalamulo, komwe kumachitira ana onse mwachilungamo molingana ndi malamulo, mosatengera mtundu. Tiyenera kupempha kulowetsedwa kwa mapulogalamu olimbikitsa, opindulitsa m'ndende zathu, kupezeka kwa thandizo la Pell, lomwe limapereka mlatho wophunzirira kwa mazana masauzande a amayi ndi abambo omwe ali m'ndende.
Tiyenera kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu a "restorative chilungamo" omwe amayang'ana kwambiri "ulamuliro wachirengedwe" ndi mapulogalamu okonzanso, njira zomangirira komanso zopanga zomwe zimawongolera mazana masauzande a anthu osachita zachiwawa komanso olakwira nthawi yoyamba kuchokera kumapeto kwa zilango zachitetezo chambiri. . Tiyenera kupempha madera athu kuti apeze ndalama zatsopano kuti akhazikitse ndikukhazikitsa njira zolimbikitsira, zosatsutsana zaupandu wamba.
Mu January 2002, Institute for Research in African American Studies (IRAAS) ku Columbia University inayambitsa Africana Criminal Justice Project (ACJP) mothandizidwa ndi Criminal Justice Initiative ya George Soros's Open Society Institute. ACJP idakhazikitsa ndikupititsa patsogolo kafukufuku, maphunziro ndi njira zogwirira ntchito limodzi pamzere wamitundu, umbanda ndi chilungamo ku United States. Zolinga zapakati za polojekitiyi zimapitirira kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe
monga:
1. Kupanga maphunziro atsopano mkati mwa gawo la
Maphunziro a Black ndi kukulitsa mlingo wa chinkhoswe
pakati pa anthu ophunzira ndi nzika, zamalamulo ndi
mabungwe omenyera ndale;
2. Kupititsa patsogolo mulingo wovuta kwambiri
kugwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya chilungamo chaupandu ndi zake
zotsatira pa anthu ochepa;
3. Kulemba zida zophunzitsira ndi maphunziro a
anthu ndi mabungwe omwe akufuna kukwaniritsa a
kumvetsetsa bwino za zovuta za misa
umbava, kumangidwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi
zandale za izi; ndi
4. Kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zikupitilira
kusankhana mitundu kwa Criminal Justice System ndi
zotsatira zowononga kwambiri ku Africa-
Anthu aku America ndi Latino, mabanja ndi
m'midzi.
Zofufuza ndi maphunziro za Africana Criminal Justice Project zakulitsa kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa umbanda, chilango ndi kukana chisalungamo mkati mwa zochitika za Black. Zochita izi zaphatikizapo: (1) kupanga bukhu lofotokozera za ntchito za olemba akuda pankhani zachilungamo; (2) kufalitsa maphunziro apamwamba okhudza mtundu, umbanda ndi chilungamo kuchokera kwa akatswiri amaphunziro osiyanasiyana; (3) kulemba mbiri zapakamwa za amuna ndi akazi akuda omwe anali mโndende; (4) kuphunzitsa maphunziro a undergraduate ndi omaliza maphunziro; (5) kukonza nkhani zapagulu, misonkhano ndi masemina; ndi (6) kuchita kafukufuku woyamba wathunthu wa chithandizo cha nkhani zokhudzana ndi chilungamo chaupandu m'mapulogalamu a maphunziro a anthu aku Africa-America m'makoleji ndi mayunivesite m'dziko lonselo.
ACJP yakhalanso ndi zochitika zingapo zapagulu komanso mgwirizano wamagulu omwe athandizira kukhazikitsa njira zolimbikitsira zofalitsa zomwe zidzakhale zofunika kwambiri kuti "Kuletsa, Ufulu Wovota ndi Initiative Yachilungamo". Mu Epulo, 2003, ACJP inachititsa msonkhano wapadera wamaphunziro ndi anthu wamutu wakuti, "Africana Studies Against Criminal Injustice: Research-Education-Action." Msonkhano woyambawu udasonkhanitsa akatswiri opitilira 400, ophunzira, akatswiri, okonza mapulani, omenyera ufulu wa anthu komanso anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi, omwe adakambirana ndikukambirana pazachisalungamo zamitundu m'gulu lazachilungamo. Mu November 2004, ACJP inachititsa zokambirana za mutu wakuti, "Kuyimba Pansi Makoma." Nkhani yosiyiranayi inayang'ana kwambiri za ntchito zaluso muzochita zaupandu ndi ubale wake ndi momwe luso lingagwiritsire ntchito ngati chida chokonzekera ndi mutu wosonkhanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi zofuna zomwe zikufuna kusintha achinyamata omwe ali kale mu dongosololi. Msonkhano waposachedwa kwambiri unachitika ndi ACJP mu Epulo 2005.
Chochitika chachitatu ichi chapagulu, chamutu wakuti, โZopanda Chilungamo:
Achinyamata ndi Vuto Lotsekeredwa M'ndende," adawunikanso zotsatira za kuphwanya malamulo kwa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso momwe zimakhudzira achinyamata. Msonkhano wapaderawu wa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, akatswiri, okonza mapulani ndi akatswiri ojambula adawonetsa bungwe la Youth Congress on Criminal Injustice, ndi nthumwi zochokera kusukulu za sekondale ndi magulu a anthu ochokera mumzinda wonse.
Kuphatikiza pa zochitika zapagulu, zokambirana ndi misonkhano, ACJP yapanga masemina angapo ophunzitsidwa ku IRAAS ku Columbia University. Mu 2003, Dr. Geoff K. Ward (tsopano ku yunivesite ya kumpoto chakum'mawa) anapereka masemina omaliza maphunziro okhudza zotsatira za chikole cha mfundo zachilungamo. Kupyolera mu mawerengedwe omwe anapatsidwa, zokambirana za m'kalasi ndi gawo la kafukufuku, seminayi inayang'ana zotsatira za kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, mabanja ndi magulu amitundu. Mu 2004, Alfred Laurent adapanga semina yomwe idabweretsa ophunzira omaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu yasekondale ku Riker's Island kuti atsogolere zokambirana za mlungu ndi mlungu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zaluso ngati lens kuti afufuze malingaliro a anyamata omwe ali m'ndende pazachilungamo komanso mafunso okhudza chilungamo cha anthu. Ntchito za ophunzira zidasindikizidwa. Ndipo mu 2005-2006, Dr. Keesha Middlemass adapanga maphunziro awiri owonjezera. Kosi imodzi yokhudzana ndi zotsatira za malamulo ophwanya ufulu wa anthu omaliza maphunziro awo, ndipo kupyolera mu kufufuza ndi kuunika kwa maphunziro omwe alipo panopa, kalasiyo inakangana zalamulo la malamulo ophwanya malamulo kuchokera kuzinthu zingapo za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Maphunziro achiwiri, opangidwa kwa ophunzira omwe sanamalize maphunziro awo, adawunikira ufulu wovota ku United States malinga ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko. Kuwunika kwa Constitution ya U.S. ndi akuluakulu a U.S.
Milandu ya Khothi Lalikulu idawunikidwa kuti ifufuze za chitukuko cha ufulu wovota ndikuganizira kuti ndi magulu ati a nzika omwe adaphatikizidwa muzandale komanso ndi magulu ati omwe adasankhidwa.
Zochita zosiyanasiyana za ACJP, maphunziro ndi zoyesayesa zofufuza zikuwonetsa kuthekera kopanga ndi kukhazikitsa zochitika zokonzekera, kugwira ntchito ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kupanga maubwenzi ofunikira ndi atsogoleri amderali ndi mabungwe, komanso kupereka mwayi wamaphunziro omwe amafufuza mphambano yamtundu, upandu ndi chilungamo kuchokera kumalingaliro ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Kuyesetsa kotereku kusonkhanitsa magulu angapo, madera ndi zida zothandizira pakupanga ntchito zofufuza, kuchitapo kanthu kwa anthu ndi kulemba zidziwitso pamalo amodzi omwe nthawi zonse amakhala ngati gwero. Komanso, ACJP yachoka pamalingaliro kupita ku mapulogalamu okhazikika, ndipo "Kuletsa Ufulu, Ufulu Wovota ndi Chilungamo Chachigawenga" ili ndi mwayi wosuntha ACJP kuchoka pakupereka mapulogalamu okhazikika kukhala wothandizira kusintha ndondomeko.
Pomaliza: zikuwonekeratu kuti kufuna kwa ndale kuti anthu ambiri atsekedwe m'ndende komanso kuthetseratu ufulu wovota kwa omwe kale anali zigawenga zidzangothandiza kuti anthu azikhala owopsa kwambiri. Palibe makoma omwe angamangidwe motalika mokwanira, ndipo palibe makamera apakompyuta ndi ma alarm apamwamba kwambiri, kuteteza mabanja oyera apakati komanso apamwamba aku America ku zotsatira za mfundozi. Kumbukirani kuti pafupifupi anthu 600,000 amamasulidwa kundende chaka chilichonse; kuti pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa akaidi onse omwe adalowanso m'ndende, anthu 100,000, akumasulidwa popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu; kuti pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya akaidi obwereranso amakhala ndi mbiri yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; ndi kuti pafupifupi 16 peresenti amadwala matenda a maganizo. Pafupifupi anthu awiri mwa atatu alionse a mโndende amene alowanso mโndende adzamangidwanso pasanathe zaka zitatu. Misala ya ndondomeko zathu zolangira komanso zaupandu-chilungamo zimayika anthu onse pachiwopsezo. Kugwetsa ndende ya mafakitale akuyimira ntchito yayikulu yamakhalidwe abwino komanso zovuta zandale zanthawi yathu ino.
Pa ulendo wanga womaliza wopita ku Sing Sing, ndinaona chinthu china chatsopano. Akuluakulu a mโndendemo anaika chikwangwani chachikulu chachikasu chowala pakhomo pakhomo la ndendeyo. Chizindikiro chokongola chimati:
"Kudzera m'zitseko izi kudutsa ena mwa akatswiri owongolera bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi."
Ndinaima mozizira kwa kamphindi, ndipo nthaลตi yomweyo ndinakumbukira chikwangwani chankhanza choikidwa pamwamba pa chipata cholowera ku Auschwitz ndi ndende zina zozunzirako: Arbeit Macht Frei (โNtchito Imatimasulaโ). Pambuyo pake ndinafunsa Bill Webber ndi akaidi ena ochepa maganizo awo ponena za chikwangwani chatsopanocho. Bill anaganiza kamphindi, kenaka anati, โzachiwanda.โ Mmodzi wa ophunzira a M.A., Latino wazaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu, dzina lake Tony, adavomereza kuwunika kwa Bill. Koma Tony anawonjezera kuti, โTiyeni tiyangโanizane ndi chiwandacho.โ Ndi anthu aku America opitilira 2 miliyoni omwe ali m'ndende, tsopano ndi nthawi yoti ayang'ane ndi ziwanda.
Membala wa BC Editorial Board a Manning Marable, PhD ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika komanso owerengedwa kwambiri ku America. Kuyambira 1993, Dr. Marable wakhala Pulofesa wa Public Affairs, Political Science, History ndi African-American Studies ku Columbia University ku New York City. Kwa zaka khumi, Dr. Marable anali woyambitsa bungwe la Institute for Research in African-American Studies ku Columbia University, kuyambira 1993 mpaka 2003. Dr. Marable ndi mlembi kapena mkonzi wa mabuku oposa 20, kuphatikizapo Living Black History (2006); The Autobiography ya Medgar Evers (2005); Ufulu (2002); Utsogoleri Wakuda (1998); Beyond Black and White (1995); ndi Momwe Capitalism Inalimbitsira Black America (1983). Ntchito yake yamakono ndi mbiri yaikulu ya Malcolm X, yotchedwa Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention, yomwe idzasindikizidwa ndi Viking Press mu 2009. Dinani apa kuti mulankhule ndi Dr. Marable.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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