Zochita zovomerezeka zikuchotsedwa ku America konse. Kuti timvetse mmene tsokali linachitikira, tiyenera kuonanso mbiri yakale ya dziko lino yaposachedwapa.
Kuwukira kwamakono motsutsana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa anthu akuda m'maphunziro apamwamba รขโฌโ ndipo mwachiyanjano, tsogolo la African-American Studies ku mabungwe azungu komanso รขโฌโ kunali pa nthawi imodzi ya ndale, zachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi malingaliro. Panali kudzipatulira, kuyesayesa kogwirizana ndi osunga mwambo kuti atembenuze nkhani ya ufulu wachibadwidwe; kwenikweni, kulembanso kukumbukira kwa anthu aku America pazomwe zidachitika mu 1950s ndi 1960s. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s chithunzi ndi mawu adasinthidwa mwachipongwe kuti apereke chivomerezo pambuyo pa imfa yoletsa mapulogalamu ovomerezeka.
Kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika ku California mu November 1996, ndi ndime ya Proposition 209, yomwe imatchedwa รขโฌลCalifornia Civil Rights Initiative. , kugonana, mtundu, fuko, kapena dzikoโ m'mbali zambiri za moyo wa anthu. Ovota masauzande akuda ndi a Latino, osokonezeka ndi chilankhulo cha zomwe adachita, adalephera kumvetsetsa kuti kuvomereza kovomerezeka kudzaletsedwa ku California, ndikuvotera.
Zonsezi zinatheka chifukwa maphunziro ndi mbiri ya Civil Rights Movement zachotsedwa kwambiri mu chidziwitso cha dziko. Monga Ward Connerly, wa Negro Conservative yemwe adatsogolera kampeni ya Proposition 209, adalongosola kuti: รขโฌลZam'mbuyo ndi mzimu womwe ungawononge tsogolo lathu. Nkoopsa kumangokhalira kuiganizira. Kuyang'ana pa zolakwa za Amereka ndikunyalanyaza zabwino zake.รข
Oyera odziyimira pawokha komanso omasuka omwe adateteza kwa nthawi yayitali mapulogalamu otsimikizira zamtundu wawo adasokonekera ndikugwa kwambiri chiwembucho chisanachitike. Wopereka kamvekedwe kake anali Purezidenti William Jefferson Clinton, yemwe mu kampeni yake yosankhanso zisankho mu 1996 adanenanso kuti "adachita zambiri kuti athetse mapulogalamu omwe sindimaganiza kuti anali achilungamo ndikulimbitsa ena kuposa omwe adanditsogolera adachitapo kanthu kuyambira pamenepo. zakhala zikuchitika.โ Kulephera kwa Clinton kukhazikitsa nkhani yoti achitepo kanthu pa nkhani za mbiri ya mafuko a US, komanso kufunika kokhazikitsa njira zobwezera chilungamo kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe anali kuponderezedwa m'mbiri, zidzatsimikizira.
Mu 1996, Khoti Loona za Apilo ku United States la Fifth Circuit pa mlandu wa Hopwood v. State of Texas linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ngati chinthu chimene chimapangitsa kuti anthu olembetsa apite ku mayunivesite. Initiative 200 ku Washington State mu 1998 idatsata California pakuletsa kukakamiza anthu kuchitapo kanthu. Zotsatira zake zachindunji, mchaka choyamba cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa Proposition 209, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira achaka choyamba aku Africa-America omwe adalembetsa ku sukulu ya Berkeley kudatsika kuchoka pa 258 kufika pa 95, kutsika ndi 63%. Ku yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles, kutsika kunali kuchokera ku 211 ophunzira akuda mpaka 125.
Omenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha adatsutsa zomwe zidachitika kale zachilungamo kwa anthu akuda, ndikubwereranso ku njira zina ziwiri zovomerezeka: choyamba, njira zosagwirizana ndi tsankho zomwe zingavomereze kuchuluka kwa anthu achikulire omwe amaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu yasekondale. dongosolo la yunivesite ya boma; chachiwiri, kukonzanso mapologalamu omwe kale anali okhudzana ndi mafuko kuti aphatikizepo anthu aku Asia, azungu omwe amalandila ndalama zochepa, ndi ena omwe amawafotokozera kuti รขโฌลoyimiriridwa mocheperaรขโฌ kapena รขโฌลokhala osowaรขรขโฌ Njira zonse ziwirizi ndizovuta kwambiri, kuchokera kumadera aku Africa - Zokonda zaku America ndi Latino.
Njira yokhazikika imapindulitsa kukhalapo kwa kusankhana mitundu, kupatsa mwayi kwa ophunzira ochepa omwe amakhala m'masukulu amtawuni omwe ali ndi tsankho, koma kuchepetsa kwambiri mwayi wa koleji kwa ophunzira akuda oyenerera omwe amapita kusukulu zosakanikirana kapena zokhala ndi azungu. Ku Texas, "mapulani apamwamba 10%" adakhazikitsidwa mu 1997 kutsatira chigamulo cha Hopwood, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo University of Texas ku Austin ndi Texas A&M, mabungwe awiri otsogola m'boma, adatsika pang'ono mwa ophunzira ochepa. . Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2002, mwa omaliza maphunziro a matric, Afirika Achimereka anali 3 peresenti yokha, ndipo Latinos osachepera 10 peresenti รขโฌโ m'chigawo chomwe anthu oposa XNUMX peresenti ndi Latino ndi African American.
Mu June 2003, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linagamula milandu iwiri yokhudzana ndi mapulogalamu ovomerezeka ku yunivesite ya Michigan ku Ann Arbor. Zosankha zofunika kwambiri pazigamulo ziwirizi, Grutter v. Bollinger, adanena kuti pali chidwi chokakamiza boma polimbikitsa mapulogalamu olimbikitsa รขโฌลkusiyana,รขโฌ komanso kuti maphunziro apamwamba adalemeretsedwa chifukwa chokhala ndi anthu amitundu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana. za chilengedwe cha yunivesite. Chifukwa chake, khotilo lidalengeza mu chigamulo chake chocheperako zisanu mpaka zinayi, kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu ngati chinthu chovomerezeka, bola ngati chidagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo.
M'malo mwake, mulingo wa Lewis Powell wokhazikitsidwa ku Bakke udawonedwa kuti udakali wovomerezeka. Yankho loyambirira lochokera ku gulu la maphunziro linali lakuti Grutter akuimira kupambana koonekeratu kwa mphamvu zovomerezeka ndi "zosiyanasiyana." Mwatsoka iwo ananyalanyaza kulemera kwathunthu kwa maganizo a anthu ambiri pa khoti lalikulu: zomwe mayunivesite amayenera kuganizira. oyembekezera kukhala ophunzira kuyambira pano รขโฌลmonga anthu payekhaรขโฌ osati kuwakana kapena kuwavomera kudzera mโmapulogalamu aliwonse otengera mitundu kapena mitundu. Gawo ili lachigamulo linamasuliridwa mwachangu kutanthauza kuti mapulogalamu onse mkati mwa koleji kapena kuyunivesite sayenera kuzikidwa pamagulu amitundu.
Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa 2003 mpaka Marichi 2004, m'kanthawi kochepa, mayunivesite ndi makoleji ambiri aku US adatseka kapena kusintha kwambiri mapulogalamu awo omwe amatsata anthu ochepa. Mndandandawu ndi wodabwitsa kwambiri: ku Yale University, pulogalamu yolembetsa isanakwane yachilimwe kwa anthu oyamba kumene, รขโฌลCultural Connections,รขโฌ idatsegulidwa kuti azungu atenge nawo mbali; ku yunivesite ya Princeton, onse รขโฌลmapulogalamu osankha mitunduรขโฌ anaimitsidwa, kuphatikizapo Junner Summer Institute yomwe pachaka idabweretsa ophunzira aku koleji aku Africa-America ndi Latino ku Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs; ku Boulder, University of Colorado's รขโฌลSummer Minority Access to Research Training Programรขโฌ idasinthidwanso ndikutsegulidwa kwa azungu.
Ku California Institute of Technology, pulogalamu yake yoyendera kampasi yopangidwira anthu akuda, Latinos, ndi Amwenye a ku America idatsegulidwa kwa azungu ndi aku Asia America; pa yunivesite ya Indiana, masabata asanu ndi anayi a รขโฌลSummer Minority Research Fellowshipรขโฌ omwe poyamba adapangidwa รขโฌลkuti apeze ophunzira ochepa a sekondale ndi akukoleji omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kafukufuku wamankhwala powafananiza ndi alangiziรขโฌ adakonzedwanso kuti alembe anthu aku Asia ndi azungu; pa Yunivesite ya St. Louis, pulogalamu yamaphunziro pachaka yopereka $ 10,000 aliyense kwa ophunzira 30 aku Africa-America รขโฌลanathetsedwaรขโฌ ndipo m'malo mwa maphunziro atsopano a รขโฌลMartin Luther King, Jr.รขโฌ, achepetsedwa mpaka $8,000 wophunzira aliyense, ndikuvomera zofunsira. mosaganizira mtundu.
Ku Williams College ku Massachusetts, pulogalamu yamayanjano a udokotala, yomwe kwa zaka zopitilira khumi zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka kwa ophunzira awiri kapena asanu omaliza maphunziro akuda ndi a Latino, ndi cholinga choyambirira chowonjezera maprofesa ochepa, yatsegulidwa kwa aliyense. mosasamala kanthu za mtundu yemwe amaonedwa kuti รขโฌลoyimiriridwa mochepera,รขโฌ monga รขโฌลakazi mu dipatimenti ya physicsรขโฌ kapenaรขโฌลolembera oyera ku Asia Studiesรขโฌโข.
Grutter sanali kupambana. Zinawonetsa kugonjetsedwa koopsa komwe kudzachepetsa mwayi wopita patsogolo maphunziro kwa zikwi za ophunzira aku Latino ndi aku Africa-America m'zaka zikubwerazi, zonse m'dzina la "zosiyanasiyana."
Dr. Manning Marable ndi Pulofesa wa Public Affairs, Political Science and History, ndi Mtsogoleri wa Institute for Research in African-American Studies ku Columbia University ku New York. รขโฌลAlong the Colour Lineรขโฌ imafalitsidwa kwaulere ku zofalitsa zoposa 350 ku US ndi kumayiko ena. Ndime ya Dr. Marable ikupezekanso pa intaneti pa www.manningmarable.net.
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