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Mu 1900, katswiri wamkulu wa ku Africa-America WEB Du Bois, adaneneratu kuti "vuto la zaka za zana la makumi awiri" lidzakhala "vuto la mzere wa mtundu," mgwirizano wosagwirizana pakati pa mitundu yopepuka ndi yakuda ya anthu. Ngakhale kuti Du Bois ankangoganizira za kutsutsana kwa mafuko ku United States, ankadziwa bwino kuti njira zomwe timatcha "racialization" masiku ano - kumangidwa kwa magulu osagwirizana ndi mafuko omwe amadziwika ndi maubwenzi akuluakulu komanso ocheperapo pakati pa magulu. vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi komanso lapadziko lonse lapansi. Mzere wa mtundu wa Du Bois sunangophatikizapo kusankhana mitundu, Jim Crow South ndi kuponderezedwa kwa mafuko ku South Africa; komanso anaphatikiza ulamuliro wa Britain, France, Belgian, ndi Apwitikizi ku Asia, Middle East, Africa, Latin America, ndi Caribbean pakati pa anthu amtunduwu.
Pomanga pazidziwitso za Du Bois, tinganene kuti vuto la zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi limodzi ndi vuto la tsankho lapadziko lonse: kugawikana kwa mitundu ndi kugawanika kwa chuma, chuma, ndi mphamvu zomwe zimalekanitsa Ulaya, North America, ndi Japan kuchokera ku mabiliyoni ambiri. mwa anthu ambiri akuda, abulauni, azibambo, osamukira kumayiko ena opanda zikalata komanso osauka padziko lonse lapansi. Mawu akuti tsankho, monga ambiri a inu mukudziwa, amachokera ku ulamuliro wakale wa azungu ochepa ku South Africa. Ndi liwu lachiafrikaans lotanthauza โkupatukanaโ kapena โkupatukana.โ Tsankho linazikidwa pa lingaliro la "herrenvolk," "mtundu wapamwamba," womwe umayenera kulamulira anthu omwe si Azungu. Pansi pa tsankho lapadziko lonse masiku ano, malingaliro atsankho a herrenvolk, mtundu wamkulu, akadalipo, ophatikizidwa munjira zakusinthana kosagwirizana kwachuma komwe kumalangitsa mayiko aku Africa, South Asia, Caribbean, ndi maiko osauka potsatira ndondomeko zakusintha kamangidwe ndi kulipira ngongole kumabanki amitundu yambiri. .
Mkati mwa United States, ndondomeko za tsankho lapadziko lonse lapansi zimayimiridwa bwino ndi zomwe ndimatcha New Racial Domain kapena NRD. Dongosolo Latsopano la Racial Domain ndi losiyana ndi mitundu ina yakale yopondereza mitundu, monga ukapolo, kusankhana kwa Jim Crow, ndi ghettoization, kapena tsankho lokhazikika lanyumba, m'njira zingapo zovuta. Mipangidwe yakale yamitundu iyi kapena madera adakhazikitsidwa kapena kukhazikika, ngati sichokha, muchuma chandale cha capitalism yaku US. Magulu odana ndi tsankho kapena otsutsa omwe anthu akuda, amitundu ina ndi oyera odana ndi tsankho adamangidwa adatengera zomwe zili m'misika yam'nyumba komanso mfundo za dziko la US. Kusintha kwatanthauzo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965 zinakambitsirana pafupifupi kwathunthu pakukula kwa America, chuma chapakhomo, ndi maziko a Keynesian, ndondomeko za boma za umoyo wabwino.
Chuma cha ndale cha "New Racial Domain," mosiyana, chimayendetsedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi mphamvu za transnational capitalism, ndi mfundo za boma za neoliberalism. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a anthu oponderezedwa kwambiri a US, New Racial Domain yakhazikika pa utatu wosayera, kapena utatu wakupha, wolepheretsa moyo wabwino. Mabungwe opondereza awa ndi kusowa kwa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri, kutsekeredwa m'ndende anthu ambiri, komanso kulandidwa anthu ambiri. Chilichonse chimadyetsa ndikufulumizitsa zina, ndikupangitsa kuti anthu azivutika, umphawi, ndi imfa zapachiweniweni zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zimakhudza miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku US.
Njirayi imayambira pamalo opangira. Kwa zaka zambiri, mabungwe aku US akhala akutulutsa mamiliyoni a ntchito zolipira bwino kunja kwa dziko. Kulimbana kwamagulu olimbana ndi mabungwe kwachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito ku US chichepe kwambiri.
M'madera akumidzi aku US akutaya pafupifupi ntchito zawo zonse zachuma komanso ntchito zamafakitale, komanso ndi ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimatsata ndondomeko zochepetsera ntchito, thanzi labwino, ndi nyumba za anthu, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku America tsopano alipo m'mikhalidwe yomwe imaposa kuwonongeka kwa Great Depression of the 1930s. Mu 2004, ku Central Harlem ku New York, 50 peresenti ya amuna akuluakulu akuda anali paulova. Pamene wina alingalira kuti chiลตerengerochi sichiลตerengera amuna akuda amene ali mโgulu lankhondo, kapena mโndende, ndichodabwitsadi ndi chofooketsa.
Mu July uno, ofufuza a zantchito pa yunivesite ya Harvard anapeza kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi (25 peresenti) la chiwerengero chonse cha amuna akuda akuda anali opanda ntchito kwa chaka chonse cha 2002. zopeza anthu aku America aku America, kusowa ntchito ndi kusalembedwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi, kapena mwa apo ndi apo) tsopano ndi chizolowezi; kukhala ndi ntchito yeniyeni yokhala ndi zopindulitsa tsopano ndizosiyana. Ndani ali m'mabungwe, akutsika kuchoka pa 30 peresenti m'ma 1960 kufika pa 13 peresenti lerolino. Ndi kuyambika kwa capitalism yapadziko lonse, ntchito zatsopano zomwe zikupangidwa mokulira zilibe phindu laumoyo, penshoni, ndi malipiro omwe ntchito zopanga ndi mafakitale zidaperekedwa.
Ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu a Neoliberal, zotengedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi a Democrats ndi Republican, zawonjezera vutoli. Pambuyo pa 1996 Welfare Act, ukonde wachitetezo cha anthu udasokonekera kwambiri. Pamene utsogoleri wa Bush unayamba kulamulira mu 2001, kusowa kwa ntchito kosatha kunafalikira kwa ogwira ntchito aku Africa-America, makamaka m'makampani opanga zinthu. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2004, m'mizinda ngati New York, theka la amuna onse akuda anali opanda ntchito yolipidwa. Pofika mu January 2004, chiลตerengero cha mabanja olandira chithandizo chaboma chinali chitatsika kufika pa 2 miliyoni, kutsika kuchokera pa mabanja mamiliyoni asanu amene ali paumphaลตi mu 1995. Malamulo atsopano ndi ziletso zimachititsa mantha zikwi za anthu osauka kupempha thandizo la boma.
Ulova wambiri umapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azitsekeredwa m'ndende. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a akaidi onse anali lova panthaลตi imene anamangidwa, ndipo ena anapeza ndalama zosakwana $20,000 pachaka mโchaka chimene anatsekeredwa mโndende. Pamene kuukira kwa ndende ya Attica kunachitika kumpoto kwa New York mu 1971, munali akaidi 12,500 okha mโndende za New York State, ndi akaidi pafupifupi 300,000 mโdziko lonselo. Pofika mโchaka cha 2001, mโdziko la New York State munali akazi ndi amuna oposa 71,000 mโndende zake; padziko lonse, 2.1 miliyoni anamangidwa. Masiku ano anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi a ku America amamangidwa chaka chilichonse, ndipo pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa anthu asanu alionse aku America ali ndi mbiri yaupandu.
Malamulo opereka zilango zocheperako omwe adakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1980 ndi 1990 m'maboma ambiri adalanda oweruza mphamvu zawo popereka chigamulo, kuyika mawu okhwima kwa olakwa koyamba komanso osachita zachiwawa. Parole yakhalanso yoletsa kwambiri, ndipo mu 1995 ndalama zothandizira a Pell zothandizira mapulogalamu a maphunziro a akaidi zinathetsedwa. Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mwayi woyenda bwino pamilandu yamilandu ndikutuluka m'ndende, amapeza kuti malamulo a federal ndi maboma amaletsa mwatsatanetsatane kulembedwa ntchito kwa omwe adapezeka olakwa m'mabizinesi mazanamazana. Vuto la ulova limayambanso.
Ozunzidwa kwambiri ndi njira zachilungamo zosagwirizana, ndi achinyamata aku Africa-America ndi Latino. Mu Epulo 2000, pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zapadziko lonse komanso zamayiko zomwe a FBI, dipatimenti yazachilungamo komanso mabungwe asanu ndi limodzi otsogola adachita kafukufuku wozama yemwe adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwamitundu pamilingo iliyonse yazachilungamo kwa ana. Anthu aku America azaka zosachepera khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu amapanga 15 peresenti ya zaka zadziko lawo, komabe pano akuimira 26 peresenti ya onse omwe amangidwa. Pambuyo polowa m'dongosolo lachigawenga-chilungamo, achinyamata oyera ndi akuda omwe ali ndi zolemba zofanana amachitidwa m'njira zosiyana kwambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Dipatimenti Yoona za Chilungamo, pakati pa achinyamata achizungu olakwa, 66 peresenti amatumizidwa ku makhoti a achinyamata, pamene 31 peresenti yokha ya achinyamata a ku Africa-America amatengedwa kumeneko. Akuda amapanga 44 peresenti ya otsekeredwa mโndende za ana, 46 peresenti ya onse amene akuzengedwa mlandu mโmakhoti amilandu achikulire, limodzinso ndi 58 peresenti ya ana achichepere amene amasungidwa mโndende.
Inde, kutsekeredwa mโndende kwa anthu ambiri kumadzetsa kusagwirizana kwa ndale. Pafupifupi anthu 5 miliyoni aku America sangathe kuvota. Mโmaboma asanu ndi aลตiri, akaidi akale omwe anapezeka ndi mlandu wolakwa amataya ufulu wawo wovota moyo wawo wonse. M'maboma ambiri, anthu omwe ali pa parole ndi oyesedwa sangathe kuvota. Pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya amuna onse aku Africa-America kudziko lonse amakhala osatha kapena osaloledwa. Ku Mississippi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a amuna onse akuda sangathe kuvotera moyo wawo wonse. Ku Florida, anthu 818,000 sangathe kuvota moyo wawo wonse.
Ngakhale kuchotsedwa ntchito kwakanthawi kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa zochitika zapagulu komanso kulowererapo pazinthu za anthu. Izi zitha kubweretsa "imfa yapachiweniweni," kuwonongeka kwa kuthekera kwa bungwe logwirizana komanso kukana. Njira yochotsera politization imeneyi imasokoneza ngakhale makonzedwe a anthu apansi, osasankha chisankho. Makona atatu akupha a New Racial Domain nthawi zonse komanso mosalekeza amakula mosasunthika.
Osati kutali kwambiri ndi zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha ndondomekozi: gulu losagwirizana, lamagulu awiri, lopanda chitukuko, lodziwika ndi gulu lolamulira la "nzika" zapakati mpaka apamwamba omwe ali ndi pafupifupi katundu yense waumwini ndi chuma, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la ulova wamuyaya, makhothi atsankho ndi njira zogamula zigamulo, ndende zopanda umunthu, kuletsedwa kwa mavoti, kusankhana mitundu, komanso kuthetsa ntchito zambiri zaboma kwa osauka. Gulu lotsatira silikuphatikizidwa ku chikoka chilichonse mu ndondomeko ya dziko. Mabungwe omwe adaperekapo mwayi wopita kumtunda ndi kukana kwa anthu ogwira ntchito monga migwirizano adathetsedwa. Chophatikizira pa zonsezi ndi tsankho, nthawi zina poyera komanso momveka bwino, koma nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa mopanda tsankho, chilankhulo chakhungu. Iyi ndiye NRD ya kudalirana kwa mayiko.
Kulimbana kolimbana ndi kudalirana kwadziko lapansi kuyenera kukumana ndi New Racial Domain ndi china chake chokulirapo kuposa zonena zotopa za "akuda ndi oyera, gwirizanitsani ndikumenya." Kusintha kwa zivomezi kwapanga makontinenti atsopano a kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu, kudutsa mayiko ndi malire achikhalidwe amtundu ndi mafuko. Chofunikira ndi njira yoyambira komanso yopangira zinthu zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zikhulupiriro zabwino zamitundu yonse, ndikupititsa patsogolo ndale zachitetezo cha anthu komanso kupatsa mphamvu zademokalase kwa omwe akuponderezedwa mwankhanza komanso kuzunzidwa. Ndine osati kutanthauza pano kuti gulu lodana ndi kudalirana kwadziko lapansi likuchita gawo la "vanguard" pakusintha kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwamwambo wa CLR James, ndikukhulupirira kuti oponderezedwa, pazolinga zawo, pamapeto pake adzapanga njira zatsopano ndi mabungwe kuti azimenyera chilungamo zomwe sitingathe kuziganizira tsopano. M'malo mwake, ndi udindo wathu wa ndale ndi wamakhalidwe abwino kuti tipereke chithandizo chofunikira chofunikira pazovuta za anthu ndi kukana komwe kukuchitika kale pansi lero. Zitsanzo za kukana kumeneko zili mumzinda uliwonse komanso madera ambiri m'dziko lonselo.
Kudalira kwa New Racial Domain pa mphamvu yamphamvu komanso kukulirakulira kwa ndende kumakonzanso momwe malamulo akugwiritsidwira ntchito ngakhale m'matauni ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakati ndi mizinda ku America konse. Mchitidwe woyipa womwe waperekedwa kwa akaidi owongolera anthu wakula mpaka kukhala zida zanthawi zonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito upolisi. Mwachitsanzo, pali apolisi pafupifupi 600,000 ndi alonda achinsinsi okwana 1.5 miliyoni ku United States. Koma mochulukirachulukira, madera akuda ndi osauka akuchitidwa โapolisiโ ndi magulu apadera ankhondo, omwe nthaลตi zambiri amatchedwa magulu a SWAT (Zida Zapadera ndi Machenjera). US ili ndi apolisi opitilira 30,000 okhala ndi zida zankhondo, ophunzitsidwa zankhondo. Kulimbikitsa magulu a SWAT, kapena "kuyitana," kunawonjezeka ndi 400 peresenti pakati pa 1980 ndi 1995. Zochitika izi zimasonyeza zomwe zingakhale "National Security State" - kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma popanda ulamuliro wa demokalase, macheke ndi miyeso, boma. komwe apolisi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aletse nzika zake.
Zomwe zikuchitika ku NationalSecurityState zalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi boma la Bush, lomwe likukakamiza kwambiri mayunivesite kuti atsekereze anthu osagwirizana komanso kuti achepetse ufulu wamaphunziro. Kumayambiriro kwa Marichi 2004, nthambi ya US Treasury Department of Foreign Assets Control inaletsa asayansi ndi madokotala 70 a ku America kupita ku Cuba kukachita nawo msonkhano wapadziko lonse wonena za โchikomokere ndi imfa.โ Ena mwa akatswiriwa analandira makalata ochenjeza kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Zachuma, kulonjeza chilango chokhwima kapena chilango chapachiweniweni ngati aphwanya lamulo loletsa dziko la Cuba. Chakumapeto kwa 2003, Dipatimenti ya Treasury inapereka chenjezo kwa osindikiza a US kuti ayenera kupeza "zilolezo zapadera zosinthira mapepala" olembedwa ndi akatswiri ndi ofufuza asayansi omwe akukhala ku Cuba, Libya, Iran, kapena Sudan. Onse ophwanya malamulo, kuphatikiza akonzi ndi maofesala a mabungwe omwe amathandizira zolemba zamaphunziro, atha kulipitsidwa chindapusa chofikira $500,000 ndi kukhala mndende mpaka zaka khumi. Pambuyo pa kutsutsidwa kofala, Dipatimenti ya Treasury inakakamizika kuwongolera ndondomeko yake.
Mu February 2004, akuluakulu a asilikali a United States anapita ku yunivesite ya Texas ku Austin, kukafunsa mayina a anthu "owoneka ku Middle East" omwe anali nawo pamsonkhano wokhudza kasamalidwe ka amayi malinga ndi malamulo achisilamu. Pambuyo pake zidadziwika kuti maloya awiri ankhondo aku US omwe amagwira ntchito ndi bungwe lankhondo la Intelligence and Security Commission anali atapita kumsonkhanowo osadzizindikiritsa.
Kodi timapanga bwanji kukana New Racial Domain, m'zaka zapadziko lonse lapansi? Siziyenera kudabwitsa aliyense kuti kutsutsa kukuchitika kale, pansi, m'malo masauzande ambiri. M'madera akumidzi, anthu omwe akulimbana ndi nkhanza za apolisi, malamulo okakamiza opereka chilango, ndi ufulu wa akaidi; pomenyera malipiro amoyo, kukulitsa migwirizano ndi ufulu wa ogwira ntchito; polimbana ndi akazi ogwira ntchito pofuna kusamalira ana awo masana, chithandizo chamankhwala, zoyendera za anthu onse, ndi nyumba zabwino. Kulimbana kothandiza kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndiko kwenikweni chisamaliro cha kukana tsiku ndi tsiku. Kupanga mphamvu zachiyembekezo ndi kukana pansi kumakulitsa luso lathu lotsutsa dongosololi m'njira zofunika kwambiri, zolunjika.
"Immigrant Worker Freedom Ride" yomwe yapambana posachedwa, ikuwonetsa zovuta za ogwira ntchito osavomerezeka omwe amalowa ku US, ikuyimira chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimagwirizanitsa zopondereza za osamukira atsopano ndi zovuta zakale za Civil Rights Movement zaka makumi anayi ndi zisanu zapitazo kuti agwetse Jim. Khwangwala. Ambiri owona mtima, oyera odana ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lapansi ayenera kuphunzira zambiri za mbiri yakale ya Black Freedom Movement, ndi zitsanzo zopambana zokanira - kuyambira pamipikisano yogula kapena kumenyera chuma, kubwereketsa zinyalala, mpaka kusamvera anthu - zomwe gululo linakhazikitsa. Simukupanga zitsanzo zolimbikitsa chilungamo cha anthu ndi kukana: ena abwera patsogolo panu. Ntchitoyi ndikuphunzira kuchokera ku mphamvu ndi zofooka za zitsanzozo, kuphatikizapo masomphenya awo odana ndi tsankho mu mtima wa zomwe timachita kuti tipewe kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi ndi chitetezo cha dziko.
Gulu lodana ndi kudalirana kwadziko lapansi liyenera kukhala, choyamba, gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lodana ndi tsankho, lomwe liri ndi cholinga chachikulu chofuna kuwononga tsankho lapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zotsalira zaulamuliro wa azungu ndi tsankho. Koma kuti apange kayendetsedwe kamphamvu chotere, chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi dziko lapansi chiyenera kusintha, makamaka kuno ku United States. Maulamuliro odana ndi kudalirana kwa mayiko akadali apamwamba kwambiri, apamwamba, apakati, ophunzira ku koleji, omwe angagwirizane ndi ndale za mavuto a osauka ndi oponderezedwa, koma omwe sagawana nawo moyo wawo kapena zochitika zawo. M'dziko Lachitatu, gulu lodana ndi kudalirana kwa dziko lapansi lakhala lopambana kwambiri pakukwaniritsa kukhazikitsidwa kwamagulu ambiri, pomwe mamiliyoni a antchito akutenga nawo mbali.
Pali, komabe, zikhalidwe ziwiri zazikulu zamalingaliro mkati mwa gulu lomwe silili la ku Europe, lodana ndi kutukuka kwa dziko: kumasuka, demokalase, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chizoloลตezi chokhwima, chofanana. Zizoloลตezi zonsezi zinalipo mu 2001 Durban Conference Against Racism, ndipo zinapangitsa kuti kupezeka kwawo kumveke pa zokambirana za mabungwe omwe si a boma komanso mu lipoti lomaliza la msonkhano. Amawonetsa njira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri zandale ndi njira zamaluso pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi yolimbana ndi njira zopangira tsankho.
Ufulu wa demokalase umayang'ana kwambiri nkhani zaufulu, kuyitanitsa anthu ambiri kutenga nawo mbali, kupatsidwa mwayi pazandale, kulimbikitsa luso la mabungwe amdera, ndicholinga chopereka mphamvu kwa anthu komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Lingaliro lademokalase yaufulu likufuna kuchepetsa mikangano pakati pa anthu kudzera mukuthandizira zokambirana zapagulu, kuyanjanitsa ndi zokambirana za anthu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Sichikufuna kukana kotheratu kudalirana kwachuma kwa neoliberal, koma kusintha kwake kolimbikitsa ndi kuchitapo kanthu, ndi cholinga chomanga zikhalidwe za ndale za demokalase za ufulu wa anthu m'magulu ozikidwa pamisika.
Chizoloลตezi chokhwima cha odana ndi tsankho padziko lonse lapansi amalankhula nkhani yokhudzana ndi kusalingana ndi mphamvu. Ikufuna kuthetsa umphawi, kukwaniritsidwa kwa nyumba zapadziko lonse lapansi, chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi zitsimikizo zamaphunziro kumayiko onse omwe si Azungu. Simakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maufulu osamvetsetseka, komanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira zenizeni. Sichimafuna kutengera ndale mu dongosolo lakale la dziko, koma kumangidwa kwa dziko latsopano kuchokera pansi kupita pansi. Ilo lalankhula chinenero cha ndale moreso mu mwambo wa kumasulidwa kwa dziko kuposa dziko-boma.
Zizolowezi zonse ziwirizi zilipo ku United States, komanso padziko lonse lapansi, mosiyanasiyana, tsopano zikufotokozera zamagulu amalingaliro omwe ali mkati mwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse yolimbana ndi tsankho. Akatswiri ndi omenyera ufulu onse ayenera kuthandizira pomanga kutsogolo kwakukulu komwe kumabweretsa pamodzi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zademokalase komanso mgwirizano wokhazikika womwe ukuyimira kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi. Zatsopano zatsopano m'magulu otsutsa anthu zidzafunikanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso chatsopano cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi njira zatsopano zoganizira za ubale pakati pa kusankhana mitundu ndi mphamvu za boma. Tsankho lapadziko lonse lapansi ndilo vuto lalikulu la ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi yathu ino. Ikhoza kuwonongedwa, koma kupyolera mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonse.
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