Ofalitsa nkhani zamakampani apadziko lonse lapansi akhala akuwonetsa kwanthawi yayitali zachilendo ndi zowona mu malipoti awo aku Venezuela, mpaka kufotokozera zavuto la dzikolo mwina kwakhala mtundu wopeka wopindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chidutswa chaposachedwa cha Ciara Nugent cha Time (4/16/19), mutu wakuti “‘Anthu aku Venezuela Akusowa Njala Yofuna Chidziwitso’: Nkhondo Yopeza Nkhani M’dziko Lachipwirikiti,” inadziŵika kuti ndi luso lenileni la kalembedwe kameneka.
Kukhazikika kwa nkhaniyi sikuyenera kudabwitsa, kuperekedwa Time's (ndi Nugent's) kuvomereza mwachidwi (2/1/19) pa zigawenga zomwe zikuchitika motsogozedwa ndi yemwe amadzitcha "pulezidenti wokhalitsa" Juan Guaidó. Timelipoti lachokera pa trope yomwe imabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi atolankhani amakampani kwazaka zopitilira khumi (Zowonjezera!, 11-12 / 06), kutanthauza kuti boma la Chavista losankhidwa la Venezuela ndi boma "laulamuliro" lomwe limapondereza mwankhanza ufulu wolankhula. Makampani ogulitsa nthawi zambiri amalankhula za "kuchepetsa kwa Chávez pa ufulu wa atolankhani" (New York Times, 4/30/19), "dziko limene manyuzipepala otsutsa ndi zoulutsira nkhani zatsekedwa kale" ndipo "zambiri za atolankhani odziimira okha ku Venezuela zasowa" (NBC, 2/3/19, 5/16/19), kapena "boma" la Maduro lomwe limayang'anira "pafupifupi ma TV ndi mawayilesi onse" (Bloomberg, 1/29/19).
Komabe, a Time Nkhani yowopsa ya mtolankhani ya kuwunika kwa boma la Orwellian imawuluka poyang'anizana ndi zowona zenizeni zomwe zimawonekera kwa aliyense yemwe adakhala ku Venezuela. Ngakhale Nugent akunena kuti, kwa anthu aku Venezuela, "kuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika kuzungulira iwo kwakhala kovutirapo," ndizofala kwambiri kuchitira umboni zandale zodziwika bwino m'mabala, mashopu ndi malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Lingaliro la Nugent amayesa kugulitsa kuti zimatengera gimmick ya photogenic ya munthu yemwe wayima m'basi ndi makatoni "wailesi yakanema" kuti adziwitse anthu ndizopusa.
yakanema
"Kanema wa kanema wawayilesi wambiri amayendetsedwa ndi boma, ndipo aboma amaletsa mawayilesi ochepa odziyimira pawokha pawailesi yakanema kuti asaulule zavuto la Venezuela pamene likuchitika," Nugent akutsimikizira owerenga. Sizikudziwika ngati Nugent adawonerapo kanema wawayilesi ku Venezuela, chifukwa mawu ochepa angakhale kutali ndi chowonadi. M'malo mwake, Venezuela ili ndi mawayilesi akulu akulu atatu apawayilesi (Penyani, Televen ndi Globovisión), iliyonse ili ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri owonera.
Pofika mu 2013, pamene phunziro lomaliza la omvera linachitika ndi AGB Nielsen, bilionea media mogul Gustavo Cisneros ' Penyani zinali zofala kwambiri pamsika wankhani zadziko, ndi 36 peresenti ya anthu onse owonera. Penyani adatsatiridwa ndi boma VTV, pa 25 peresenti, ndi Televen ndi Globovision akubwera wachitatu ndi wachinayi pa 22 peresenti ndi 15 peresenti, motsatira. Ngakhale palibe maphunziro atsopano omwe achitika kuyambira pamenepo, umboni ukuwonetsa kuti kulamulira kwa media zachinsinsi kwalimbitsa, osati kufooka, pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi.
Choyamba, ndikubwera m'mbuyo Penyani ndi Televen malinga ndi mavoti onse, kwa zaka VTV Mosakayika kuwonera kwawo nkhani kudalimbikitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwachikoka kwa Purezidenti Hugo Chávez, yemwe anali ndi pulogalamu yakeyake yotchuka yapasabata, Hello President, pa intaneti. Ndi kubetcha koyenera kuti VTVZolemba zankhani zasintha kwambiri pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kuyambira pomwe Chávez adamwalira, ndikuyambitsa mavuto azachuma komanso ndale omwe awononga chuma komanso chikhalidwe chandale m'boma.
Kachiwiri, deta yochokera ku telecommunications watchdog ku Venezuela, CONATEL, ikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa olembetsa pawailesi yakanema, komwe kunakwera kuchokera pa 17 peresenti mu 2000 kufika pachimake cha 68 peresenti mu 2015. Pofika chaka chatha, oposa 60 peresenti ya mabanja a ku Venezuela adalipira chingwe chachinsinsi kapena satellite.
Zolembetsa ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri, zokhala ndi ma satelayiti apamwamba kwambiri Live-TV kupereka maphukusi oyambira pamtengo wofanana ndi masenti 70 okha pamwezi pamtengo wofanana wa msika, kapena za mtengo wa mowa wozizira.
Kutengera pa Live-TV, yomwe imayang'anira 44 peresenti ya msika wolipira, mapulani akuphatikizapo njira zambiri zapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo Fox News, CNN, BBC ndi Yunivesite -palibe chomwe chingakhale cholakwika ndi zolankhula za pro-Chavista.
Mosiyana ndi nkhani ya Nugent yokhudzana ndi zofalitsa zoyendetsedwa ndi boma, zomwe zilipo zikuwonetsa kuti pansi pa Chavismo, anthu aku Venezuela akulitsa mwayi wawo wopeza njira zachinsinsi zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zambiri zimawonetsa mapiko akumanja, otsutsana ndi boma pazofalitsa zawo.
Ngakhale pambali pa ma network aku US ngati Fox ndi CNN, nkhani zapawailesi yakanema ku Venezuela zimayendetsedwa ndi malingaliro otsutsa. Chokhacho ndi Globovisión, yomwe 2015 American University phunziro anapeza kuti “alibe tsankho lalikulu m’boma kapena otsutsa”—mosiyana ndi zimenezo amati ndi New York Times (2/21/19) kuti maukonde payekha "anasintha mkonzi wake mzere kuthandiza Mr. Maduro" kutsatira kusintha umwini.
Ngakhale otsutsa amanena kuti Penyani yakhalanso ngati "pro-regime", njirayo nthawi zambiri imafunsa atsogoleri azipani zotsutsa; mwachitsanzo, posachedwa idachita zoyankhulana zachifundo, za mphindi 12 (5/2/19) ndi Sergio Vergara G., mtsogoleri wa mapiko akumanja a National Assembly of Guaidó Chifuniro Chotchuka phwando. Mosakayikira, kuyang'ana malingaliro a chipani chomwe chikuchita nawo mwachangu kuyesa kugwetsa boma si chizindikiro cha wailesi yakanema "yoyendetsedwa ndi boma".
Zonena za Nugent ndi zabodzanso pankhani ya wailesi, pomwe mawayilesi ambiri otsutsa amadzaza mawayilesi, kuphatikiza makamaka. Wailesi ya Caracas, pamene Union Radio ndi yotchuka m'dziko lonselo chifukwa chodziyimira pawokha, ngakhale ndi manja.
Sindikizani media
Nkhani zopanda pake zonena za manyuzipepala ndi magazini "zinazimiririka," ngati kuti pakati pamavuto azachuma, dziko la Venezuela likuyembekezeka kuthana ndi zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi pakutsika kwa zofalitsa.
Komabe, Venezuela ikadali ndi mapepala angapo omwe amafalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi, omwe Nugent angatsimikizire poyendera nyuzipepala iliyonse yaku Venezuela. Komanso, monganso m'mayiko ena, nyuzipepala zomwe sizimasindikizidwanso m'mabuku akupitirizabe ntchito zawo pamapulatifomu a digito ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.
Masiku ano, dziko la Venezuela lili ndi nkhani zisanu zapadziko lonse zomwe zimasindikizidwabe, ambiri mwa iwo ndi otsutsana ndi boma. Pamene Nkhani Zatsopano ndipo ndithudi amayendetsedwa ndi boma Correo del Orinoco tenga mzere wochirikiza boma, kungoyang'ana mwachidwi El Universal, Zolemba 2001 ndi Mawu adzawapeza onse kukhala anti-Chavista mwamphamvu.
El Universal ili ndi kufalitsidwa kwa 35,000 mkati mwa sabata, komwe kumafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu Washington Post. Poganiziridwa kuti liwu la otsutsa omwe amatchedwa "odziletsa", pepalalo layimiridwa molakwika kwambiri ndi New York TimesNick Casey (1/16/16), pakati pa ena, monga “mzere wochirikiza kwambiri boma.”
Pa February 17, nyuzipepalayi inafalitsa nkhani op-ed ndi m'modzi mwa omwe amathandizira pafupipafupi, wofufuza kafukufuku wa Datanalis Luis Vicente León, yemwe mosaganizira mozama za zabwino ndi zoyipa za kulanda usilikali, kusintha komwe kunachitika "kukakamizidwa" ndi zigawenga zaku US. zilango ndi ziwopsezo zankhondo, ndi kuwukira kotheratu. Leon akuwona zomwe zikuchitika momaliza, bola zitenga mawonekedwe a "njira ya ku Panama" yomwe imagwetsa Maduro "popanda zotsatirapo zambiri" (kumasulira: kuwonongeka kwachikole komwe kumangokhala anthu osauka a bulauni, monga Chorrillo).
Posachedwapa mu pepala lomwelo, wolemba nkhani Pedro Piñate (4/4/19) akunena kuti Venezuela iyenera kuchotsa malingaliro a "Castro-communist", Francisco Olivares (4/27/19) akuti kuchotsedwa kwa Maduro "ndikofunikira kudziko la demokalase lakumadzulo," pomwe Antonio Herrera (4/25/19) amalira mabelu ochenjeza za kukhalapo kwa “anthu aku Cuba, aku Russia, aku Iran, zigawenga za ku Middle East ndi zigawenga zochokera ku Colombia.”
Sikuti manyuzipepala odana ndi boma aku Venezuela amangogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wopanda malire kuti afalitse, kuphatikiza zolemba zawo momveka bwino. kuyitanitsa zigawenga zankhondo, ali ndi mbiri yakale yofalitsa momveka bwino zojambula zatsankho kuwonetsa Chavez ndi atsogoleri ena a Chavista omwe angasokoneze anthu omasuka m'dziko lililonse lakumadzulo.
chikhalidwe TV
Zonena za Nugent zakuwunika kwa boma la draconian zimafikiranso kumalo a digito, monga akulemba:
Ufulu wa intaneti ku Venezuela wakhala ukufooka kwa zaka zingapo, pomwe dzikolo likutsika kuchoka pa "ufulu pang'ono" kupita ku "osakhala waufulu" m'malipoti apachaka owunikira demokalase padziko lonse lapansi. Freedom House mu 2017.
The Time mtolankhani akulephera kuulula izi Nyumba yaufulu pafupifupi ndalama zonse zimaperekedwa ndi boma la US, lomwe pakali pano likutsogolera kulanda boma ku Venezuela. Kuyika mwatsatanetsatane pang'ono izi, ziyenera kufunsidwa, kodi intaneti ilibe yaulere ku Venezuela kuposa ku Global North?
Ndizowona kuti foni yaku Venezuela komanso wopereka intaneti, CANTV, amaletsa masamba ena odana ndi boma aku Venezuela, kuphatikiza El Nacional, La Patilla ndi El Universal, yomwe ingapezeke kudzera pa VPN, chingwe kapena deta yam'manja.
Ngakhale kuti ndondomeko yotereyi ndi yosatetezedwa ndipo mwinamwake kudzigonjetsa yokha, iyenera kuyikidwa pamutu. Kodi boma lililonse laku Western lingalole zofalitsa nkhani zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zoyankhulirana zachiwawa, zotsutsidwa ndi akunja zomwe zili mkati mwa kuyesa kwawo kwakukulu kwachisanu ndi chimodzi (kuukira kwa 2002 Carmona, 2002-o3) kutsekedwa kwa mafuta, zisankho za 2013 ziwawa zotsutsa, ndi 2014 ndi 2017 misewu yalephera) m'zaka 20 zapitazi?
Kutengera kutalika komwe US ndi UK akuimba mlandu Chelsea Manning ndi WikiLeaks, popanda aliyense wa iwo kupereka chiwopsezo chenicheni cha chitetezo cha dziko, yankho lalifupi ndilo “ayi.”
Ngakhale kuti dziko la Venezuela silinadziwidwe ndi boma, ndizosokoneza kwambiri kunena kuti dzikolo "likutha kuzimitsidwa pafupipafupi." Kuphatikiza pakukhala ndi chidwi, ngati sichopambana, pawailesi yakanema ndi zosindikizira, otsutsa akumanja aku Venezuela amakhala ndi chikoka pazama TV, zomwe zapangitsa kuti zifalitse nkhani zabodza pakati pa anthu. Ngakhale Nugent akulemba monyanyira kuti "sizikudziwika kuti ndani akuyambitsa nkhani zabodza," ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndani angapindule ndi mphekesera zopanda pake za "asilikali ankhondo" kapena "ankhondo aku Russia akufika ku Venezuela."
Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu kufufuza adawulula kugwiritsidwa ntchito kochulukira kwa "automation, machitidwe osavomerezeka ndi ma cyborgs" kuyika ma hashtag odana ndi boma pa Twitter, ndi maakaunti ena amatumiza maulendo mazana masauzande patsiku ndikupanga mabiliyoni za zowonera tsiku ndi tsiku. Otsutsa aku Venezuela akhala akuyang'ana nthawi zonse yambitsani ma social media zisanachitike, pomwe, kumbali ina, maakaunti aboma kapena oyimira boma amatsekedwa nthawi zonse ndi zimphona zapa media zaku Western, kuphatikiza maakaunti asanu ndi awiri aboma la Venezuela. kuimitsidwa by Twitter posachedwa.
Chitsanzo chaposachedwa cha Washington ndi kuthekera kwamakasitomala otsutsa kuti apange nkhani zamakampani kudzera pawailesi yakanema ndi February 23 "chiwonetsero chazothandizira anthu” kumalire a Venezuela/Colombia (FAIR.org, 2/9/19). Kutsatira mkangano wokhudza galimoto ya USAID yomwe idayaka moto, akuluakulu a US ndi atsogoleri otsutsa adachitapo kanthu mwachangu. Twitter kutsutsa boma la Maduro. Chodzineneracho chinali mobwerezabwereza ndi malo ogulitsa makampani, ngakhale alipo mosavuta umboni, zomwe New York Times okha inanena patadutsa milungu iwiri, zigawenga zolimbana ndi zigawenga za Molotov zidayatsa galimotoyo. The Times' (onyalanyazidwa kwambiri) kubweza ngakhale, pa 23 February inali nkhani yodziwika bwino yaulamuliro wazachikhalidwe cha anthu aku US / otsutsa kulola kuti nkhani zabodza zikhazikitsidwe mosakayikira.
Ufulu wa atolankhani kudzera pa coup d'etat?
Nkhani yoti boma la Venezuela likuphwanya ufulu wa atolankhani sizomwe zidapangidwa posachedwapa, zomwe zikubwereranso ku ganizo la boma la Chavez la 2007 loti asapangenso. RCTV'm (Radio Caracas Television) chilolezo chowulutsa. RCTV anali achita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu 2002 kuukira boma, pamene otsutsa anachotsa Chávez pampando kwa maola 47—kutulutsa a funde la mantha-ndipo pambuyo pake mu 2002-03 kutseka kwamafuta. RCTV idangochotsedwa pagulu la anthu, ndikupitilira kuulutsa kudzera pa chingwe ndi satana.
Komabe, gawoli linatsegula njira ya ziwonetsero zatsopano zotsutsana ndi boma, motsogozedwa ndi mbadwo watsopano wa atsogoleri a ophunzira apakati pa mapiko akumanja, ndalama ndi kuphunzitsidwa ndi Washington. Pakati pa gulu latsopano lotsutsa anali George Washington University-ophunzira Juan Guaidó,iye a wachikulire za ziwonetsero zachiwawa mu 2014 zotsutsa ziwonetsero zomwe zimatchedwa "Kutuluka," zomwe zidasiya anthu 43 atamwalira.
Nthano yakumenyedwa kosalekeza paufulu wa atolankhani ku Venezuela imapanga lingaliro la otsutsa a Venezuela odana ndi Chavista, omwe "ufulu wolankhula" umayimira kuwongolera kwachinsinsi pazawayilesi. Poganizira mwayi wawo pazankhani zapadziko lonse lapansi zoyendetsedwa ndi kagulu kakang'ono, atolankhani amakampani ngati Nugent mwachibadwa amateteza malingalirowa kukhala madigiri opusa.
The Time Mtolankhani analemba kuti: “Akuluakulu a boma ku Venezuela amasunga atolankhani nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ponena kuti alowa m’dzikolo mosaloledwa kapena aphwanya ‘malo achitetezo. Pakalipano pali mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani akunja a 50 omwe ali ndi makalata ku Venezuela, komwe amafunika kupeza visa yapadera kuti afotokoze. Monga ku US, munthu sangathe zembera mozungulira madera otetezedwa pafupi ndi Miraflores Presidential Palace pakati pausiku popanda chizindikiritso choyenera ndi kuvomerezeka. Mkwiyo wa zomwe boma la Venezuela likuyesera kuti liyang'anire atolankhani mkati mwa zoyesayesa zakunja kwakunja ndi zachinyengo kwambiri, malinga ndi atolankhani aku Western '. kulephera kuyankhula motsutsana ndi kuphwanya kwa maboma awo oimba mluzu.
ZABWINO (4/30/19) zakhalapo kale inanena kuti ziro peresenti ya akatswiri apamwamba a nyuzipepala ndi zokambirana zaku US adatsutsa lingaliro la kusintha kwa boma ku Venezuela. Kuposa kungoyang'ana kapena kuyang'ana momveka bwino za momwe dziko la Venezuela likuyendera, nthano zongopeka ngati za Nugent zokhudzana ndi kuwunika kwa boma ku Venezuela zikuwonetsa kudziyang'anira komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi makampani aku US, komwe kuli kothandiza kwambiri kuposa mtsogoleri aliyense yemwe amatchedwa "waulamuliro". lingalirani. Popanda kutsekereza mwadala kuchuluka kwa "lingaliro lovomerezeka," pambuyo pake, olamulira a Trump sakanatha kuthawa kulanda kwawo mopanda chilungamo komanso kutsekereza kwachuma komwe kwapha kale. 40,000 Anthu aku Venezuela m'zaka ziwiri zapitazi popanda kulangidwa konse.
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