Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo mkangano waukulu pakati pa dongosolo la sosholisti la Soviet ndi ukapitalist wakumadzulo unafika kumapeto kwake kosokosera. Zambiri zalembedwa kuyambira pa zolephera za Soviet state socialist model. Koma zochepa zomwe zalembedwa za momwe "chipambano" chadziko lonse cha capitalism chapangitsira kusalingana kwakukulu ndi kusintha kwanyengo. Ngakhale zochepa zomwe zalembedwa za kuthekera kwa njira ina ku dongosolo lililonse.
Mโzaka za kutha kwa ulamuliro wa Soviet Union, wasayansi ya ndale Francis Fukuyama ananena kuti kutha kwa Nkhondo Ya Mawu kudzatsegula njira ya โkumapeto kwa chisinthiko cha malingaliro a anthu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko lonse la democracy ya kumaiko a Kumadzulo monga njira yomalizira ya kutha kwa chisinthiko cha malingaliro a anthu. boma la anthu.โ Koma ukapitalizimu walephera kuthetsa mavuto aakulu padziko lonse ndipo, mโnjira zambiri, wawakwiyitsa.
Dziko likuphulika pa seams. Kaya unali mpikisano wa Soviet kuti utukuke mwachangu kuti ugwirizane ndi mayiko akumadzulo kapena mpikisano wa zida zoyendetsedwa ndi Cold War, chikhumbo chosakhutitsidwa chakukula kosatha m'dziko lazinthu zopanda malire zapangitsa kuti dziko lomwe lili ndi nkhawa kale lifike malire ake. Asayansi akutero nkhawa kuti dziko likutentha kwambiri kuposa kale lonse mโzaka 1,000 zapitazi. Iwo imaima pamphepete mwa chochitika chake chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha kutha kwakukulu. Komabe capitalism - mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi ya China, Russian, Britain kapena US - imalimbikitsa kuchulukitsa, kulandidwa, kulanda ndi kuwononga.
Nkhondo za ku Mideast zimakwiyitsa zomwe, pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa kusalingana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka kwamafuta ndikuwonjezera vuto la othawa kwawo. Kumbali imodzi, pali malo ambiri achonde a mawu oti anthu akumanja akumanja monga "Brexit" ndi chisankho cha US cha bilionea wabizinesi a Donald Trump. Kumbali ina, Adrian Wooldridge ku The Economist is nkhawa kuti pali kufanana pakati pa mikhalidwe yoipitsitsa ya dziko lerolino ndi ija imene inayambitsa kuukira kwa Bolshevik ku Russia kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Zikuoneka kuti zaka XNUMX za ukapitalisti wapadziko lonse ndizomwe zimafunikira kuti ziwononge chiyembekezero cha Fukuyama cha "kufalikira kwa demokalase ya azungu". Zowonadi, Wooldridge lero akuda nkhawa ndi momwe angapulumutsire dongosolo laufulu.
Funso la momwe tingawonere liberalism ndi capitalism ndilofunika kwambiri. Kodi capitalism ndi yofanana ndi demokalase kapena dongosolo losagwirizana kwenikweni? Kodi kusagwirizana mu mphamvu ndi mwayi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi chizindikiro cha kugawa chuma mopanda malire? Kapena ndizokhazikika, zokhazikika mu umwini ndi kuyang'anira njira zopangira? Kodi mavuto a kachitidwe ka capitalism amapereka ziwopsezo zamabungwe nthawi zonse ku mapangano azachitukuko omwe nthawi zonse amafunikira kutetezedwa pokhapokha atang'ambika? Mayankho a mafunsowa amadziwitsa kumvetsetsa kosiyanasiyana ngati ufulu ndi gawo la yankho kapena gawo la vuto komanso ngati njira ina yotengera capitalism ndi yotheka.
Malingana ngati capitalism ili "njira yopangira" yokulirapo, njala yake yosakhutitsidwa yakukula, khungu lake la msika ndi kusalinganika komwe kumapangidwa mwadongosolo zidzasokoneza miyoyo ya mabiliyoni ambiri, kupangitsa kufanana kwa onse ndi ufulu kwa aliyense kukhala zosatheka. Mavuto okhudzana ndi umwini wa katundu wopindulitsa, ndi kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi mphamvu zopangira zisankho, zimadzudzula omwe ali m'maudindo ophwanyidwa kuti akhale osauka pamene akukweza omwe ali pamwamba pa makwerero ku moyo wofewa, wodalirika komanso wotonthoza.
Zotsatira zake ndi zopindika momvetsa chisoni. Kupatulapo nkhondo, imfa ndi matenda zimene kusalingana kumabweretsa ndi kuipiraipira, machitidwe a magulu olamulira amawononga miyoyo ya anthu ndi luso la kulenga nthawi iliyonse: "Ine, mwanjira ina, sindiri wokondweretsedwa ndi kulemera ndi kusinthika kwa ubongo wa Einstein kusiyana ndi kutsimikizika kwapafupi kumene anthu. a luso lofanana akhala ndi moyo ndi kufa mโminda ya thonje ndi mโmalo otuluka thukuta,โ wasayansi wotchuka Stephen Jay Gould anavomereza nthaลตi ina.
Koma kusiyanasiyana kwa sosholizimu mosakaikira kwathandiza maiko ena kudzichotsa mwakuthupi kwambiri. Cuba imadziwika osati kokha chifukwa cha maphunziro ake apakhomo ndi chithandizo chamankhwala komanso chifukwa cha mgwirizano wake wapadziko lonse komanso zaka zambiri zokana zoyesayesa za US kuti ziwonongeke. M'mayiko ambiri a ku Latin America, nkhondo ya Cuba inali "chitsanzo chabwino" ndipo inalimbikitsa maboma otsalira komanso opita patsogolo a m'zaka za zana lino kumwera kwa malire a US, omwe anamanga chigawo, ngakhale tsopano chikuchepa, chitetezo chambiri chotsutsana ndi neoliberalism.
Mitundu iyi - yomwe ikukumana ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri yolimbana ndi moyo wawo - ili ndi mavuto ambiri. Komabe, chitsanzo cha Soviet Socialism chinali panjira yolakwika kwambiri. Authoritarianism, kusagwirizana kwa magulu omwe akukulirakulira komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kunakhudza ntchitoyi kuyambira koyambirira. Nkhondo yapachiลตeniลตeni, Nkhondo Zapadziko Lonse ziลตiri, kutukuka kwa maindasitale kokakamiza, Gulags, njala, udani wa Azungu, kuzinga chikapitalist, ndi lamulo la Stalin la โsocialism mโdziko limodziโ, zonsezo zinatsutsa chikhumbo cha โsosholizimu imene ilipo kwenikweniโ. Koma ngakhale mโlingaliro, tiyenera kuvomereza kuti silinafanane ndi masomphenya a chikominisi a Karl Marx a gulu la anthu ogwirizana mwaufulu ndipo kwa zaka zambiri za zana linkawoneka kukhala panjira yopita kwinakwake kosafunika kwenikweni.
Komabe, ngakhale panali zovuta zambiri, atsogoleri ochokera ku Soviet Union ndi US adafotokoza kuti USSR ndi "socialist". Katswiri wa zilankhulo Noam Chomsky ndazindikira Zaka 30 zapitazo kuti onse a US ndi Soviet Union adagwirizana "kuti gulu lopangidwa ndi Lenin ndi Trotsky ndipo linapangidwanso ndi Stalin ndi omulowa m'malo ake ali ndi ubale wina ndi sosholizimu ..." ulamuliro wankhanza wa 'Red Bureaucracy'โ pamene mayiko a Kumadzulo - akugwirizira zolephera za "socialism" ya Soviet - adatengera kunamizira komweko kuti "athetse chiwopsezo cha anthu omasuka komanso olungama." Soviet sosholizimu sizingakhale zofunika. Koma ngakhale capitalism. Njira ina ndiyofunikira, ndipo izi zimachitika kuti nzotheka.
Pazaka 25 zapitazi, Internet and Communications Technology (ICT) yasintha kuti ichotse zotchinga zambiri zaukadaulo zomwe mwina zidalepheretsa m'malo mwa capitalism ndi state socialism. Mikangano m'zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi 1930 inali pakati pa anthu a chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti ulamuliro wapakati ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chonse chomwe chilipo kuti chifike pa ndondomeko yabwino kwambiri (m'maganizo mwawo) ndondomeko yazachuma ya anthu ndi ochita malonda aulere omwe amatsutsa izi, chifukwa mavuto a anthu amakono ndi zovuta kwambiri, kukonzekera kwachuma sikungatheke ndipo misika yokha ingagwirizanitse ntchito zachuma. Maudindo awiriwa adapanganso malingaliro ena, kuti kuphatikiza kofunikira kwa misika ndikukonzekera - "socialism yamisika" - kungapereke yankho lachitatu. Koma dziko lasintha ndipo pali zopinga zatsopano zoti zithetse.
Mofulumira kuzaka za zana la 21. Akatswiri a zamakono, ophunzira, maboma, atolankhani, Silicon Valley ndi ena, lero ali okondwa ndi kuthekera kwa "Internet of Things", "smart mizinda", "smart homes", "smart grocery" ndi momwe teknoloji ingathandizire mabungwe onse anthu kuti azitha kulabadira zosowa, zofuna ndi zofuna za anthu. Ngakhale kupezeka kwa intaneti komanso kusalowerera ndale kuli nkhondo zofunika zomwe zikumenyedwabe, zida zam'manja zakhala zikulowa kwambiri kwa anthu omwe sanalumikizanepo kale. Kwa ambiri, kuphulika kwamitundumitundu kwazatsopano kumapereka moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wokhazikika komanso malingaliro oledzera kuti chidziwitso chonse chikupezeka m'manja mwathu. Ngakhale lingaliro ili likukokomeza ndilowona kuposa kale lonse ndipo ndizotheka kulingalira zamtsogolo momwe aliyense akukhudzidwa.
Titha kukhala tikugwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono kudyetsa anjala, kukhala ndi nyumba osowa pokhala, kuphunzitsa aliyense komanso kuchiritsa osowa. M'malo mwake, capitalism, popeza yatopetsa magwero ambiri okulirapo, imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo kutembenukira mkati ndikudyera masuku pamutu anthu eni-zidziwitso zawo - ngati chinthu chosavuta. Pulofesa Emerita ku Harvard Business School Shoshana Zuboff, ali akufotokozedwa momwe kusinthika kwa mphamvu yopangira makompyuta, ma aligorivimu ovuta, ndikudumpha mu kuthekera kosungirako deta, kuphatikiza kupanga zomwe amachitcha "kapitalism yoyang'anira". Ndi njira yodziunjikira pochotsa deta yomwe anthu amapanga.
Munjira zazikulu - monga momwe zilili ndi Apple, Google, Amazon, Uber, Facebook ndi achifwamba ena azaka za digito - ukadaulo wathandizira nsanja zamphamvu zokulitsa mphamvu ndi mwayi, kupangitsa capitalism kukhala yoyipa kuposa momwe timaganizira kale. ICT yalimbikitsa njira ya "kuchulukana koyambirira", ngati kuti ndi ma steroid opangidwa ndi nyukiliya, kukakamiza magawo onse kupeza njira zatsopano zopulumutsira. Mark Graham, Pulofesa wa Internet Geography ku Oxford Internet Institute, adafufuza momwe "Chumaโ amatulutsa ntchito yatsopano yosalamuliridwa ndi yolipidwa, nthawi zambiri mโmalo ovuta kugwira ntchito, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti magawano a antchito aipireipire.
Ngakhale kuti ICT yathandiza anthu ocheperapo kuti awononge zambiri, ikuperekanso modabwitsa kuti njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa capitalism ndi state socialism ziwonekere. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 pa Nkhondo Yachiลตeniลตeni ku Spain, a Fascist ndi Stalinists anaukira kuchokera kumbali zonse monga kuyesa kofala kwa ogwira ntchito kumadera akumidzi ndi akumidzi, monga bungwe la anarcho-syndicalist. Mu 1956 ogwira ntchito ku Hungary ndi Poland anapandukira kuukira kwa Soviet ndi kulamulira kupanga makhonsolo a antchito. Zitsanzo zimenezi zinauzira Wafilosofi wachi Greek-French Cornelius Castoriadis '. lachitsanzo za "Economics of a Self-Management Society", zomwe zidapangitsa kuti posachedwapa zitsanzo monga Michael Albert ndi Robin Hahnel's Participatory Economics, yomwe Zolinga ku - popanda misika - kuwerengera ndalama zopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugawa zinthu zamoyo ndikusinthira ndikukonzanso mapulani owopsa.
Pali zitsanzo zamagulu ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe akufuna kusonkhanitsa deta yogawidwa m'madera ndi cholinga chokonzekera demokalase. Mwachitsanzo, dziko la Chile linagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta m'magawo akuluakulu a anthu pakati pa 1971-1973. kuyesera electronic "nervous system". Dongosololi limagwira ntchito m'malo antchito, mavoti ndi m'madipatimenti aboma. Njira yolumikizirana yolumikizirana dziko lonse ingalumikizane. Ndipo dongosololi, lomwe mwanjira ina lidapangidwa kuti ligonjetse mavuto a dongosolo lapakati la Soviet, linkafuna kuzindikira maubwenzi ogwirizana komanso omvera.
Masiku ano kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zokwanira kukonza anthu sikukhalanso chopinga. Zipangizo zamakono zatsegula njira zatsopano. Tangoganizani momwe ma aligorivimu amphamvu, kupita patsogolo kwa mphamvu yopangira makompyuta ndi kusungirako deta (osatchulanso zida zam'manja, blockchain ndi mapangano anzeru) zitha kupititsa patsogolo chilichonse mwa zitsanzo pamwambapa. Zopinga masiku ano, m'malo mwake, ndi mayiko ndi mabungwe - ndi mikangano yamphamvu pakati pawo - yomwe imapeza mphamvu zazikulu ndi mwayi padziko lonse lapansi.
Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu pambuyo pa "socialism" ya Soviet, "chipambano" cha capitalism chakhala chowopsa kwa anthu ambiri. Koma maiko atsopano otsogola mwaukadaulo komanso odzilamulira okha - kupitilira capitalism ndi state socialism - ali, mwaukadaulo, zotheka kuposa kale. Koma mkangano watsopano uyenera kuonekera pakati pa amene akufuna dziko latsopanoli ndi amene akupitirizabe kulamulira mphamvu zawo zamakono.
Chris Spannos ndi Digital Editor wa New Internationalist ku Oxford, England. Adapereka nawo gawo la "Mass Surveillance & 'Smart Totalitarianism'" mu ROAR mu Disembala. magazini. Chris adalemba "Mbiri ya Anarchist Economics ngati lens kuti muwone zam'tsogolo" mugulu la AK Press. Kusonkhanitsa Ufulu: Zolemba pa Anarchist Economics (2012). Adakonza gulu lakale la AK Press lotchedwa Utopia Yeniyeni: Gulu Lothandizira Pazaka za 21st Century (2008). Posachedwapa, Chris adathandizira nkhani yakuti "Dimensions of Crisis in Greece", kuti Kodi Mapeto a Dziko Motani Mmene Timawadziwira? Vuto, Kukaniza, ndi M'badwo Wovuta, AK Press (2014). Nkhani ya Chris pa Twitter ndi: @cspannos.
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2 Comments
Zaka 25 zapitazo Soviet Union inatha.
Kodi zomwezo zingachitike ku USA?
Zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu zapitazo mwezi watha, dziko lapansi lidachita chidwi ndi chochitika chodabwitsa chomwe chidachitika. ABC News inatcha kugwa kwa Soviet Union โnkhani yochititsa chidwi koposa mโzaka za zana lino.โ Kodi zomwezo zingachitike ku USA? Kodi dziko logawanika kwambiri monga momwe aku America alili ndi njira yolumikiziranaโฆ
Ku Likulu la ODT tidatsegula kapsule yanthawi yomwe idasanjidwa mosamala pamalo athu osungiramo kutenthaโฆ
http://manywaystoseetheworld.org/collections/more-maps/products/peters-map-comparison-panels-set-of-7
Taonani kusokonekera kwa madera omwe ali pamapu akuyerekeza kukula kwa Soviet Union ndi mtunda wa Africa. Komanso panali mapanelo 6 owonjezera omwe adachotsedwa pamapu akale a nthawi ya Soviet Union a Peters. Zosungira zakalezi ndi zaulere pomwe zosungira zilipo.
Pezani SET YAULERE ya mapanelo onse 7 pa http://manywaystoseetheworld.org/collections/more-maps/products/peters-map-comparison-panels-set-of-7
Zindikirani: Mumayitanitsa $49 mu sitima ya USA yaulere.
Maguluwa akuwonetsa kusokonekera kwa madera omwe ali pamtunda wa Mercator, ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa Equal Area Maps, monga Peters ndi Hobo-Dyer.
Ndidafunsa a Denis Wood, wopenda zojambula komanso wolemba nawo buku la Seeing Through Maps and Making Maps, ndipo ndinamufunsa ngati akuganiza kuti ndingathe kuyerekezera dziko logawanikana la USA ndi dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Unionโฆ.ndipo anati, โNdithu, koma iwoโ ndi zosiyana kwambiri. Soviet Union inaphatikizidwa kuchokera ku mayiko ambiri osiyanasiyana. Anthu a ku Latvia ndi a Kazak safanana kwenikweni ndi anthu a ku Russia, amalankhula zinenero zosiyanasiyana komanso zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Iwo anali ogwirizana mokakamiza. Pomwe anthu aku America amalankhula chilankhulo chimodzi ndipo amakhala ndi chikhalidwe chofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko a Trump ndi Clinton, gawo lililonse lili pafupifupi theka lodzazidwa ndi otsatira mbali inayo. Ovota a Trump ndi Clinton amakhala limodzi m'madera ambiri komanso pafupifupi pafupifupi, ndipo posachedwapa akhala akuwoloka mizere yomwe imawagawanitsa mosavuta. Kumbukirani zomwe zidachitika mu 2001 pambuyo pa chisankho chomwe chinali ndi mikangano yowopsa ngati iyi: dziko lidakumana pambuyo pa 9/11. Tikuwoneka ngati zigamba zofiira ndi zabuluu: ndife ofiirira. "
Ngati muli ndi zaka zosakwana 38, ndipo mwaphonya chochitika chodabwitsachi mutha kutsitsimutsidwa mwachangu pakutha kwa Soviet pano:
http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/26/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-the-soviet-state-born-of-a-dream-dies.html
kapena apa:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVBVjIAMo8c
Nkhani yabwino Chris - zikomo!