M'zaka zapitazi, anthu aku America adazolowera lingaliro la ana awo kupita ku makoleji ndi mayunivesite. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za mโma 1970, pafupifupi Achimereka 8.5 miliyoni anapezeka mโmabungwe oterowo; pofika 2004 chiwerengerocho chinali chitawirikiza kawiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu aku US panthawiyi chinakwera ndi zosakwana 50%. Kukula kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kwa chiwerengero cha ophunzira athu kunawonetsa kufunitsitsa kwa anthu aku America chifukwa cha zomwe amawona ngati zapamwamba komanso tikiti yopita kuntchito zabwinoko komanso kupeza ndalama zambiri.
Zofunikirazi zikadaposa zomwe zidaperekedwa kukadapanda kuti mayiko ambiri awonjezere mwachangu malo ophunzirira maphunziro apamwamba aboma. Masiku ano, ophunzira ambiri aku koleji aku US ndi ophunzira aku yunivesite amapita ku mabungwe aboma, osati achinsinsi. Koma m'menemo muli vuto ndendende.
Zaka zana zapitazi, makamaka zaka khumi zapitazi, zalimbikitsanso dziko kutsata njira zochepetsera zoperekedwa ndi boma (monga maphunziro apamwamba aboma) komanso kusungitsa anthu wamba. Malipiro enieni adayima kuyambira m'ma 1970, kotero anthu ambiri aku America akupeza kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kulipira maphunziro apamwamba aboma. Pakali pano ndalama zake zakhala zikukwera mofulumira kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa inflation. Tili panjira yomwe anthu ambiri amafunikira maphunziro apamwamba - zomwe tsopano zakhala chiyembekezo chokhazikika cha theka la anthu - zikuyang'anizana ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu olembetsa ndi mtengo wake.
Kusamvana pakati pa anthu ndi kukwera kwaukali ndi mkwiyo ndizotsimikizika kutsatira.
Tiyeni titenge chitsanzo cha sukulu yayikulu ya yunivesite yayikulu ya boma: Yunivesite ya Massachusetts ku Amherst. Pafupifupi ophunzira 25,000, omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba komanso omaliza maphunziro, amapita ku yunivesite imeneyo. Pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse amachokera ku mabanja aku Massachusetts. Ndalama zonse za ophunzira asukulu zam'boma zidachoka pa $2,340 mu 1978/79 kufika pa $16,584 chaka chamaphunziro chino. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kunali kwakukulu katatu kuposa kukwera kwa mtengo wamtengo wapatali pa nthawi yomweyo. Kuwonjezekaku kunali kokulirapobe kwa omaliza maphunziro akunja. Poganizira kuti malipiro enieni anali otsika panthawi yonseyi, kulipira maphunziro a ana awo ku koleji kunkachititsa mabanja kukhala ndi mavuto azachuma. Nzosadabwitsa kuti deta imasonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito ku America pazaka 25 zapitazi adawonjezera chiwerengero cha maola ogwira ntchito pachaka (ntchito zambiri ndi / kapena nthawi yowonjezera). Nโzosadabwitsa kuti mabanja amenewo anawonjezera ngongole zapakhomo pamitengo yomwe inali isanakhalepo nโkale lonse kufika pa zimene sizinachitikepo nโkale lonse.
Komanso sizodabwitsa kuti ophunzira omwe amaliza maphunziro awo ku makoleji aku US ndi mayunivesite amatero ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole zawo (kuphatikiza ndi makolo awo).
ngongole zapakhomo) zotengedwa kulipira gawo la ndalama za koleji.
Dipatimenti Yoona za Maphunziro ku United States inanena kuti mโchaka cha 2004-2005, ophunzira aลตiri pa atatu alionse anamaliza maphunziro awo ku makoleji ndi mayunivesite ali ndi ngongole (pafupifupi $15,500 mโsukulu za boma ndi $20,000 mโsukulu zapadera). Ku New York, komwe kumayendetsa dongosolo lalikulu kwambiri la maphunziro apamwamba a boma, avereji ya ngongole inali madola 21,000 panthawiyo, ndipo ndi yaikulu lero.
Maphunziro angapo amachokera ku izi. Choyamba, makolo ambiri achitapo kanthu mwamphamvu ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi kutopa kowonjezereka (kuchokera ku maola owonjezereka a ntchito yolipidwa yomwe agwira) ndi nkhawa zowonjezera zangongole (kuchokera ku kukwera mofulumira kwa ngongole zapakhomo) zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 kuti apeze ndalama zogulira koleji. . Ena atsutsa maphunziro apamwamba muukali wokulirakulira wa mavuto azachuma omwe amadzetsa. Izi zitha kukhala ngati chidani ndi aphunzitsi ndi malipiro a aphunzitsi pomwe izi zikunenedwa kuti zikuyambitsa kukwera mtengo kwa koleji. Zitha kutenga mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi apamwamba
maphunziro: amawonedwa mochulukira ngati chosokoneza chosafunikira komanso chopanda ntchito ku moyo "weniweni" ndi ntchito kapena ngati kusangalatsa kwa anthu opanda pake kapena zonse ziwiri. Nthawi zambiri, mkwiyo wokhudza ndalama za koleji udzalowa mu "middle class malaise" yomwe ikukula yomwe imayambitsa zolankhula ndi zokopa za ma Democrat ambiri ndikusokoneza ma Republican ambiri (osachepera, iwo omwe samangokana kapena maziko ake muzovuta zenizeni) .
Komanso zinthu sizinayende bwino monga mayunivesite aboma, kuti achepetse ndalama, agwiritse ntchito kwambiri m'malo mwa "owonjezera" omwe akugwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso komanso osalipidwa pang'ono m'mayunivesite anthawi zonse omwe ankaphunzitsa kwambiri.
Ma PhD atsopano amakumana ndi ntchito zocheperako ndipo ayenera kutenga maudindo angapo m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Ali ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri ya kalasi iliyonse komanso nthawi yochepa kapena alibe nthawi ya kafukufuku yomwe ikuyenera kuwapangitsa kuti azitsatira malangizo awo ndikuwongolera maphunziro awo pa moyo wawo wonse.
Pokhala ndi malipiro ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe aphunzitsi amapeza, amadana ndi zomwe ali nazo. Kuchulukirachulukira kosagwirizana ndi kukwera kwa chuma, ulemu, kapena malipiro kumadzetsanso kusakhutira ndi mkwiyo pakati pa gawo lomwe likucheperachepera la mapulofesa omwe ali pantchito. Kuwonongeka kwa zochitika za aphunzitsi kumachepetsanso maphunziro a ophunzira. Motero, ophunzirawo akufunika kuti azilipira ndalama zochulukirapo powapatsa maphunziro. Chimene chimapangitsa ophunzira kusukulu ndi mantha oti akukumana ndi vuto la ntchito popanda digiri. Amakhalabe ophunzira ngakhale kuti amaphunzira bwino m'kalasi.
Palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitikazi kuposa kuchuluka kwachangu kwa "maphunziro akutali" - chilankhulo chomwe chilipo pamaphunziro ophunzirira pa intaneti.
Mwa iwo, ma adjuncts olipidwa otsika kwambiri amayendetsa maphunziro apakompyuta omwe ophunzira amalowa m'malo mwa zomwe kale anali kuchita ndi mapulofesa ophunzitsidwa bwino.
M'mayunivesite ambiri aboma, kuchepetsa masukulu kumakhala ndi makalasi ochepa kwambiri kotero kuti omaliza maphunziro amawona kuti ndikofunikira kuwonjezera semester kapena ziwiri (ndi ndalama zake zolemetsa) kuti apeze makalasi okwanira kuti amalize m'magawo akuluakulu omwe adasankhidwa. Kupatsa ophunzira oterowo "kuphunzira patali" kudzera pa intaneti ndikuwonetsa mwayi watsopano wopindulitsa ku mayunivesite oterowo.
Kutembenukira koyendetsedwa ndi ndalama kuzinthu zothandizira ndi kuphunzira patali kumakulitsa kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro apamwamba aboma ndi apadera. Makoleji apayekha ndi mayunivesite amawona kutsika kwa makoleji aboma ndi mayunivesite ngati mwayi wopikisana pamabizinesi. Kukhazikitsa demokalase kwamaphunziro apamwamba kudapita patsogolo kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse pomwe mayiko adapanga masukulu apamwamba omwe nthawi zambiri amapambana mabungwe apamwamba komanso akale kwambiri. Tsopano, demokalase yomwe yakhala nthawi yayitali ikukula ndipo ndi maphunziro apamwamba omwe amaperekedwa kwa ophunzira athu ambiri. Kusiyanitsa kwa kalasi yoyamba (yachinsinsi) ndi yachiwiri
(anthu) maphunziro apamwamba akulimba m'chizoloลตezi ndi makoleji ambiri aboma ndi ammudzi akulowa m'maphunziro otsika kwambiri. Zingakhale zovuta kukokomeza zotsatira zovuta za zochitikazi kwa zaka zambiri komanso m'madera ambiri a dziko lathu.
[Ma chart atsatanetsatane ndi ma graph atha kuwonedwa pa:
http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/wolff170207.html]
[Rick Wolff ndi Pulofesa wa Economics ku yunivesite ya Massachusetts ku Amherst. Ndiwolemba mabuku ndi zolemba zambiri, kuphatikiza (ndi Stephen Resnick) Class Theory and History: Capitalism and Communism in the USSR (Routledge, 2002) and (ndi Stephen Resnick) New Departures in Marxian Theory (Routledge, 2006) Nkhaniyi adawonekera koyamba mu Global MacroScope (pawww.globalmacroscope.com/>)
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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