Ngati ndinu m'modzi mwa anthu omwe amaganiza kuti mbiri yakale ndi yotopetsa, yotopetsa, komanso yosafunika pa moyo wanu lero, "Queer History of the United States" yatsopano ya Michael Bronski, yomwe yangofalitsidwa ndi Beacon Press, ikuyenera kukunyozani malingaliro osawoneka ngati awa.
Bronski wakhala m'modzi mwa olemba athu odziwika bwino komanso oyambilira omenyera ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso atolankhani kwazaka zambiri. Mizu yake ili mgulu lachiwawa, lamphamvu la Boston lomwe lidatulutsa Fag Rag, limodzi mwazofalitsa zomasula zomwe zidafalikira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 70s, ndipo adapanga mafupa ake ngati chiphunzitso cha gay ndi buku lake lofunikira la 1984 "Culture Clash: The Making of Gay Sensibility, โndipo adalimbitsa mbiri yake ngati woganiza zopanga ndi "The Pleasure Principle" (1998), yomwe imakhalabe yofunika kuwerengedwa kwa aliyense wanzeru.
Kuphatikiza pa mabuku ena khumi ndi awiri omwe adalemba kapena kusinthidwa, utolankhani wodziwika bwino wa zachikhalidwe ndi ndale wa Bronski wakongoletsa osati zofalitsa zachiwerewere zokha komanso zofalitsa zodziwika bwino. Wolemba kwa nthawi yayitali ku Boston Phoenix, Bronski tsopano amaphunzitsa LGBT, jenda, ndi maphunziro atolankhani ku Dartmouth.
Koma, mwamwayi, Bronski samalemba ngati wophunzira -- mawu ake omveka bwino ndi oyera, omveka bwino, opanda mawu, komanso opezeka, monga momwe amachitira maphunziro ake a utolankhani. Ndipo "A Queer History of the United States" ndi kuwerenga kwabwino koteroko kumatha kutchedwa wotembenuza masamba, pakadapanda kuti tsamba lililonse limakhala lolemera kwambiri ndi zowonera, malingaliro, ndi kusanthula komwe munthu akufuna. kuyimitsa ndikulingalira za iwo.
Bronski akulemba kuti: "Amerika ndi opusa, ndipo amangokhalira kupusa." Kuphatikizika kokulirapo kwa zaka 500 za mbiri yaku America monga momwe zimawonekera m'maso opusa --kumanga pazaka makumi anayi zapitazi za mbiri yakale ya gay yomwe idayamba kubwezeretsanso mbiri yathu yobisika monga gawo lofunikira lankhondo zomenyera ufulu woyamba - zili ndi maso ambiri- tsegulani ma anecdotes ndi zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsa zonena izi.
Bronski akuwonetsa momwe maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amachitira ndipo, ndithudi, nthawi zambiri amalemekezedwa ndi Amwenye Achimereka ngakhale atsamunda oyambirira a ku Ulaya asanafike ndi zipembedzo zawo zotsutsa ndi zopondereza.
Kutchula zitsanzo ziลตiri zokha, โMemoir of Pierre Liette on the Illinois Countryโ ya mu 1702 inasimba kuti โtchimo la chiwerewere nโlofala kwambiri pakati pa [Miami] kuposa mโmitundu ina iliyonse, ngakhale kuti pali akazi anayi kwa mwamuna mmodzi.โ
Ndipo mu โOriginal Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expeditions,โ yolembedwa ndi Nicholas Biddle pakati pa 1804 ndi 1810, ofufuzawo amafotokoza mmene, pakati pa a Mamitarees, โngati mnyamata asonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse za kukongola kwa akazi kapena zikhoterero zachitsikana zimene amaikidwa pakati pa atsikanawo. , ovala mโnjira yawo, akuleredwa ndi iwo, ndipo nthaลตi zina kukwatiwa ndi amuna.โ
Queers anali okangalika nawo pa Nkhondo Yachiweruzo. Deborah Sampson Garret wovala zopingasa adalembetsa ngati mwamuna mu Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo ndipo adamenya nawo nkhondo zambiri zaka zitatu kuti jenda lake lenileni lisanadziwike atavulazidwa. Iye anasindikiza mbiri yotchuka ya zimene anachita, ndipo mu 1816, โpambuyo pa zaka zodandaulira ndi chithandizo cha Paul Revere, [iye] potsirizira pake anapatsidwa ndalama zonse za penshoni zimene boma la Massachusetts ndi Congress linayenera kulandira.โ
Ndipo panali mlaliki wotsutsana ndi Jemima Wilkinson, amene mu 1775 โanakhulupirira kuti Kristu analowa mโthupi lake ndipo kuti sanali mkazi kapena mwamunaโฆ โ ndipo anavala zovala zosagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi zomwe zinkachititsa kuti kugonana kwake kukhale kosawerengeka.โ Mโkatikati mwa zaka za mโma 1780 โakatswiri ofalitsa nkhani ndi kabuku kotchuka ankafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane maulaliki ake ndipo anagogomezera kwambiri khalidwe lake losamveka bwino pankhani ya kugonana. Anali ndi otsatira ambiri omwe anali pafupi ndi chipembedzo. โโฆ
Masiku ano titha kutcha a Wilkinson ndi Sampson Garret kuti transgender, koma Bronski akutichenjeza moyenerera kuti tisagwiritse ntchito zilembo zamasiku ano ndi zilankhulo kwa zigawenga zazaka mazana angapo zapitazo mawu oterowo asanapangidwe ndi kuvomerezedwa. (Bronski amafotokoza momwe asitikali achikazi ovala zovala adadziwikanso bwino mu Nkhondo Yathu Yapachiweniweni).
Bronski amatsata chitukuko cha "chimuna chatsopano cha ku America" โโmosiyana ndi chikhalidwe chotukuka kwambiri cha British. Zowonadi, sewero loyamba lomwe linalembedwa ndikupangidwa ku US, nthabwala yamakhalidwe abwino yotchedwa "The Contrast," idaphatikiza munthu wodziwika ku Britain, "Mr. Billy Dimple" -- "wokongola, wotuwa, waulemu yemwe amapita m'mawa kuchimbudzi chake ... kenako amatuluka" - motsutsana ndi American Colonel Manly, "zomwe dzina lake limatanthauza." Sewero landale, ngakhale lachisinthiko lidalemba momveka bwino zomwe masiku ano tingazitchule ngati kudana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti zidzutse malingaliro odana ndi Britain.
Koma mโmadera amene anali atangomasulidwa kumene, โmabwenzi okondana kwambiri ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri ankadziwika ndipo ankadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chawo.โ Bronski akugwira mawu kwambiri kuchokera m'makalata osakhalitsa a Marquis de Lafayette kwa George Washington omwe "amatha kuwerengedwa ngati mauthenga ochokera kwa wokonda wovulazidwa, wokwiya."
Pamene dziko latsopanolo linkakula, "kufalikira kwa kumadzulo nthawi zambiri kunkatanthauza kumasulidwa ku ziletso zomwe ankakumana nazo kummawa ... ndakatulo ndi zopeka za nthawiyo, monga momwe wolemba ndakatulo waku Western Badger Clark "The Lost Pardner," akumaliza kuti:
Njirayi ilibe kanthu ndipo tinjira takhungu,
Ndipo sindikuwoneka koma theka ndekha lero.
Ndikufuna kumumva akukwera kumbuyo
Ndikumva bondo lake likundisisita munjira yabwino yakale.
Kukula kofulumira kwa San Francisco pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1840 Gold Rush kudapangitsa mzinda womwe m'zaka zapakati pazaka zapakati pazaka zapakati pazaka 300 unali ndi azimayi 25,000 okha mwa anthu 1855 -- n'zosadabwitsa kuti "kuvina kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali kovomerezeka, monganso zosangalatsa. zokhala ndi cross dressing." Kale mu XNUMX, Franky Marryat, woyenda ulendo wa ku Britain, mโnkhani yake yakuti โMountains and Molehills, or Recollections of a Burnt Journal,โ anatcha San Francisco โSodomu pa Nyanja.โ
Bronski akugogomezera kufunikira kwa gulu la New England la transcendentalist pakukonzanso kuyanjana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. "Maganizo ochuluka ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapezeka mundakatulo ndi magazini a Henry David Thoreau ... zomwe pofika zaka za m'ma 1840 zinayamba kusokoneza," pamene Ralph Waldo Emerson adakopeka ndi wophunzira wachinyamata, Martin Gay, akufufuzidwa. Ndipo "zokonda zachiwerewere mu ndakatulo za Emily Dickinson ndizodziwika bwino pa nthawi yake," monganso zolemba za Herman Melville ndi Nathaniel Hawthorne -- kuphatikiza "mawu a Melville okopa Hawthorne."
Julia Ward Howe, mlembi wa "Battle Hym of the Republic," adalembanso sewero, "The Hermaphrodite," lomwe ndi "chiwonetsero cha chikhalidwe chomwe kulephereka kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso maubwenzi ogonana omwe si achikhalidwe anali nawo, ngakhale m'njira yolembedwa. , zokambidwa ngati nkhani zandale.โ
Koma mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, anali a anarchists aku America omwe "zolemba zawo zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20: amatsutsa kuti kugonana kwachibadwa ndi kwabwino, kuti kugonana kungakhale kokha. za zosangalatsa ndipo, ngati atagwirizana, siziyenera kukhala nkhani ya malamulo alionse.โ
Panthaลตi imodzimodziyo, โkutulukira kwasayansi kwa โkugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokhaโ [mawuwa anagwiritsiridwa ntchito koyamba ku United States mu 1878] kunayambitsa chinenero chimene chinalimbikitsa kukambitsirana momasuka ponena za nkhaniyoโchodabwitsa nโchakuti, nthaลตi yomweyo kunatsogolera ku kulongosoledwa momveka bwino kwa malingaliro oipa onena za ogonana ofanana ziลตalo. . Kwa nthawi yoyamba mโmbiri ya dziko la United States, anthu olakalaka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ayamba kudwala.โ
Bronski amatsata gawo lofunikira lomwe siteji ya zisudzo idachita ngati lamba wopatsirana pokambirana za nkhani zambiri zogonana. Wapeza zitsanzo zomwe -- ngakhale ndimadziona kuti ndine wodziwa bwino mbiri ya amuna okhaokha - zinali zatsopano kwa ine. Mwachitsanzo, "sewero lotsegulira la Mae West la 1927 'The Drag' -- lokhala ndi anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso mpira wokoka -- lili ndi anthu awiri omwe akukambirana malingaliro a Karl Ulrichs," woyambitsa chipongwe waku Germany waku Germany wazaka za m'ma 19 yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi mpainiya wa LGBT kayendedwe ka ufulu wogonana. Seweroli lidatsekedwa ndi akuluakulu aboma, monganso sewero lodziwika bwino la Chiyidishi Sholem Asch la mu 1907 "The God of Vengeance" chifukwa cha nkhani zake za akazi okhaokha.
Ziwonetsero zofala ngati zimenezi zinathandiza kuti Nyumba Yamalamulo ya New York State yolamulidwa ndi Republican ilole kuletsa zisudzo zilizonse โzosonyeza kapena zokhudza nkhani za kugonana konyozeka kapena kugonana kosayenera.โ
Magalimoto atatsika mtengo komanso kupezeka kwa unyinji, Bronski akuti, adakhala "malo a ufulu wakugonana," "njira yatsopano yopangira zinsinsi zachikondi ndi zakugonana [yomwe] idathandiziranso maubwenzi a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha."
Kusintha pakugonana kwa anthu omwe adayambitsa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi kudalandira ulemu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso wodabwitsa waku America pomwe zidawonekera pazotsatsa -- monga momwe zikuwonetsedwera mu kampeni ya Cannon Towels yomwe idatuluka m'magazini monga Life and Better Homes and Gardens, gawo lililonse lotengera za servicemen. nthano. โTrue Towel Tales: No. munthu wapakati waima, ataphimbidwa ndi kanjedza, posambira-kukongola. Chilengezochi chimasonyeza amunawo momveka bwino ngati anthu ogona nawo ndipo chimasonyeza kusatetezeka kwawo, mogwirizana kwambiri ndi zenizeni za nkhondo.โ
Momwemonso, kutsatsa kwa magalimoto ogona a njanji ya Pullman kunawonetsa asitikali awiri akuvula nsapato ndi masokosi kuti alowe mu mzikiti waku Egypt ndi mawu olimbikitsa kugonana, "Sindinachite izi mu Masana kale!โ
Izi ndi zochepa chabe mwa zolemba zakale zowululidwa mu "A Queer History of the United States." Bronski ali ndi lamulo lodabwitsa la zinthuzi komanso amagwira ntchito mwaluso popanga mbiri yabwino ya gay, kuphatikiza Martin Duberman, John D'Emilio, Lillian Faderman, Terence Kissack, ndi ena ambiri omwe sitingawatchule.
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi zithunzithunzi za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zolemba zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano ndi "makhalidwe apabanja" amasiku ano, monga momwe Bronski amasonyezera, zitsogozo zake mumayendedwe odziyeretsa, omwe nthawi zina amatsogozedwa ndi opita patsogolo, omwe adayamba m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo akupitilizabe mpaka pano kuwopseza zazikulu. malo chikhalidwe kuti olimba mtima amuna kapena akazi omwe apambana okha. Bukuli lilinso mndandanda wa adani athu m'zaka zapitazi.
Ndale za Bronski zokomera ufulu zikuwonekera patsamba lililonse ndipo mosakayikira zidzakwiyitsa oh-so-homogenized assimilationists omwe mawu awo amalamulira nkhani zamasiku ano za gay. Iye akulemba kuti, "Ngakhale ife tonse ndife Achimereka -- ndipo amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angakhale ovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe amaganizira - kukhala 'monga inu' sizomwe Achimereka onse amafuna. M'mbiri yakale, 'monga inu' ndi bodza lalikulu la ku America. Kuchulukitsitsa, ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa America kumalepheretsa mafanizidwe osavuta ngati awa. 'Monga ngati' nthawi zambiri kumakhala mkangano wabodza. Mโzaka khumi zapitazi, mkangano wakuti ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha uli ngati โukwati wa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyanaโ wadzetsa kusamvana kwakukulu ndi mkwiyo kuposa kuvomerezana ndi kumveketsa bwinoโฆโ
Kuwunika kwa Bronski kwazaka mazana asanu kumatha mu 1990, koma maphunziro ake abwino komanso nkhani zabodza, nthawi zambiri zanzeru ndizofunika monga mitu yamasiku ano. Munthu amayenera kudziwa komwe adakhala kuti athe kupanga njira yabwino yofikira komwe angafune kukhala. Kuchokera ku mabuku kupita ku mafashoni kupita ku maubwenzi ndi magulu ena a anthu, nkhani yodabwitsa yomwe Bronski anafotokozera idzatsegula maso anu.
Wolemba mbiri wamkulu Arnold Toynbee ananenapo kuti, โโMbiriโ ndi liwu Lachigiriki limene limatanthauza, kwenikweni, โkufufuza.โโ Bronski ndi wofufuza wapamwamba kwambiri, waluntha, amene ntchito yake nthaลตi zonse yakhala ikutsutsa nzeru wamba zokhala ndi tanthauzo losaonekera. Ndicho chifukwa chake "A Queer History of the United States" ikhoza kuwerengedwa mopindulitsa ndi owerenga pa phunziroli ndi omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale ya mbiri ya gay.
Ngakhale simukugwirizana ndi kutanthauzira kwa Bronski, amakupangitsani kuganiza. Ili ndi buku lofunika kwambiri, lomwe liyenera kunyadira malo pashelefu iliyonse yamabuku. Onetsetsani kuti zili zanu.
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