Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse itafika pachimake mu 1943, asitikali angapo omwe adayimilira ku Myrtle Beach Bombing Range ku South Carolina - Woodie Wilson ndi queeny blond MP yemwe amadziwika kuti "Mlongo Kate" - adakumana ndi anthu ambiri ovala yunifolomu. magulu ena ankhondo akummwera adaganiza zowayambitsa kalata, yomwe adayitcha Myrtle Beach Bitch.
โInali nkhani ya miseche,โ bwenzi lawo ndi โwolembetsaโ Norman Samson anakumbukira. โAnkapita ndi ndani, amagona ndi ndani. Yemwe adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Pfc. okonda kaputeni kapena lieutenantโฆ Zinali ngati talandira kalata yochokera kwathu, chifukwa ndi njira yokhayo yolumikizirana ndi anthu omwe tidakumana nawo m'malo ena. Zinatidziwitsa omwe anali kutsidya kwa nyanja ndi komwe analiโฆ Tinkati, 'Tangoganizani amene akadali moyo!'โ
Mothandizidwa ndi msilikali wowongoka amene anali kuyangโanira makina osindikizira a mazikowo, aลตiriwo ovala yunifolomuwo anatulutsa makope asanu a kalatayo asanawagwire ndi kuwatumiza kundende ya boma kwa chaka chimodzi.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamtengo wapatali za mbiri yakale ya gay yomwe ikupezeka m'buku latsopano lomwe lafalitsidwa ndi University of North Carolina Press, "My Desire for History: Essays in Gay Community and Labor History" lolemba malemu Allan Bรฉrubรฉ, yemwe. anamwalira mosayembekezereka ndi zilonda zam'mimba zosweka mu 2007 ali ndi zaka 61.
Bรฉrubรฉ adafika pachimake chodziwika bwino m'dziko logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 1990 pomwe adatulutsa buku lake lodziwika bwino "Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War II," yomwe pambuyo pake idasinthidwa kukhala filimu ya PBS yolembedwa ndi Arthur Dong. kuchokera ku script ya Bรฉrubรฉ.
Panali mabuku okwana theka la mbiri ya anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku United States panthawiyo, ndipo populumutsa kuti tisaiwale nkhani zosaneneka za "m'badwo waukulu kwambiri" wa gay, Bรฉrubรฉ adathandizira kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu wapadziko lonse wokhudza kuchotsedwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'gulu lankhondo. Anakhala munthu wapakati pa nkhondoyi, ndipo adagwira ntchito limodzi ndi antchito a Senator Edward Kennedy potsutsa kusagwirizana kwa gay komwe kunadziwika kuti Osafunsa, Osanena.
Monga katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Bรฉrubรฉ, wosiya ntchito ku koleji, anali wodziyimira pawokha, ndipo nthano ya momwe adafufuzira ndikulemba kuti "Kutuluka Pamoto" ndi yamphamvu kwambiri. Zanenedwa mwachikondi m'mawu oyambilira a nkhani yatsopanoyi ndi akatswiri awiri odziwika bwino a mbiri yakale omwe adazikonza - John D'Emilio waku University of Chicago, yemwe mabuku ake ambiri onena za mbiri ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri ya Bayard Rustin, "Lost Prophet," ndi Estelle Freedman wa Stanford, yemwe buku lake laposachedwa ndi Modern Library la "The Essential Feminist Reader." Mapulofesa onsewa anali abwenzi akale komanso abwenzi a Bรฉrubรฉ kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.
Makolo osauka a Bรฉrubรฉ adamulera m'malo osawoneka bwino a kalavani m'tawuni ya Bayonne, New Jersey, komwe kamnyamata kowala, wowerenga mwachidwi, adathawa popambana maphunziro - woyamba kupita kusukulu yachipulotesitanti yokonzekera, komwe nthawi zambiri ankanyozedwa ndi ophunzira anzake a WASP chifukwa ankawadikirira m'chipinda chake chodyera kuti amuthandize kulipira maphunziro ake; Kenako anapita ku yunivesite ya Chicago, kumene anaphunzira mabuku achingelezi.
Koma pamene mnzake wapakoleji yemwe ankakhala naye mโchipinda chimodzi, wophunzira mnzake wa mโkalasi lantchito amene anamโkonda kwambiri, anaphedwa pakuphana chifukwa cha fuko, Bรฉrubรฉ wosweka ndi wopsinjika maganizo anasiya sukulu.
Monga wokana usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo ku Nkhondo ya Vietnam, Bรฉrubรฉ adakhudzidwa ndi zolemba zotsutsana ndi zankhondo za Barbara Deming (mutu wa mbiri ya Martin Duberman yomwe idasindikizidwa koyambirira kwa chaka chino - onani ndemanga ya wolemba uyu March 2, 2011 mu Gay City News, โMiyoyo Yakulimba Mtima ndi Kudzipereka").
Bรฉrubรฉ anagwira ntchito ina mโmalo mwa Komiti ya Quakersโ American Friends Service Service ku Boston kuyambira mu 1968. Anali kumeneko, ali pa ulendo wa mtendere wofalitsa uthenga wotsutsa nkhondo ku matauni angโonoangโono ozungulira, kumene anamva koyamba za kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. adayamba kupezeka pamisonkhano ya Student Homophile League ku MIT. Posakhalitsa adakhala m'gulu la Boston lomwe linayambitsa Fag Rag, pepala lodziwika bwino komanso losasamala la gulu lomenyera ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha lodzaza ndi nkhani zokopa (monga wolemba mbiri Charlie Shively "Cocksucking as an Act of Revolution".)
Mu 1971, Bรฉrubรฉ, yemwe nthawi zonse amafunafuna anthu ammudzi, adasamukira ku San Francisco, komwe adalowa nawo gulu lalikulu la ma hippie oluka, komwe, mouziridwa ndi kusindikizidwa kwa zolemba zazikulu za Jonathan Ned Katz za 1976 "Gay American History," Bรฉrubรฉ, ndiye. 30, adatembenuza zilakolako zake ku mbiri ya gay. Anathera maola ambiri mโmalaibulale ndipo, monga momwe DโEmilio ndi Freedman akulembera, โanadzipatsa yekha maphunziro olingana ndi maphunziro a njira zofufuzira ndi mbiri yakale.โ
Pamodzi ndi olemba-olimbikitsa olemba ngati Jeffrey Escoffier, Amber Hollibaugh, ndi malemu Eric Garber, komanso D'Emilio ndi Freedman, Bรฉrubรฉ adayambitsa San Francisco Lesbian ndi Gay History Project kuti apange mbiri yamtundu watsopano. Chiwonetsero chake chachikulu choyamba chinali "Lesbian Masquerades," chiwonetsero chazithunzi cha azimayi omwe adapambana ngati amuna kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19th ndipo nkhani zake adazipeza m'manyuzipepala am'deralo anthawiyo.
Bรฉrubรฉ anali wowonetsa wamphamvu yemwe adatenga chiwonetsero chake cha slide kudera lonse la Bay Area, ndikumupanga kukhala munthu wodziwika bwino wamba, kenako paulendo waku East Coast.
Mutu wozikidwa pa "Lesbian Masquerades" waphatikizidwa m'nkhani yatsopano. Momwemonso ndi mutu wonena za kunyansidwa koopsa kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa kampeni ya meya wa San Francisco mu 1959, pomwe Meya waku Republican George Christopher, yemwe adayambitsa zipolowe atatenga udindo zaka zinayi m'mbuyomu, adawukiridwa (m'malo modabwitsa) ndi woyimira Democratic, Russell Wolden, chifukwa cholola San Francisco kukhala โopatuka,โ mlandu wolanda mutu umene โunagunda mzindawo ngati chivomezi.โ Potsutsidwa ndi atolankhani ambiri akumaloko, Wolden ndi kampeni yake yachipongwe idayambitsidwa mosavuta ndi Christopher.
Nkhani ina ya zithunzi za Bรฉrubรฉ yomwe ili mu "Chilakolako Changa cha Mbiri Yakale" ndi mbiri ya malo osambira a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe adapangidwa poyankha kutseka kwawo kwa San Francisco m'zaka zoyambirira za vuto la Edzi. Bรฉrubรฉ adagwiritsa ntchito zoyambira zakale kunena kuti nyumba zosambirazo ziyenera kukhala nkhwangwa zamaphunziro ogonana otetezeka.
Koma chidwi chachikulu pa nkhani yake yotsatira, "Kuyenda kwa Woyimba Wosiyana," wokhudza anthu omwe anali pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, adamupangitsa kusiya cholinga choyambirira cholemba mbiri ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku San Francisco ndikuyang'ana kwambiri kafukufuku wake wokhudza nkhondoyo. adadya kwambiri m'ma 1980.
Adatenga chiwonetserochi m'dziko lonselo, kuyambira m'makoleji ndi mabungwe am'deralo kupita kunyumba za omenyera nkhondo, ndipo ulaliki uliwonse udapeza magwero atsopano, opulumuka ankhondo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amafuna kuti nkhani zawo zinenedwe, kutulutsa makalata achinsinsi ndi magazini obisika, oiwalika. m'chipinda chapamwamba cha vets ndi mabanja awo. Bรฉrubรฉ adapezanso zolemba zomwe zidakololedwa pansi pa Freedom of Information Act (zopempha zotsutsidwa ndi mkuwa wankhondo) komanso kuchokera ku National Archives.
Chimene chinapangitsa ntchito ya Bรฉrubรฉ kukhala yamphamvu chinali chakuti, monga momwe DโEmilio ndi Freedman akusonyezera, munthu wodziphunzitsa yekha ameneyu wochokera mโmikhalidwe yonyozeka โanagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zakuthupi zochepa kwambiri kuchirikiza kufufuza kwake. Sanasangalale ndi phindu lililonse lomwe ali ndi udindo waukadaulo ku yunivesite: palibe malipiro kapena inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, palibe malipiro m'chilimwe, osalandira ndalama zolembera. Kwa kanthawi, iye anabwereranso kukaluka masisafu, amene ankatha kuchita madzulo, ndipo amawagulitsa pakamwa pawo kupyolera mwa mabwenzi ndi mabwenzi. Anagwira ntchito monga wotsogolera ndi manijala mโmalo oonetsera kanema mโderalo ndipo analembetsa ku bungwe lina la antchito ongoyembekezera.โ
Bรฉrubรฉ adaulula m'magazini yake kukhumudwa kwake chifukwa chosowa nthawi yokwanira yolemba kuti: "Ntchito iyi yofinyira nthawi yachakudya kapena Loweruka usiku ndi yachipongwe ..."
Mu 1983, Bรฉrubรฉ adakondana ndi Brian Keith, katswiri wasayansi wachinyamata wa ku Britain wa pa yunivesite ya California yemwe kafukufuku wake anali wokhudza kukula kwa zomera. Koma patangopita zaka zitatu, Brian anapezeka ndi matenda a Edzi ndipo anafota mofulumira masiku angapo asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Allan anamusamalira mโmasiku otsiriza a matenda ake, zimene zinafotokozedwa mโmutu wina wa nkhani zolembedwa. Brian, atapereka kwa Bรฉrubรฉ lonjezo lakuti sadzalola chisoni kulepheretsa kutha kwa buku la Nkhondo Yadziko II, anam'pangitsa kukhala wopindula ndi inshuwalansi ya moyo wake. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku imfa yomvetsa chisoni ya Brian kunabwera ndalama zomwe zidalola Bรฉrubรฉ kumaliza "Coming Out Under Fire," yemwe kuzindikira kwake mwachidwi ndi otsutsa pamapeto pake kudamupangitsa kuti apambane "mphatso yaukadaulo" ya MacArthur Foundation.
Ntchito yomaliza ya Berube ikanakhala buku lonena za Marine Cooks and Steward Union, pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a mamembala awo anali โmfumukazi,โ monga amadzitcha okha. MCSU idakula kuchoka pa mamembala 5,000 omwe anali nawo panthawi ya 1934 pachiwopsezo chapanyanja kufika pa 19,000 pambuyo poti chikomyunizimu ndi zigawenga zomwe adazitenga adaumirira kuti zisinthe mtundu ndikuvomereza anthu akuda, achi China, ndi anthu ena amitundu. Utsogoleri umenewo udagwiritsa ntchito sitalaka kuti athetse omwe adawakakamiza kuti agwire ntchito pamayendedwe apanyanja.
Atsogoleri ambiri a mabungwe osankhidwa anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo anali ndi maudindo apamwamba m'mabungwe ogwira ntchito. Mkulu wina wolunjika waku America waku MCSU ananena kuti โmu 1936 tinapanga mawu akuti: Ndi zotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa nyambo yofiira, nyambo yamtundu, kapena mfumukazi. Timaziyikanso motere: ngati muwalola iwo nyambo yofiyira, amathamanga-nyambo, ndipo ngati muwalola iwo kuthamangitsa nyambo, adzakhala mfumukazi. Nโchifukwa chake tonse tiyenera kumamatirana.โ
Chifukwa cha Cold War, McCarthyism, komanso kumenyedwa kosalekeza ndi mgwirizano wamakampani omwe amapikisana nawo, MCSU idawonongedwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, ndipo atsogoleri ake ambiri adatsekeredwa m'ndende pansi pa Taft-Hartley Act yoletsa Chikomyunizimu kukhala ndi ofesi yamgwirizano.
Mitu ya โChilakolako Changa cha Mbiri Yakaleโ yochokera mโzolemba za Bรฉrubรฉ za bukhu lake losamalizidwa losonyeza mgwirizano umene unapangidwa pakati pa โmafumukaziโ ndi antchito ena pakulimbana kwawo ndi yatsopano komanso yatsopano, ngakhale kwa ife amene tikudziwa bwino mbiri ya ntchito. Chomvetsa chisoni nโchakuti anamwalira nkhani yosadziwika bwino ya MCSU isanathe.
Zomwe Bรฉrubรฉ amaganiziranso za ubale pakati pa anthu amkalasi, mtundu, jenda ndi kugonana zomwe zidapangitsa ntchito yake yochuluka, chifukwa adanenetsa, molondola, kuti "kumvetsetsa pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya chikhalidwe chamakono kuyenera kukhala, osati kokha. chosakwanira, koma chowonongeka m'kati mwake mwakuti sichiphatikiza kusanthula kozama kwa ubale wamakono wamagulu."
D'Emilio ndi Freedman akuyenera kukuthokozani kwambiri chifukwa chopulumutsa zolemba za Bรฉrubรฉ kuti zisamawonekere, komanso kuti tonsefe tipeze mbiri ya moyo wake wolimba mtima. "Chilakolako Changa Chambiri" chidzakhala chowonjezera komanso chopatsa chidwi ku library yanu. Dzichitireni zabwino ndikugula.
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