Chitsime: Independent Media Institute
Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pa nkhondo ya US ku Iraq, anthu ambiri aku America amamvetsetsa kuti inali nkhondo yosaloledwa chifukwa cha mabodza onena za "zida zowononga anthu ambiri" kulibe. Koma boma lathu tsopano likuwopseza kutikokera kunkhondo ku Iran ndi "bodza lalikulu" lofanana ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya zomwe palibe, kutengera nzeru zandale zochokera kumagulu omwewo a CIA omwe adalumbira mabodza kuti avomereze US. kuukira Iraq mu 2003.
Mu 2002-3, akuluakulu aku US komanso akatswiri ofufuza zamakampani adabwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti Iraq inali ndi zida zankhondo zowononga anthu ambiri zomwe zimawopseza dziko lapansi. CIA idatulutsa nzeru zonyenga kuti zithandizire ulendo wopita kunkhondo, ndipo Cherry adasankha nkhani zonyenga kwambiri za Secretary of State Colin Powell kukapereka ku UN Security Council pa February 5, 2003. Mu December 2002, Alan Foley, mkulu wa CIA's Weapons Intelligence, Nonproliferation and Arms Control Center (WINPAC), adauza antchito ake, "Purezidenti akafuna kupita kunkhondo, ntchito yathu ndi kupeza nzeru zololeza kutero."
Paul Pillar, msilikali wa CIA yemwe anali National Intelligence Officer ku Near East ndi South Asia, anathandizira kukonzekera Chikalata cha masamba 25 zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa mamembala a Congress ngati "chidule" cha National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) ku Iraq. Koma chikalatacho chinalembedwa miyezi ingapo kuti NIE inanena kuti ifotokoze mwachidule komanso ili ndi zonena zabwino zomwe sizinapezeke ku NIE, monga kuti CIA imadziwa za malo enieni a 550 ku Iraq komwe zida za mankhwala ndi zachilengedwe zimasungidwa. Mamembala ambiri amangowerenga chidule chabodza ichi, osati NIE yeniyeni, ndipo adavotera nkhondo mwachimbulimbuli. Monga Pambuyo pake Pillar anaulula kupita ku PBS Kutsogolo, โCholinga chake chinali kulimbikitsa nkhani yopita kunkhondo ndi anthu aku America. Kodi n'koyenera kuti gulu laukazitape lifalitse mapepala a cholinga chimenecho? Sindikuganiza choncho, ndipo ndikudandaula kuti ndinachita nawo zimenezo.โ
WINPAC idakhazikitsidwa mu 2001 kuti ilowe m'malo mwa CIA's Nonproliferation Center kapena NPC (1991-2001), pomwe ogwira ntchito a 100 CIA ofufuza adasonkhanitsa umboni wotheka wa zida za nyukiliya, zamankhwala ndi zida zachilengedwe kuti zithandizire kumenya nkhondo zaku US, zilango ndipo pamapeto pake maboma asintha mfundo. motsutsana ndi Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Libya ndi adani ena aku US.
WINPAC imagwiritsa ntchito satellite ya US, kuyang'ana pamagetsi ndi ma spy networks kuti apange zinthu zomwe zimadyetsa mabungwe monga United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM); bungwe la United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC); Bungwe Loletsa Zida Zankhondo (OPCW); ndi International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira kusafalikira kwa zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala ndi tizilombo. Zolemba za CIA zasunga owunika ndi akatswiri a mabungwewa kukhala otanganidwa ndi zolemba zambiri, zithunzi za satellite ndi zonena za anthu omwe ali ku ukapolo kwa zaka pafupifupi 30. Koma kuyambira pamene dziko la Iraq linawononga zida zake zonse zoletsedwa mu 1991, sanapeze umboni wotsimikizira kuti Iraq kapena Iran yachitapo kanthu kuti ipeze zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
UNMOVIC ndi IAEA adauza bungwe la UN Security Council mu 2002-3 kuti sapeza umboni wotsimikizira zomwe US โโakunena zakupanga zida zankhondo ku Iraq. Director-General wa IAEA a Mohamed ElBaradei adawulula za CIA Mtundu wachikasu wamapapo chikalata chabodza pakadutsa maola ochepa. Kudzipereka kwa ElBaradei pakudziyimira pawokha komanso kusakondera kwa bungwe lake kudadzetsa ulemu padziko lapansi, ndipo iye ndi bungwe lake adapatsidwa mgwirizano Mphoto ya Mtendere wa Nobel mu 2005.
Kupatula zonamizira zenizeni komanso zopangira dala magulu ochokera ku ukapolo ngati Ahmad Chalabi Iraq National Congress (INC) ndi Iranian Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), zambiri zomwe CIA ndi mabungwe ake apereka kwa mabungwe a UN zakhala zikuphatikiza ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito kawiri, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito pamapulogalamu oletsedwa a zida komanso amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zina zovomerezeka. Ntchito yayikulu ya IAEA ku Iran yakhala ikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonsezi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamtendere kapena pakupanga zida zankhondo m'malo mochita zida zanyukiliya. Koma monga ku Iraq, kupezeka kwaumboni wosatsimikizika, wosatsimikizika wa pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya yomwe ingakhale chida chofunikira kwambiri chotsimikizira atolankhani komanso anthu kuti payenera kukhala china cholimba kusuta utsi ndi magalasi.
Mwachitsanzo, mu 1990, CIA ".anayamba kulira mauthenga a telex ochokera ku yunivesite ya Sharif ku Tehranโ ndi Physics Research Center ya Iran ponena za โmadongosolo zopangira maginito a mphete, zida zogwirira ntchito za fluoride ndi fluoride, makina owerengera, makina owonera mozama ndi zida za vacuum,โ zonsezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezera uranium. Kwa zaka zotsatira za 17, NPC ya CIA ndi WINPAC adawona ma telex awa ngati umboni wawo wamphamvu wa pulogalamu yachinsinsi ya zida za nyukiliya ku Iran, ndipo adatchulidwa motero ndi akuluakulu aku US. Sizinali mpaka 2007-8 pomwe boma la Iran lidapeza zinthu zonsezi ku yunivesite ya Sharif, ndipo oyang'anira a IAEA adatha pitani kuyunivesite ndikutsimikizira kuti anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakufufuza komanso kuphunzitsa, monga Iran idawauza.
Pambuyo pakuwukira kwa Iraq ku Iraq mu 2003, ntchito ya IAEA ku Iran idapitilira, koma chitsogozo chilichonse choperekedwa ndi CIA ndi ogwirizana nawo chidawoneka ngati chopeka, chosalakwa kapena chosatsimikizika. Mu 2007, mabungwe azamalamulo aku US adatulutsa National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) yatsopano ku Iran pomwe adavomereza kuti Iran idalibe zida zanyukiliya. Kusindikizidwa kwa 2007 NDI inali gawo lofunikira poletsa nkhondo ya US ku Iran. Monga George W. Bush adalemba mu zolemba zake, "โฆ Pambuyo pa NIE, ndingalongosole bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo kuwononga zida za nyukiliya mdziko lomwe anzeru adati alibe pulogalamu yankhondo?"
Koma ngakhale kunalibe umboni wotsimikizira, CIA idakana kusintha "kuwunika" kuchokera ku ma NIE ake a 2001 ndi 2005 kuti Iran mwina idakhala ndi pulogalamu ya zida za zida za nyukiliya isanafike 2003. Izi zidasiya chitseko chotseguka pakupitilizabe kugwiritsa ntchito zonena za WMD, kuwunika ndi ziletso ngati zida zandale zamphamvu muulamuliro wa US pakusintha mfundo zaku Iran.
Mu 2007, UNMOVIC inafalitsa a Kuphatikiza kapena lipoti lomaliza la zomwe taphunzira kuchokera ku Iraq. Phunziro limodzi lofunikira linali lakuti, "Kudziyimira pawokha kofunikira ndichofunikira kwa bungwe loyang'anira UN," kuti ntchito yoyendera isagwiritsidwe ntchito, "mwina kuthandizira zokambirana zina kapena kupangitsa kuti chipani chofufuzidwacho chikhale chofooka." Phunziro lina lofunika linali loti, "Kutsimikizira zoyipa ndi njira yothandizira kupirira zovuta komanso kuwunika kosatha."
The 2005 Ntchito ya Robb-Silberman pa kulephera kwanzeru zaku US ku Iraq kunafikira malingaliro ofanana, monga akuti, "... osati kukhala ndi mapulogalamu a WMD omwe akugwira ntchito m'malo mofuna umboni wotsimikizira kuti alipo. Ngakhale US policy udindo wake unali wakuti Iraq inali ndi udindo wotsimikizira kuti inalibe mapulogalamu oletsa zida zankhondo, ntchito ya Intelligence Community ya umboni iyenera kukhala yowonjezereka. Pokweza kuchuluka kwa umboni, akatswiri adapotoza njira yowunikira kuti atsimikize malingaliro awo apachiyambi - kuti Iraq inali ndi mapulogalamu a WMD."
Pogwira ntchito ku Iran, CIA yapitiliza kuwunika kolakwika ndi njira zomwe UNMOVIC Compendium ndi lipoti la Robb-Silberman lokhudza Iraq. Kukakamizidwa kuti apange nzeru zandale zomwe zimathandizira mfundo zaku US zikupitilira chifukwa ndiye ntchito yachinyengo kuti mabungwe azamalamulo aku US amasewera mndondomeko ya US, kazitape pa maboma ena, zolumikizira, kuletsa ntchito mayiko ndikupanga zaluso zandale komanso zabodza kuti apange zoyambitsa nkhondo.
Bungwe lovomerezeka la National Intelligence lingapereke kusanthula kwanzeru komwe opanga mfundo angagwiritse ntchito ngati maziko opangira zisankho zomveka. Koma, monga momwe UNMOVIC Compendium imanenera, boma la US silichita bwino kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika lingaliro lanzeru komanso ulamuliro wa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga IAEA kuti "thandizo nkhani zina,โ makamaka chikhumbo chake cha kusintha kwa maulamuliro mโmaiko padziko lonse lapansi.
"Zotsatira zina" za US ku Iran zidapeza mnzake wofunikira pomwe Mohamed ElBaradei adapuma pantchito ku IAEA mu 2009, ndipo adasinthidwa ndi Yukiya Amano waku Japan. A Chingwe cha State department kuchokera pa July 10, 2009, yotulutsidwa ndi WikiLeaks inafotokoza Bambo Amano ngati "mnzake wamphamvu" ku US kutengera "kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa zomwe amaika patsogolo ndi ndondomeko yathu ku IAEA." Memoyo idati US iyenera kuyesa "kusintha malingaliro a Amano ntchito yake isanagwirizane ndi bungwe la IAEA Secretariat Bureau." Wolemba memo anali a Geoffrey Pyatt, yemwe pambuyo pake adadziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi ngati kazembe wa US ku Ukraine yemwe adawululidwa pazomwe zidatsitsidwa. kujambula akukonza chiwembu cha 2014 ku Ukraine ndi Secretary Secretary of State Victoria Nuland.
Akuluakulu a Obama adagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo yoyamba kutsatira zomwe zalephera "Njira ziwiri" njira Iran, pomwe zokambirana zake zidasokonekera chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chomwe idapereka pamalingaliro ofanana a UN. Dziko la Brazil ndi Turkey litauza Iran za mgwirizano wapadziko lonse womwe US โโidapereka, Iran idavomera. Koma US idakana zomwe zidayamba ngati lingaliro la US chifukwa, pakadali pano, zikadakhala kuti zidasokoneza zoyesayesa zawo kuti akakamize UN Security Council kuti ikhazikitse Iran.
Monga mkulu wa State Department adanena wolemba Trita Parsi, vuto lenileni linali lakuti United States โsakanatha kuyankha kuti โindeโ.โ Munali mu nthawi yachiwiri yokha ya Obama, John Kerry atalowa m'malo mwa Hillary Clinton monga mlembi wa boma, pamene dziko la United States linayankha "inde" kuti liyankhe, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wa Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) pakati pa Iran, US ndi mayiko ena. mphamvu zazikulu mu 2015. Kotero sizinali zilango zothandizidwa ndi US zomwe zinabweretsa Iran patebulo, koma kulephera kwa chilango chomwe chinabweretsa US patebulo.
Komanso mu 2015, IAEA idatsiriza ntchito yake โNkhani Zapamwambaโ zokhudzana ndi zochitika zakale za Iran zokhudzana ndi nyukiliya. Pankhani iliyonse ya kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito kawiri kapena kutengera ukadaulo, IAEA sinapeze umboni wosonyeza kuti zida za nyukiliya zinali zogwirizana ndi zida zanyukiliya m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kapena wamba. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Amano komanso kukakamizidwa ndi US, IAEA "ikuwonabe[d]" kuti "zinthu zingapo zokhudzana ndi kupanga zida zanyukiliya zidachitika ku Iran kumapeto kwa 2003," koma kuti "ntchito izi sizinachitike. kupita patsogolo kuposa zotheka ndi maphunziro asayansi, komanso kupeza maluso ndi luso linalake. โ
JCPOA ili ndi thandizo lalikulu ku Washington. Koma mkangano wandale waku US pa JCPOA sananyalanyaze zotsatira zenizeni za ntchito ya IAEA ku Iran, ntchito yosokoneza ya CIA mmenemo komanso momwe CIA yachitiranso zokondera, kulimbikitsa malingaliro, chinyengo, ndale. ndi ziphuphu ndi "Zotsatira zina" zomwe zimayenera kukonzedwa kuti zipewe kubwereza kulikonse kwa WMD fiasco ku Iraq.
Andale omwe amagwirizana ndi JCPOA pano akuti idayimitsa Iran kuti isatenge zida za nyukiliya, pomwe omwe amatsutsa JCPOA akuti ilola Iran kuti igule zida za nyukiliya. Onsewa akulakwitsa chifukwa, monga IAEA yatsimikizira ndipo ngakhale Purezidenti Bush adavomereza, Iran ilibe pulogalamu yogwira zida za nyukiliya. Choyipa kwambiri chomwe IAEA inganene moona mtima ndikuti Iran mwina idachitapo kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zida zanyukiliya nthawi ina 2003 isanafike - koma kachiwiri, mwina sizinatero.
Mohamed ElBaradei analemba m'mawu ake, M'badwo Wachinyengo: Lipikisano la Nyukiliya mu Nthawi Zowonongedwa, kuti ngati Iran idachitapo kafukufuku wazolowera zida zanyukiliya, anali wotsimikiza kuti ndi nthawi ya Nkhondo ya Iran ndi Iraq yokha, yomwe idatha mu 1988, pomwe US โโndi anzawo anathandiza Iraq kupha anthu aku Iran aku 100,000 okhala ndi zida zamankhwala. Ngati kukayikira kwa ElBaradei kunali kolondola, vuto la Iran kuyambira nthawiyo likadakhala kuti silingavomereze ntchitoyi mzaka za m'ma 1980 osakumananso ndi kukayikirana komanso kuzunza kochokera ku US ndi anzawo, ndikuyika chiopsezo chomwecho ku Iraq.
Mosasamala kanthu za kusatsimikizika pazomwe Iran idachita mzaka za 1980, kampeni yaku US yolimbana ndi Iran yaphwanya maphunziro ovuta kwambiri Akuluakulu aku US ndi UN akuti aphunzira kuchokera ku fiasco yaku Iraq. CIA yagwiritsira ntchito kukayikira kopanda maziko konse pazida zanyukiliya ku Iran ngati zodzitetezera "kuthandizira ma ajenda ena" komanso "kupangitsa kuti chipani chofufuzidwacho chikhale chofooka," monga Chiwonetsero cha UNMOVIC anachenjeza kuti zisadzachitenso kudziko lina.
Ku Iran monga ku Iraq, izi zapangitsa kuti boma la nkhanza, pomwe ana masauzande ambiri akumwalira ndi matenda opewedwa komanso kusowa zakudya m'thupi, komanso kuwopseza nkhondo ina yosaloledwa ku US yomwe ingakhudze Middle East ndi dziko lonse lapansi mu chisokonezo chachikulu kuposa chomwe CIA idapanga ku Iraq.
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