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Baghdad, Iraq - Novembala 1,2019, XNUMX anthu aku Iraq akuchita ziwonetsero pa Public Square motsutsana ndi boma
Anthu aku America atakhala pansi pa Chakudya Chamadzulo Cha Thanksgiving, aku Iraq akusalira Otsutsa a 40 adaphedwa ndi apolisi ndi asitikali Lachinayi ku Baghdad, Najaf ndi Nasiriyah. Pafupifupi anthu 400 achita ziwonetsero aphedwa kuyambira pomwe anthu masauzande ambiri adalowa m'misewu kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala. Magulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe afotokoza zovuta zomwe zikuchitika mdziko la Iraq ngati vuto โKukhetsa magazi,โ Prime Minister Abdul-Mahdi adalengeza kuti asiya ntchito, ndipo Sweden yatsegula pakufufuza motsutsana ndi Unduna wa Zoteteza ku Iraq Najah Al-Shammari, yemwe ndi nzika ya Sweden, pa milandu yophwanya anthu.
Malinga ndi Al Jazeera, "Apulotesitanti akufuna kulanda gulu lazandale lomwe limaonedwa kuti ndi loipa komanso lotumizira mayiko ena pomwe aku Iraq ambiri ali pa umphawi wopanda ntchito, thandizo laumoyo kapena maphunziro." 36% yokha Akuluakulu aku Iraq ali ndi ntchito, ndipo ngakhale kuwonongedwa kwa mabungwe aboma pansi paulamuliro wa US, otsalira ake owonongeka akugwiritsabe ntchito anthu ambiri kuposa mabungwe azinsinsi, zomwe zidaipiraipira kwambiri chifukwa cha ziwawa ndi chipwirikiti cha chiphunzitso chodabwitsa chankhondo cha US.
Malipoti aku Western amapangitsa Iran kukhala osewera wakunja ku Iraq lero. Koma pamene Iran yapeza chikoka chachikulu ndipo ili Chimodzi mwazolinga pa zionetsero, ambiri mwa anthu akulamulira Iraq lero akadali akapolo akale kuti US idawulukira ndi asilikali ake ogwira ntchito ku 2003, "kubwera ku Iraq ndi matumba opanda kanthu kuti adzaze" monga woyendetsa taxi ku Baghdad anauza mtolankhani wakumadzulo panthawiyo. Zoyambitsa zenizeni zavuto lazandale ndi zachuma ku Iraq ndi omwe akapolo akale adapereka dziko lawo, katangale wawo wapadziko lonse komanso udindo wapathengo wa US pakuwononga boma la Iraq, kuwapereka ndikuwasunga pampando kwa zaka 16.
Chinyengo cha onse aku US ndi Iraq akuulanda US bwino. Chigamulo cha UN Security Council 1483 chinakhazikitsa $ 20 biliyoni ya Development Fund ku Iraq pogwiritsa ntchito chuma cha Iraq chomwe chinagwidwa kale, ndalama zomwe zatsala mu pulogalamu ya UN ya "mafuta a chakudya" ndi ndalama zatsopano za mafuta aku Iraq. Kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi KPMG komanso woyang'anira wamkulu wapadera adapeza kuti gawo lalikulu la ndalamazo zidabedwa kapena kubedwa ndi akuluakulu aku US ndi Iraq.
Akuluakulu a kasitomu ku Lebanon adapeza ndalama zokwana madola 13 miliyoni m'ndege ya nduna ya zamkati ya Iraq-America a Falah Naqib. Mkulu wa zigawenga za ntchito a Paul Bremer adasunga thumba la $ 600 miliyoni lopanda zikalata. Unduna wa boma la Iraq wokhala ndi antchito 602 udatolera malipiro a 8,206. Msilikali wina wa ku United States anawonjezera mtengo wake womanganso chipatala, ndipo anauza mkulu wa chipatalacho kuti ndalama zowonjezera ndi โthumba lake lopuma pantchito.โ Kontrakitala waku US adalipira $ 60 miliyoni pa mgwirizano wa $ 20 miliyoni kuti amangenso fakitale ya simenti, ndipo adauza akuluakulu aku Iraq kuti angothokoza kuti US idawapulumutsa kwa Saddam Hussein. Wopanga mapaipi aku US adalipira $ 3.4 miliyoni kwa ogwira ntchito omwe sanakhalepo komanso "milandu ina yosayenera." Mwa makontrakitala 198 omwe adawunikiridwa ndi woyang'anira wamkulu, 44 okha anali ndi zolemba zotsimikizira kuti ntchitoyo idachitika.
"Othandizira olipira" aku US omwe amagawa ndalama zama projekiti kuzungulira Iraq adapeza ndalama zokwana madola mamiliyoni ambiri. Woyang'anira wamkulu adafufuza dera limodzi lozungulira Hillah, koma adapeza $96.6 miliyoni zomwe sizikudziwika mderali mokha. Wothandizira m'modzi waku America sakanatha kuwerengera $25 miliyoni, pomwe wina amangotenga $6.3 miliyoni mwa $23 miliyoni. "Coalition Provisional Authority" idagwiritsa ntchito othandizira ngati awa ku Iraq konse ndipo "amachotsa" maakaunti awo atachoka mdzikolo. Wothandizira wina yemwe adatsutsidwa adabweranso tsiku lotsatira ndi ndalama zokwana $ 1.9 miliyoni.
Bungwe la US Congress linapanganso ndalama zokwana madola 18.4 biliyoni kuti amangenso Iraq ku 2003, koma kupatula $ 3.4 biliyoni omwe adasinthidwa kukhala "chitetezo," zosakwana $ 1 biliyoni zomwe zinaperekedwa. Anthu ambiri aku America amakhulupirira kuti makampani amafuta aku US apanga ngati achifwamba ku Iraq, koma sizowonanso. Zolinga zomwe makampani amafuta aku Western adapanga ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Cheney mu 2001 anali ndi cholinga chimenecho, koma lamulo lololeza makampani ama Western opanga "zopanga zogawana" (PSAs) zokwana mabiliyoni mabiliyoni pachaka lidawululidwa ngati kuwombera ndi kuwombera ndipo Iraq National Assembly idakana kuvomereza.
Pomaliza, ku 2009, atsogoleri aku Iraq ndi ambuye awo aku US adasiya ma PSA (panthawiyi ...) ndipo adayitanitsa makampani amafuta akunja kuti apange nawo mgwirizano wa "technical service" (TSAs) mtengo $ 1 mpaka $ 6 pa mbiya pakuwonjezeka kwa kupanga kuchokera ku minda yamafuta aku Iraq. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, kupanga kwangowonjezereka mpaka miliyoni 4.6 mbiya patsiku, za miliyoni 3.8 zimatumizidwa kunja. Kuchokera ku mafuta aku Iraq omwe amatumizidwa kunja kwa $80 biliyoni pachaka, makampani akunja omwe ali ndi ma TSA amalandira $ 1.4 biliyoni yokha, ndipo makontrakitala akuluakulu sagwiridwa ndi makampani aku US. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ikupeza pafupifupi $430 miliyoni mu 2019; BP imapeza $235 miliyoni; Petronas waku Malaysia $120 miliyoni; Lukoil waku Russia $105 miliyoni; ndi Italy ENI $100 miliyoni. Ndalama zambiri zamafuta aku Iraq zimadutsabe ku Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) kupita ku boma lachinyengo lothandizidwa ndi US ku Baghdad.
Masiku ano, dongosolo lachinyengoli likusunga mphamvu zazikulu m'manja mwa gulu lazandale lachi Shiite ndi aku Kurd omwe adakhala zaka zambiri ali kumayiko a Kumadzulo, akugwira ntchito ndi Ahmed Chalabi wa Iraqi National Congress (INC) wa Ayad Allawi waku Iraq waku UK. National Accord (INA) ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a Shiite Islamist Dawa Party. Chiwerengero cha ovota chatsika kuchoka pa 70% mu 2005 kufika pa 44.5% mu 2018.
Ayad Allawi ndi INA anali chida cha CIA wopanda chiyembekezo bungled zankhondo ku Iraq mchaka cha 1996. Boma la Iraq lidatsata chiwembu chilichonse chomwe chidachitika pawayilesi yomwe idaperekedwa ndi m'modzi mwa ochita chiwembu ndikumanga ma CIA onse mkati mwa Iraq madzulo a kulanda. Idapha asitikali makumi atatu ndikutsekera ena zana, kusiya CIA yopanda nzeru zamunthu kuchokera mkati mwa Iraq.
Ahmed Chalabi ndi INC adadzaza malowa ndi mabodza omwe akuluakulu aku US omwe anali olimbikitsa adawalowetsa m'chipinda chowulutsa nkhani zamakampani aku US kuti avomereze kuwukira kwa Iraq. Pa Juni 26, 2002, INC idatumiza kalata ku Senate Appropriations Committee kuti ipemphe thandizo la ndalama zambiri ku US. Idazindikira "Pulogalamu Yosonkhanitsa Zidziwitso" ngati gwero loyambira Nkhani za 108 za chida chopeka cha Iraq cha "Zida Zowonongera Misa" komanso zolumikizana ndi Al-Qaeda mu manyuzipepala ndi magazini apadziko lonse lapansi.
Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, Allawi ndi Chalabi adakhala atsogoleri a bungwe lolamulira la Iraq la Iraq. Allawi adasankhidwa kukhala nduna ya boma la Iraq mu 2004, ndipo Chalabi adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa nduna yayikulu komanso nduna yamafuta m'boma la transitional mu 2005. Chalabi adalephera kupeza mpando pazisankho za Nyumba Yamalamulo mu 2005, koma pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala nduna ndi anakhalabe munthu wamphamvu mpaka imfa yake mu 2015. Allawi ndi INA adakali nawo pa malonda a akavalo kwa maudindo akuluakulu pambuyo pa chisankho chilichonse, ngakhale kuti sanapeze mavoti oposa 8% - ndi 6% okha mu 2018.
Awa ndi nduna zazikulu za boma latsopano la Iraq lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2018, ndi zina zambiri zakumadzulo kwawo:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - Prime Minister (France). Anabadwira ku Baghdad mโchaka cha 1942. Bambo anali nduna ya boma pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Britain. Anakhala ku France kuyambira 1969-2003, ndikulandira Ph.D mu ndale ku Poitiers. Ku France, adakhala wotsatira Ayatollah Khomeini komanso membala woyambitsa bungwe la Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution ku Iraq (SCIRI) ku Iran mu 1982. Anali nthumwi ya SCIRI ku Iraqi Kurdistan kwa zaka za m'ma 1990. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, adakhala nduna ya zachuma m'boma laling'ono la Allawi mu 2004; Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti kuyambira 2005-11; Nduna ya Mafuta kuyambira 2014-16.
Barham Salih - Purezidenti (UK & US). Anabadwa ku Sulaymaniyah mu 1960. Ph.D. mu Engineering (Liverpool - 1987). Anagwirizana ndi Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) mu 1976. Anamangidwa kwa masabata a 6 mu 1979 ndipo adachoka ku Iraq kwa woimira UK PUK ku London kuchokera ku 1979-91; mutu wa ofesi ya PUK ku Washington kuyambira 1991-2001. Purezidenti wa Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) kuyambira 2001-4; Wachiwiri kwa Prime Minister mu boma la Iraqi losakhalitsa mu 2004; Nduna Yokonza mapulani m'boma losintha mu 2005; Wachiwiri kwa PM kuyambira 2006-9; Prime Minister wa KRG kuyambira 2009-12.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - Nduna Zakunja (UK & US). Wobadwira ku Najaf ku 1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. mu Telecom Engineering (Southern California), Pulofesa ku Northeastern University ku Boston 1995-2003. Pambuyo pa ziwonetserozi, adakhala Deputy Secretary-General and Planning Coordinator ku Iraq Executive Council; Nduna Yowona Zachitetezo m'boma lapanthawi ku 2004; Director Director ku Unduna wa Zakunja, ndi Upangiri Wachuma kwa VP Abdul-Mahdi kuchokera ku 2005-10; ndi kazembe wa UN kuchokera ku 2010-18.
Fuad Hussein - Minister of Finance & Deputy PM (Netherlands & France). Anabadwira ku Khanaqin (ambiri a tawuni ya Kurdish m'chigawo cha Diyala) ku 1946. Anagwirizana ndi Kurdish Student Union ndi Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) monga wophunzira ku Baghdad. Anakhala ku Netherlands kuyambira 1975-87; Ph.D osakwanira. mu Ubale Wapadziko Lonse; wokwatiwa ndi mkazi wachikristu wachidatchi. Anasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri kwa mutu wa Kurdish Institute ku Paris mu 1987. Anapita ku misonkhano ya ndale ya Iraq ku Beirut (1991), New York (1999) & London (2002). Atawukiridwa, adakhala mlangizi ku Unduna wa Zamaphunziro kuyambira 2003-5; ndi Chief of Staff kwa Masoud Barzani, Purezidenti wa KRG, kuyambira 2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Minister of Oil & Deputy PM (UK). Anabadwira ku Karbala mu 1945. B.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. mu Petroleum Engineering (Imperial College, London). Anagwirizana ndi Basra Petroleum Co. mu 1973. Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa Engineering ndiyeno Planning ku Iraqi Oil Ministry kuyambira 1989-92. Anamangidwa kwa miyezi ya 3 ndikuchotsedwa mu 1992, koma sanachoke ku Iraq, ndipo adasankhidwanso kukhala Director General of Planning mu 2001. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, adakwezedwa kukhala CEO wa Oil Ministry; Nduna ya Mafuta mu boma losakhalitsa mu 2004; adasankhidwa kukhala National Assembly mu 2005 ndipo adakhala mu komiti ya anthu atatu omwe adalemba malamulo a mafuta olephera; Komiti Ya Advisors a Prime Minister's a Advisors's 2006-16.
Major General (Retd) Najah Al-Shammari - Nduna ya Zachitetezo (Sweden). Wobadwira ku Baghdad ku 1967. Msilamu weniweni wa Sunni pakati pa akuluakulu. Msodzi wankhondo kuyambira 1987. Wakhala ku Sweden ndipo mwina adakhalapo membala wa Allawi's INA isanachitike 2003. Wofalitsa wamkulu m'magulu apadera aku US omwe amathandizidwa ndi Iraq omwe adalemba kuchokera ku INC, INA ndi Kurdish Peshmerga ku 2003-7. Wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa "nkhonya" a 2007-9. Residency in Sweden 2009-15. Nzika yaku Sweden kuyambira 2015. Akuti akufufuzidwa kuti apeze phindu mchinyengo ku Sweden, ndipo tsopano zolakwa za anthu pakupha oposa 300 omwe adatsutsana mu Okutobala-Novembala 2019.
Mu 2003, US ndi ogwirizana nawo adayambitsa ziwawa zosaneneka, mwadongosolo kwa anthu aku Iraq. Akatswiri azaumoyo wa anthu akuyerekeza modalirika kuti zaka zitatu zoyambirira zankhondo komanso kukhala ndi usilikali wankhanza zimawononga pafupifupi 650,000 Iraqi akukhala. Koma US idachita bwino kukhazikitsa boma la zidole la anthu omwe kale anali a Shiite ndi a Kurdish omwe anali andale aku Western ku Green Zone yotetezedwa ku Baghdad, ndikuwongolera ndalama zogulira mafuta ku Iraq. Monga tikuonera, nduna zambiri mu boma losakhalitsa lomwe linasankhidwa ndi US ku 2004 akulamulirabe Iraq lero.
Asitikali aku US adatumiza ziwawa zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira motsutsana ndi aku Iraq omwe adakana kulowerera komanso nkhanza zankhanza zadziko lawo. Mu 2004, US idayamba kuphunzitsa gulu lalikulu la Iraq apolisi kwa Unduna wa Zam'kati, ndikutulutsa magulu ankhondo omwe adatengedwa kuchokera ku asitikali a SCIRI a Badr Brigade ngati magulu omwalira ku Baghdad mu April 2005. Izi Ulamuliro wotsutsana ndi US Idafika pachimake mโchilimwe cha 2006, ndipo mitembo ya anthu pafupifupi 1,800 imabweretsedwa ku malo osungiramo mitembo ku Baghdad mwezi uliwonse. Gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Iraq lidawunikidwa Matupi a 3,498 mwa ophedwa mwachidule ndikuzindikira 92% yaiwo ngati anthu omangidwa ndi magulu a Unduna Wamkati.
US Defense Intelligence Agency idalondola "Zoyambitsa adani" m'nthawi yonseyi ndipo adapeza kuti opitilira 90% anali kutsutsana ndi zolinga zankhondo zaku US ndi mabungwe ogwirizana, osati kuukira kwa "magulu" kwa anthu wamba. Koma akuluakulu aku US adagwiritsa ntchito nkhani ya "ziwawa zamagulu" kuti aziimba mlandu gulu lankhondo lophunzitsidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamkati wophunzitsidwa ku US pa asitikali odziyimira pawokha a Shiite ngati a Muqtada al-Sadr. Gulu Lankhondo la Mahdi.
Boma la Iraqi likutsutsa lero likutsogozedwa ndi gulu lomwelo la akapolo aku Iraq omwe amathandizidwa ndi US omwe adalumbira mabodza kuti athetse kuwukira kwa dziko lawo mu 2003, ndikubisala kuseri kwa makoma a Green Zone pomwe US. magulu ankhondo ndi ophedwa kuphedwa anthu awo kuti apange dziko โlotetezekaโ ku boma lawo lachinyengo.
Posachedwapa adachitanso ngati ochemerera ngati aku America mabomba, rockets ndipo zida zankhondo zidachepetsa ambiri a Mosul, mzinda wachiwiri wa Iraq, kukhala bwinja, patatha zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zaulamuliro, ziphuphu ndi kuponderezana koyipa. adayendetsa anthu ake m'manja mwa Islamic State. Malipoti anzeru aku Kurd adavumbula kuti kuposa Anthu a 40,000 adaphedwa pakuwononga motsogozedwa ndi US ku Mosul. Poganizira zolimbana ndi Islamic State, US yakhazikitsanso gulu lalikulu lankhondo la asitikali opitilira 5,000 aku US ku Al-Asad airbase m'chigawo cha Anbar.
Mtengo womanganso Mosul, Fallujah ndi mizinda ina ndi matauni akuyerekezedwa $ Biliyoni 88. Koma ngakhale $80 biliyoni pachaka potumiza mafuta kunja ndi bajeti ya feduro yoposa $100 biliyoni, boma la Iraq silinapereke ndalama konse zomanganso. Mayiko akunja, omwe ndi olemera kwambiri achiarabu, alonjeza $30 biliyoni, kuphatikiza $3 biliyoni okha kuchokera ku US, koma zochepa kwambiri zomwe zaperekedwa, kapena zomwe zaperekedwa.
Mbiri ya Iraq kuyambira 2003 yakhala tsoka losatha kwa anthu ake. Ambiri mwa m'badwo watsopanowu wa aku Iraq omwe adakulira pakati pa mabwinja ndi chipwirikiti omwe anthu aku US adasiya pambuyo pake amakhulupirira kuti alibe chotaya koma magazi awo ndi miyoyo yawo, monga momwe amachitira. kupita kumisewu kuti abwezeretse ulemu wawo, tsogolo lawo komanso ulamuliro wadziko lawo.
Zolemba zodetsa magazi za akuluakulu aku US ndi zidole zawo zaku Iraq pazovuta zonsezi ziyenera kukhala chenjezo lamphamvu kwa anthu aku America za zotsatira zowopsa za mfundo zopanda malamulo zakunja zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pamilandu yolipira, kuphatikiza, kuwopseza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito gulu lankhondo kuyesera kukakamiza kufuna kwa atsogoleri achinyengo aku US padziko lonse lapansi.
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