Posachedwapa ndinali ndi chisangalalo chocheza ndi Aurelio “Gi†Estrada, mkulu wa Education and Research Programme wa ku Hong Kong ku Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants. Pakati pa mitu ina, tidakambirana za mbiri ya ogwira ntchito osamukira ku Philippines, ntchito zina zomwe bungwe lake limachita ndi ogwira ntchitowa, komanso momwe anthu osamukira kumayiko ena adakhudzidwa (ndipo angakhudzidwe) ndi nkhondo ku Persian Gulf.
Gi, zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha zokambiranazi. Kodi mungayambe ndikundiuza pang'ono za APMM ndi mtundu wa ntchito yomwe mumagwira?
APMM ndi Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants. Tinali ku Asia Pacific Mission for Migrant Filipinos, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1984 ndi National Council of Churches ku Philippines ndi St. John’s Cathedral ku Hong Kong. Kwenikweni ndife gulu la anthu osamukira kumayiko ena omwe amakhala ku Hong Kong, ndipo ntchito yathu tsopano ikupanga gulu losamukira ku Asia-Pacific ndi Middle East. Tinayamba ndi kusamalira zosoŵa za chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha anthu a ku Philippines m’dera lonselo. Tsopano cholinga chathu chachikulu ndikukonzekera, ndikupereka chithandizo chonse chofunikira kwa osamuka ndi magulu omwe timathandizira.
Kodi mungandiuze zina mwa ntchito zomwe mwachita poyesa kumanga gululi?
Kwenikweni tathandiza kupanga mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Monga ku Saudi Arabia tinathandizira kupanga KGS… kwenikweni amamasulira kuti ‘Ubale ku Middle East’. ‘Ubale’ chifukwa onsewo ndi amuna, ndizovuta kwambiri kulinganiza antchito osamukira kumayiko ena, makamaka ku Saudi Arabia. Sitingathe kubwera ndikukumana ndi amayi othawa kwawo, pokhapokha titapita kumalo osungirako anthu othawa kwawo kapena… kuchipatala. Ndipo kawirikawiri osamukira achikazi amavala zophimba ndi kuperekeza amuna akamatuluka, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kubwerera kwa owalemba ntchito nthaŵi zina. Komabe, ndi bungwe limodzi lomwe tili nalo. Takhazikitsanso ena, mwachitsanzo ku Korea, komwe tidakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa mabungwe khumi osamukira ku Filipino. Umembala wawo, pafupifupi onse ndi antchito opanda zikalata, chifukwa ku Korea kuli antchito ochepa omwe amalembedwa. Ndipo tilinso ndi mabungwe ku Macau ndi madera ena.
Kupatula kukhazikitsa mabungwewa, tikulumikizana kuti tithandizire ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo, ngati sitingathe kuweruza milandu yawo mwachindunji chifukwa cha zofooka zina, timagwira ntchito ndi magulu ena. Kawirikawiri, monga ku Korea, awa ndi mipingo ndi NGOs… kupatula, ndithudi, ku Saudi Arabia kumene kulibe NGOs!
M'malo mwake, malingaliro athu, kuphatikiza kuthandizira ufulu wa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena ndi kusamalira zosowa zawo zaposachedwa, timayesetsanso kuwawunikira chifukwa chomwe amasamuka. Vuto ndi chiyani mdziko lathu? Chifukwa chake timalimbikitsanso ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena kuti atenge nawo gawo, mwachitsanzo, mu Peoples’ Movement ku Philippines.
[Ku Philippines] pakali pano 10% ya anthu athu ali kunja kwa dzikolo. Ambiri ali ku US: 3 miliyoni. Ena onse, ozungulira 4-5 miliyoni, amwazikana padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Middle East kuli pafupifupi 1.4- 1.5 miliyoni, East Asia (kwa ife izi zikuphatikiza Australia ndi Oceania) mwina 1-2 miliyoni.
Kodi anthu a ku Philippines ndi a ku Philippines osamukira kumayiko ena akhudzidwa bwanji ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ‘kudalirana kwa mayiko’?
Kwenikweni kwa ife, ‘kudalirana kwa mayiko’ sichachilendo, ndi mawu atsopano a… chabwino, mawu atsopano a imperialism. Ndipo ndithudi m'mayiko onse muli zopindula zambiri zamagulu a ogwira ntchito ndi anthu omwe akuthetsedwa. Ndipo boma lathu limachita bwino potsatira malamulo a ‘kudalirana kwa mayiko’. Ntchito zochulukirachulukira zikuchulukirachulukira, kusungitsa anthu wamba… kuchuluka kwa mabungwe akutsika. Komanso, mwachitsanzo, kale tinali dziko lolima mpunga. Ngakhale International Rice Research Institute ili m'dziko lathu. Chabwino, tsopano tikuitanitsa mpunga, chifukwa ndi wotsika mtengo.
Kodi mbiri ya ogwira ntchito osamukira ku Philippines imabwerera nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Nthawi yayitali! Ngakhale nthawi ya Spanish ndi America kunali kale anthu aku Philippines omwe ankagwira ntchito kunja. Koma izi zidakhazikitsidwa mu 1970's. Panthaŵiyo, ku Middle East kunali kuchuluka kwa mafuta, ndipo ankafunikira antchito osamukira kwawo. Boma la [Philippine], iyi inali nthawi ya [Purezidenti wakale Ferdinand] Marcos, kugulitsa ntchito kunja. Kotero tsopano tili ndi ndondomeko yogulitsa ntchito kunja- ngakhale palibe amene amati ‘akutumiza kunja’. Koma akuti ntchito zomwe zikudikirira anthu osamukira kumayiko ena ndi ‘misika’. Ndipo ntchito yayikulu yomwe timagwira ntchito ndikupeza ‘misika’ imeneyi ya ntchito za anthu osamukasamuka, osati kuteteza osamukawo.
Kwenikweni iwo ananena panthaŵiyo kuti zimenezi zikhala zakanthaŵi chabe. Koma pali zifukwa ziwiri zomwe boma lathu likugulitsabe antchito kunja. Chimodzi ndi kutumiza. Kukadapanda kutumiza ndalama, chuma chathu chikadakhala chovuta kwambiri, ndipo kuwerengera kwa Philippines peso kukanakhala kovutirapo. Kwenikweni [kutumizako] kumathandizira chuma chathu, ndipo kumawonjezera nkhokwe zathu za dollar.
Ndipo ndithudi pali malipiro osiyanasiyana omwe amasonkhanitsa kwa ogwira ntchito osamukira. M'lingaliro limeneli ndife oipa kuposa katundu. Ngati mumagula mkaka, mwachitsanzo, umenewo ndi wanu kale, simuyenera kulipira kalikonse. Koma ngati ndinu wogwira ntchito kumayiko ena muyenera kulipira ku Philippines, ndiye mukatuluka ku Philippines… muyenera kulipira kuti mutsimikizire mgwirizano wanu, womwe boma lathu limakulipiritsa. Ndiye, ngati mukufuna kupita kunyumba ndi kukacheza ndi banja lanu, muyenera kukhala ndi OEC (Overseas Employment Certificate) yonena kuti ndinu wogwira ntchito osamukasamuka… muyenera kulipira kuti mubwerere! Ndiyeno palinso kuphwanya kwa ntchito yathu ndi ufulu wa anthu pambuyo pake. Kotero ife ndife oipa kuposa katundu.
Chifukwa china [chotumizira anthu ogwira ntchito kunja] ndikuletsa zipolowe. Kodi chingachitike n'chiyani ngati mutakhala ndi anthu enanso XNUMX kapena XNUMX miliyoni ku Philippines, ndipo simungapeze ntchito, ndipo poganizira kuti pali zipolowe? Mmodzi wa akuluakulu aboma ku Philippines ananenadi njira yogonjetsera zigawenga… mumachotsa anthu opanduka.
Kodi ndi ntchito zotani zomwe anthu osamukira ku Middle East adatenga m'ma 1970?
Inde ntchito kumakampani amafuta, zomangamanga… koma ngakhale muzantchito. Mukapita kumalo aliwonse azakudya mwachangu mukawona anthu aku Filipino kapena ena. Mzipatala mudzawona anamwino ambiri aku Filipina kapena aku India, madokotala ena… koma tsopano pali zoyeserera kuti zipezeke. Kotero mudzawona “Saud-izationâ€, “Bahrain-izationâ€, “Kuwait-ization†ndi zina zotero. Ku Bahrain, mwachitsanzo, mumatha kutenga banja lanu kapena anthu odalira pamene mudapita. ntchito. Tsopano simungachite zimenezo…
Mukudziwa kuti mayiko ena ambiri alinso ndi lamuloli [lantchito yotumiza kunja]. Chotero ku Hong Kong ndi ku Korea, mwachitsanzo, kuli chizoloŵezi cha antchito osamukira kudziko lina kukhala mbuzi—osati za antchito akumaloko, koma za ndale. Ndipo ngati ogwira ntchito akumaloko alibe ndale, akhoza kutengeka ndi ndale, kenako pitani kukamenyana ndi anthu othawa kwawo. Ku Taiwan, mwachitsanzo, pakhala pali achinyamata akumeneko akumenya osamukira ku Philippines… ndipo pali malingaliro amphamvu odana ndi osamukira kumayiko ena. Ngakhale ku Hong Kong pakali pano akuyesera kuti apereke msonkho [pa malipiro a ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena]… amanena kuti ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena amaba ntchito za anthu akumeneko. Izi ndi zoipa, pamene andale akumaloko sangathe kuthetsa mavuto awo azachuma ndipo amayamba kunena mawu odana ndi osamukira kumayiko ena, monga ‘kuba ntchito zathu’. Chomwe chimachitika ndi ogwira ntchito am'deralo amatsutsana ndi ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo, ndipo ndi maboma, ndipo ndithudi olemba ntchito ndi ma capitalist, omwe amasangalala ndi zimenezo.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe anthu amafunikira kwambiri, ndipo ndi zovuta zotani zomwe ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena amabwera kwa inu?
Zoonadi nthawi zambiri amakhala mavuto okhudzana ndi ntchito, komanso kusalabadira kwa boma lathu pothandiza anzathu akunja. Koma ndithudi maiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi mikhalidwe yosiyana.
Ku Korea… ngati ndinu wogwira ntchito kumayiko ena mwalamulo, ambiri mwa ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena ndi "ophunzira". Ku Japannso, mulibe ‘antchito okhazikika’ osamukira kumayiko ena. Chifukwa chake amawatcha "ophunzira", koma ntchito yawo ndi yanthawi zonse! Amalipidwa monga "ophunzira", amagwira ntchito mopitirira muyeso, alibe malipiro owonjezera chifukwa ndi "ophunzira". Ndipo ali ndi chomangira kuti musathawe. Kotero zomwe amachita, kawirikawiri, ndikuthawa! Amathawa, ndipo pali ogulitsa thukuta omwe ali okonzeka kuwalemba ntchito, komwe nthawi zambiri amapeza ndalama zochepa. Ndipo ngati, mwachitsanzo, amwalira ku Korea, boma la Philippines silichita chilichonse kuwathandiza. Zili kwa banjalo kuwabweretsa kunyumba. Tili ndi milandu yomwe takakamiza boma la Philippines kuti libweze kapena kupereka ndalama zochepa. Nthawi ina, pamavuto [azachuma] ku Korea mu 1997-98, panali chikhululukiro [kwa ogwira ntchito opanda zikalata]… koma amene ankafuna kukhululukidwa analibe mapasipoti awo chifukwa mabwana awo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mapasipotiwo. €¦ ndipo chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mtengo wa Korea Won, mtengo wa pasipoti yatsopano unakwera kwambiri!… Choncho tinachita kampeni mpaka iwo anakakamizika kutsitsa malipiro.
Ku Hong Kong… anayesa kutsitsa malipiro ochepera chaka chino, koma adalephera, chifukwa cha ziwonetsero zamphamvu za ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena, ndi mabungwe ngati United Filipinos ku Hong Kong.
Ku Middle East kuli vuto lalikulu ndi ‘kulowetsa m'makontrakitala’. Tanthauzo lake… chabwino, ngati mukufuna kukhala wogwira ntchito m'mayiko ena muyenera kudutsa ku Philippines’ Overseas Employment Administration, komwe muyenera kulipira US$100 ndipo amakupatsirani mgwirizano wantchito. Koma mukapita ku Middle East, makamaka Saudi Arabia, salemekeza chikalata chimenecho, mgwirizano wamtunduwu. Iwo ali ndi mgwirizano wina, nthawi zambiri mu Arabic… ndipo nthawi zina malipiro amakhala ochepa, moyo si wabwino ndi zina zotero. Choncho ndilo vuto lalikulu pamenepo…
Ku Middle East, ndizoipa kwambiri kwa azimayi ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo. Zikuoneka kuti amatengedwa ngati akapolo, ochitiridwa nkhanza… mwakuthupi, mwamawu, ngakhalenso kugwiriridwa.
Kodi ndi m’maiko ati a ku Middle East kumene antchito ambiri osamukira kwawo amakhala?
Za Filipinos… Saudi Arabia. Pali pafupifupi 950,000. Koma ndithudi, pali anthu ambiri aku South Asia: Amwenye, Bangladehis, Pakistanis, Sri Lanka. Ndipo makamaka ku Bahrain ndi Kuwait kuli anthu aku South Asia.
Kodi ndi angati ogwira ntchito osamukira kumayiko ena omwe anali m'derali kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Gulf?
Sindikudziwa zamitundu ina, koma kwa anthu aku Filipinos… m'chigawo chonse cha Middle East, pafupifupi 1.4 miliyoni. Koma omwe anakhudzidwa pa Nkhondo ya Gulf anali makamaka ku Kuwait, ndi ena ku Saudi Arabia. Ku Kuwait… [anali] oposa 50,000. Pakali pano akuti anali 80,000 koma mwalamulo ndi 35,000 okha. Ndipo amenewo ndi okhawo omwe timawadziwa, kutanthauza antchito olembedwa.
Kwenikweni chimene chinachitika chinali chakuti, anali ogwira ntchito ku kazembe wathu amene anayamba kusamutsidwa! Kwenikweni ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo anasiyidwa okha. Ndipo bungwe la IOM (International Organisation of Migrants) linapereka zambiri zobwezeredwa kuposa boma lathu. Vuto lina linali pambuyo pake, kwa otsutsa nkhondo ya Gulf 41,000… Bungwe la United Nations linaika, kuwonjezera pa chilango, kuti Iraq ilipire malipiro a nkhondo. Panali magulu osiyanasiyana, imodzi mwa izo inali ya ogwira ntchito othawa kwawo, ponena kuti onse omwe akhudzidwawo ayenera kulipidwa. Kotero pali anthu pafupifupi 41,000 a ku Philippines omwe amadandaula, osati onse omwe adalipidwa mokwanira, ngakhale bungwe la United Nations lalipidwa ndalama zonse kuyambira 1995. Dipatimenti Yowona Zakunja idanenanso kuti m'modzi mwa alembi ake anali ndi ndalama mu akaunti yake yakubanki zina za odandaula a Gulf War. Chifukwa cha zinthu zoterozo, ndithudi, anthu sanapeze kalikonse.
Chodabwitsa n'chakuti boma la Philippines likuthandiza kwambiri Bush's "nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga". Iwo angotumiza Mlembi Wathu Wachilendo Wachilendo- watsopano, chifukwa Mlembi wakale wa Zachilendo Zachilendo anali wotsutsana ndi kulowererapo kwa US ku Philippines, kotero adathamangitsidwa ku Ulaya kuti akalimbikitse European Union kuti isankhe Chipani cha Communist cha Philippines, Chatsopano. Peoples’ Army etc. monga “zigawengaâ€â€¦ kotero kuti aliyense amene tsopano akukhala wodzudzula boma akhoza kutchedwa “Communist†monga momwe ankachitira panthawi ya malamulo ankhondo.
Koma mulimonse, antchito ambiri osowa othawa kwawo akadali ku Saudi Arabia… nanga bwanji ngati nkhondo yowonjezereka ibuka? Ngati mukudziwa zomwe zidachitika ku Malaysia posachedwa pomwe anthu masauzande ambiri aku Philippines ndi Indonesia adathamangitsidwa chifukwa chosalembedwa… ndipo ambiri mwa anthu aku Philippines ndi Indonesia adamwalira panthawi yobwezeredwa kapena pambuyo pake. Ndipo adapatsidwa chithandizo chosowa chochokera ku boma lawo…
APMM posachedwa idathandizirapo kanthu ku Hong Kong polimbana ndi nkhondo yaku Iraq. Kodi miyoyo ya ogwira ntchito osamukira ku Kuwait ndi Saudi Arabia inakhudzidwa motani ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Gulf, ndipo kodi nkhondo ina inakhudza motani miyoyo ya osamukira?
Chabwino, pa Gulf War yoyamba panali mitundu iwiri ya milandu, omwe adatuluka ku Kuwait ndi omwe adatsalira. Mwa anthu omwe adatuluka, omwe ali mu gulu loyamba anali abwinoko… omwe adatuluka, mwachitsanzo, mu gulu lachitatu adatsekeredwa m'madera ena a Yordano… panalibe thandizo lovomerezeka, onse anali okha. Mwamwayi kunali kale anthu aku Filipino omwe anali kugwira ntchito ku Jordan ndipo anali ndi misasa yomwe inalola othawawo kukhalabe…
Ndiyeno panali ena amene anakhala mu Kuwait nthawi yonse ya nkhondo. Mofanana ndi nkhondo ina iliyonse, anthu a m’dziko lathu ankazunzidwa. Makamaka azimayi angapo adagwiriridwa ndipo mlembi wathu wowona zakunja adatulutsa m'nyuzipepala kuti omwe akugwiriridwa angogona pansi ndikusangalala nazo.
Koma, ndithudi, tikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mmene zinthu zilili panopa… ponena za thandizo limene tingapereke, ndi zimene tingakakamize boma lathu kuchita pakali pano. Ndinali kumeneko [ku Middle East], ndipo ndinapita ku msonkhano wa magulu a anthu a ku Philippines ndi Welfare Officer kuti akonzekere zochitika: ngati chinachake chachitika, titani? Ndipo kwenikweni boma lathu likuwoneka kuti likukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kulimbikitsa…akatswiri kuposa kuchita mbali yake kuthandiza ogwira ntchito osamukira kwawo. Ngakhale kuti sichidziwa chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu aku Philippines omwe akufunika kupezeka… ndikutanthauza kuti nzosamveka, iwo ndi omwe amatsimikizira mapanganowo ndipo sadziwa komwe ogwira ntchito othawa kwawo ali. Zikuonekanso kuti boma lathu lilibe ndalama zobweza antchitowo. Akuti ali ndi 700,000,000 pesos, pokhapokha atachoka, koma nthawi yomweyo… chabwino, mwachitsanzo, adangotumiza gulu ku Kuwait ndi mayiko ena, motsogoleredwa ndi mkulu wa asilikali wakale. Malinga ndi anthu aku Filipino kumeneko, adatulutsa zofalitsa zake ngakhale asanakumane ndi anthu aku Filipino, ponena kuti zonse zinali bwino, komanso kuti boma la Kuwait ndi boma la Philippines likuthandiza anthu osamukira kudziko lina pokhapokha pakakhala nkhondo - kotero akupanga. mawu awa osalankhula ngakhale ndi anthu aku Philippines!
Panopa antchito ambiri osamukira kumayiko ena akuda nkhawa ndi zomwe zidzachitike m'mayiko awo. Iwo ali ndi nkhawa kuti ngati Iraq ilandidwa, othawa kwawo akhoza kukhala chandamale kulikonse komwe ali ku Middle East. Boma lathu likukana kuti likuthandiza Bush… koma ndikutanthauza, sizowona, ndipo zikuwonekera bwino m'manyuzipepala! Ndipo upangiri wokhawo wa boma kwa osamukira kumayiko ena ndi "chabwino, sungani zakudya zanu ndipo zikachitika, musatuluke" Iwo sali otsimikiza za kuthandiza, makamaka chifukwa ndi funso la ndalama. Boma lathu ndi lopanda ndalama.
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