Source: Foreign Policy in Focus
Monga wochirikiza patsogolo, ndakhumudwa ndi chisankho cha Ferdinand Marcos Jr., mwana wa wolamulira wankhanza wakale, ndi chiwonongeko pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa ku Philippines posachedwapa. Koma monga katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndimatha kumvetsa chifukwa chake.
Sindikunena za kusokonekera, kolinga kapena kosakonzekera, kwa makina ovota 1,000-kuphatikiza. Sindikunena za kutulutsidwa kwakukulu kwa mabiliyoni a pesos kuti agule mavoti zomwe zidapangitsa zisankho za 2022 kukhala zodetsa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Komanso sindikukumbukira za kampeni yapaintaneti yazaka khumi yomwe idasinthiratu zaka zoopsa zankhondo muulamuliro wa Marcos wamkulu kukhala "m'badwo wagolide."
Mosakayikira, chilichonse mwa zinthuzi chinathandizira pa zotsatira za chisankho. Koma 31 miliyoni kuphatikiza mavoti - 59 peresenti ya osankhidwa - ndiakulu kwambiri kuti asanene kuti ndi iwo okha.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti chigonjetso cha Marcos chinali chotsatira cha demokalase pamasankho ang'onoang'ono. Vuto la anthu opita patsogolo ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ovota ambiri ku Philippines omwe adathawa adavota kuti abwezeretse banja losalapa, lakuba patatha zaka 36.
Kodi demokalase ingabweretse bwanji chotulukapo chosokoneza chotere?
Illiberalism Ndi Yotchuka
Ziribe kanthu momwe kampeni yapaintaneti inalili yopusa kapena yotsogola bwanji, ikadakhala yosathandiza pakanapanda kukhala omvera kale.
Ngakhale kuti uthenga wobwerezabwereza wa Marcos udapezanso chithandizo kuchokera pakati pa magulu apakati ndi apamwamba, omverawo anali ochuluka kwambiri makamaka ogwira ntchito. Analinso achinyamata ambiri, opitilira theka anali ana ang'onoang'ono kumapeto kwa nthawi yankhondo kapena obadwa pambuyo pa zipolowe za 1986 zomwe zidachotsa Marcos - wodziwika bwino kuti "EDSA Revolution."
Omverawo analibe zochitika zenizeni za zaka za Marcos. Koma zomwe adakumana nazo mwachindunji ndi kusiyana pakati pa mawu owonjezera a kubwezeretsedwa kwa demokarasi ndi tsogolo lolungama ndi lofanana la EDSA Uprising ndi zovuta zenizeni za kupitiriza kusalingana ndi umphawi ndi kukhumudwa kwa zaka zapitazi za 36.
Mpata umenewo ukhoza kutchedwa "mpata wachinyengo," ndipo ndi umodzi womwe unayambitsa mkwiyo waukulu ndi wokulirapo chaka chilichonse bungwe la EDSA linkakondwerera zipolowe pa February 25 kapena kulira maliro a kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ankhondo pa September 21. Kuwona kuchokera kumbali iyi, voti ya Marcos zitha kutanthauziridwa ngati voti yotsutsa yomwe idawonekera koyamba pazisankho za 2016 zomwe zidapangitsa Rodrigo Duterte kukhala purezidenti.
Ngakhale kuti mwina kudakhala kovutirapo komanso kufalikira pamlingo wolimbikitsa, kuvota kwa Duterte komanso mavoti okulirapo a Marcos adalimbikitsidwa ndi kuipidwa kwakukulu chifukwa chakupitilirabe kusalingana m'dziko lomwe anthu ochepera 5 peresenti ya anthu amapitilira 50 peresenti ya anthu. chuma. Chinali chionetsero chotsutsa umphawi wadzaoneni womwe umakhudza 25 peresenti ya anthu komanso umphawi, womwe umafotokozedwa momveka bwino, womwe pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya iwo ali m'manja mwake.
Polimbana ndi kutha kwa ntchito zabwino komanso moyo wabwino chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale athu ndi ulimi wathu ndi mfundo zomwe World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organisation, ndi United States zidatibweretsera.
Polimbana ndi kukhumudwa komanso kukayikira komwe kumakhudza achinyamata omwe amagwira ntchito omwe amakulira m'dera lomwe amaphunzira kuti njira yokhayo yopezera ntchito yabwino yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopita patsogolo m'moyo ndikupita kunja.
Polimbana ndi kumenyedwa kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ku ulemu kwa munthu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zoyendera za anthu zowola m'dziko lomwe 95 peresenti ya anthu alibe galimoto.
Izi ndi zomwe ovota ambiri ogwira ntchito adakumana nazo mwachindunji, osati zowopsa za nthawi ya Marcos, ndipo mkwiyo wawo udawapangitsa kuti abwerere ku "Golden Age" yopeka.
Mu zisankho zapurezidenti, mphamvu yonse ya chidani ichi motsutsana ndi momwe EDSA idakhalira idalunjika kwa mdani wamkulu wa Marcos, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Leni Robredo. Mopanda chilungamo, popeza ndi mkazi wokhulupirika kwambiri.
Vuto ndiloti pamaso pa anthu oponderezedwa ndi osauka omwe anapita kwa Marcos, Robredo sanathe kulekanitsa fano lake ndi mayanjano ake ndi Liberal Party, Conservative neoliberal Makati Business Club, banja la Benigno Aquino, Jr. ., Miyezo iwiri yokhudzana ndi ziphuphu zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Benigno Aquino III "popanda ziphuphu, kulibe umphawi" kukhala chinthu chonyozeka, ndipo - koposa zonse - ndi kulephera koopsa kwa EDSA Republic wazaka 36 kuti apereke.
Mawu akuti "ulamuliro wabwino" mwina adalumikizana ndi a Robredo apakati komanso osankhika, koma kwa masa (unyinji) idamenya chinyengo chakale chomwechi. Ulamuliro wabwino kapena "tapat ndi papalakad” zinamveka m’makutu mwawo mofanana ndi mmene a Liberals amadzijambula okha ngati a "Gente Decente" kapena "anthu abwino" omwe adayambitsa zisankho za 2016 komanso kukwera kwa Rodrigo Duterte.
Kuphatikiza apo, maziko a Marcos sanali ongokhala, osakhazikika. Kudyetsedwa ndi mabodza ndi makina a Marcos troll, ambiri aiwo adalimbana mwachangu pa intaneti ndi msasa wa Robredo, atolankhani, akatswiri a mbiri yakale, kumanzere - ndi onse omwe amakayikira kukayikira kwawo. Adayikapo ndemanga pamasamba azofalitsa ndi zokopa za Marcos, zambiri zomwe zimalemekeza Marcos kapena kunyoza Robredo.
Kupanduka Kwachibadwidwe
Chiwonetsero chotsutsana ndi EDSA Republic chinali ndi gawo lazopangapanga.
Tsopano, si zachilendo kuti m’badwo watsopano udziyimitsa wokha motsutsana ndi chimene m’badwo wakale umachilemekeza. Koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuti m'badwo wachichepere umapandukira muutumiki wa masomphenya amtsogolo, a basi dongosolo la zinthu.
Chomwe chinali chachilendo ndi mibadwo ya zaka chikwi ndi Gen Z ya anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito chinali chakuti iwo sanauzidwe ndi masomphenya amtsogolo koma ndi chithunzi chopangidwa kale - kukopa komwe kunalimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Nicole Curto adatcha "Poizoni" wapa intaneti wa Marcos Junior. Anamangidwanso ndi cybersurgery kuti awoneke ngati munthu wabwinobwino, wankhanza, yemwe amangofunira zabwino zonse.
Kuchokera ku Revolution ya ku France kupita ku Chisinthiko cha ku Philippines kupita ku Chisinthiko cha China kupita ku gulu lodana ndi nkhondo lapadziko lonse la 1960's mpaka ku First Quarter Storm, linali kumanzere komwe nthawi zambiri kumapereka masomphenya omwe achinyamata amakhala nawo kuti afotokoze kupanduka kwawo.
Tsoka ilo, ku Philippines, kumanzere sikunathe kupereka maloto a dongosolo lamtsogolo lomwe liyenera kumenyedwa. Kuyambira pomwe idalephera kukhudza zomwe zikuchitika mu 1986 potenga gawo laoyimilira panthawi ya Zipolopolo za EDSA, kumanzere kwalephera kubwezeretsanso mphamvu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zokopa kwa achinyamata panthawi yankhondo.
Lingaliro lamanzere lodzipatula mwadala panthawi ya Zipolowe za EDSA zidapangitsa kuti gulu lomwe likuyenda bwino kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 liwonongeke. Ndiponso, sosholizimu, imene yakhala ngati nyali kwa mibadwo yambiri kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, inaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi kugwa kwa maulamuliro apakati a socialist ku Eastern Europe.
Koma mwina chowononga kwambiri chinali kulephera kwa malingaliro andale. Kumanzere kunalephera kupereka njira ina yowoneka bwino ya dongosolo la neoliberal lomwe lidalamulira kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 kupita mtsogolo, ndipo kupezeka kwake padziko lonse lapansi kudachepetsedwa kukhala mawu akukakamira kulephera ndi kuzunza kwa maulamuliro otsatizana.
Kulephera kwa masomphenya kumeneku kunali kophatikizidwa ndi kusakhoza kubwera ndi nkhani yomwe ingagwire ndi kufotokoza zosoŵa zakuya za anthu, ndi kudalira kwakebe mawu osasunthika, olembedwa m’ma 1970 amene anangowoneka ngati phokoso m’nyengo yatsopano. Panalinso chikoka chopitirizabe cha "vanguardist" yokonzekera njira yomwe ikanakhala yoyenera pansi pa ulamuliro wankhanza koma inachotsedwa ku chikhumbo cha anthu chotenga nawo mbali mowona mu demokalase yotseguka.
Nthawizo zimafuna Gramsci, koma zambiri zamanzere apa zidakhala ndi Lenin.
Kukonzekera kwakukulu kumeneku kunaphatikizidwa, modabwitsa, ndi njira yachisankho yomwe imatsutsa zolankhula zamagulu, kusokoneza pafupifupi zonena za sosholizimu, ndikudzikhutiritsa pokhala oyanjana nawo ang'onoang'ono pazisankho ndi magulu otsutsana a capitalist osankhika. Kunena zoona, munthu sangatsimikize mopambanitsa kuponderezana kwakukulu kwa boma komwe kumachitidwa ndi zigawo zina za kumanzere, koma chomwe chinali chotsimikizika chinali lingaliro lakuti kumanzere kunalibe ntchito kapena, choyipitsitsa, chosokonekera cha magulu akuluakulu a anthu monga kukumbukira ntchito yake yamphamvu pa nthawi ya nkhondo. lamulo linazimiririka.
Chilengedwe chimanyansidwa ndi chopanda kanthu, monga amanenera, ndipo zikafika polanda mphamvu za achinyamata ogwira ntchito kumapeto kwa nthawi ya EDSA, malo opanda kanthuwo adadzazidwa ndi nthano ya Marcos revisionist.
Kusakhazikika Kukubwera
Iyi ndi mbiri yomwe zisankho za 2016 ndi 2022 zidachitika. Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale ndikuti ndi yotseguka komanso yosadziwika bwino.
Monga momwe wafilosofi wina ananenera, akazi ndi amuna amapanga mbiri, koma osati pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kusankha kwawo. Akuluakulu olamulira angayesetse kulamulira kumene anthu akupita, koma izi nthawi zambiri zimakhumudwa chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa zotsutsana zomwe zimapanga malo oti magulu apansi alowererepo ndikuwongolera chitsogozo cha mbiriyakale.
Msasa wa Marcos-Duterte pakadali pano ukukondwera kuseri kwa mayendedwe oyitanitsa "kukwirira chipolopolo," ndipo tiyenera kuyembekezera kuti phulusali lidzasefukira mpaka pa Juni 30. ndi zigawenga izi.
Mgwirizano wa Marcos-Duterte, kapena womwe tsopano ndi mibadwo ingapo yandale kuzungulira Marcos-Duterte axis, ndi njira yolumikizirana pakati pa mabanja amphamvu. Mofanana ndi magwirizano ambiri amtunduwu, omwe amamangidwa pa kugawana zofunkha, zidzakhala zosakhazikika.
Munthu sangadabwe ngati pakatha chaka chimodzi, a Marcoses ndi a Dutertes azikhala pakhosi pawo - china chake chomwe chingathe kuwonetsedwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wosankhidwa Sara Duterte akukanidwa udindo wamphamvu wa mkulu wa dipatimenti ya chitetezo cha dziko ndikupatsidwa m'malo mwake. udindo wopanda mphamvu wa Mlembi wa Maphunziro.
Kulimbana kosalephereka kwa mphamvu kumeneku kudzachitika motsutsana ndi miyandamiyanda yozindikira kuti sanatsogoleredwe ku dziko lolonjezedwa la mkaka ndi uchi ndi ma peso 20 pa kilogalamu imodzi ya mpunga, kusokonezeka m'gawo lazamalonda lomwe lidakali ndi zikumbukiro za crony capitalism. Marcos Sr. zaka, ndikugawanika m'gulu lankhondo lomwe lidzayenera kugwira ntchito mowonjezereka kuti likhale ndi kusakhazikika komwe kunayambika ndi kubwerera kwa mzera wotsutsana womwe asilikali omwewo - kapena gulu lomwe - linathandizira kugonjetsa mu 1986.
Koma mwina chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazochitika zosakhazikikazi ndi gawo lalikulu, ndithudi mamiliyoni, omwe atsimikiza mtima kusapereka kuvomerezeka pang'ono kwa gulu lachigawenga lomwe labera, kunama, kuba ndi kupereka chiphuphu panjira yawo yolamulira.
Povotera Marcos, anthu 31 miliyoni adavotera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi za kusakhazikika. Zimenezo n’zachisoni. Koma ndiyenso siliva mumkhalidwe woyipawu. M’modzi mwa olinganiza zosintha bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi anati, “Pali chisokonezo chachikulu pansi pa Kumwamba koma, moni, anyamata, mkhalidwe uli bwino kwambiri.”
Mavuto osalephereka a boma la Marcos-Duterte amapereka mwayi wokonzekera tsogolo lina, ndipo nthawi ino ife opita patsogolo ku Philippines tikukonza bwino.
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
Ndalama
1 Comment
Tikukhala m'nthawi zozunzika ndi zochitika, mabala, mayankho amavuto ndi mapangano komanso zovuta zina zambiri. Chisankho cha Phillipe chili ndi maphunziro kwa tonsefe ndipo tiyenera kudziwa zambiri kuno ku US za zochitika izi. Monga momwe anthu ambiri oganiza amadziwa, kudziwa za mayiko ena ndi zovuta izi sizodziwika ku US. Kusanthula ndi ndemanga za Walden Bello ndizofunikira kwambiri.