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Seputembala uno ndi 70th chikumbutso cha kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Komabe ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi aลตiri zathunthu chiyambire pamene Japan inagonja mwalamulo pa September 2, 1945, kugwa kwa mkangano woipitsitsawo kukupitiriza kuumba ndale maiko amene anagwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Japan.
Nkhondoyo inasiya chizindikiro chake osati pa maubwenzi apakati pa Japan ndi anansi ake, komanso pa ndale zamagulu mkati mayiko awa. Momwe dziko lililonse lidachitira nawo makalasi ogwirizana nawo, zakhudza kwambiri momwe achitira ndi zomwe boma la Japan likufuna kuti likonzenso โlamulo lamtendereโ la dzikolo kuti likhale losafunikira.
Palibe paliponse pomwe izi zikuwonekera bwino kuposa ku Philippines, komwe akuluakulu a US pambuyo pa nkhondo adathandizira kukonzanso omwe adagwira nawo ntchito ku Japan m'dzina lolimbana ndi chikominisi. Mibadwo pambuyo pake, zidatsogozedwa kwa mdzukulu wa wogwirizira wonyozedwa ku Philippines kuvomereza kukhazikitsidwanso kwankhondo kwa omwe adakhala m'dziko lake - ndi mdzukulu wa chigawenga chankhondo, osachepera.
Mbiri imagwira ntchito m'njira zosamvetsetseka.
Zowopsya za Ntchito
Patangotsala mwezi umodzi kuti chikumbukiro cha chaka chino chichitike, msuwani wanga wina yemwe ndinkamukonda anamwalira ali ndi zaka 100. Nkhondo ili mkati, mwamuna wake anachoka mโnyumba yawo ku Manila kukatumikira monga dokotala mโgulu lankhondo la Philippines ndi America, limene linathaลตira ku Peninsula ya Bataan pamene asilikali oukira a Japan anali kupita patsogolo. Sanamvenso za iye.
Zaka zitatu zokha pambuyo pake, Manila atamasulidwa ndi asilikali a General Douglas MacArthur ndi zigawenga za ku Philippines, kuti anamva kuti mwamuna wake anaphedwa mwachidule, pamodzi ndi madokotala ena atatu, pamene ankayesa kuthawa msasa wa akaidi a nkhondo. Anzake ambiri anakumana ndi tsoka lomwelo pamene anadzipereka kwa Ajapani. Pakati pa sabata Bataan Imfa ya Marichi okha, Ajapani anapha 18,000 mwa akaidi awo 72,000 a ku Philippines ndi America - chiwerengero cha imfa cha 25 peresenti m'masiku asanu ndi awiri okha.
Msuweni wanga anasiyidwa ndi ana aangโono atatu oti alere yekha, mkhalidwe umene akazi ambiri anali nawo panthaลตi ya ulamuliro wa Japan.
Ulamuliro wankhondo waku Japan ku Philippines unali wankhanza kwambiri. Anthu osalakwa omwe ankaganiziridwa kuti ndi amene ankathandiza zigawengazo ankazunzidwa komanso kuphedwa nthawi zonse. Amalume anga anaponyedwa mโmanja nโkungotsala pangโono kufa pamene anakana lamulo la msilikali wina wa ku Japan lakuti atsitse mbendera ya ku America kusukulu kwawo. Bambo anga anamenyedwa ndi chikwapu cha baseball ku Fort Santiago, linga la mโnthawi ya Aspanya ku Manila limene Ajapani anawasandutsa ndende ndi malo ozunzirako anthu. Anakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka.
Azimayi ndi atsikana, ena azaka zapakati pa 11 kapena 12, anasonkhanitsidwa kuti akakhale akapolo achiwerewere a asilikali a ku Japan. Palibe amene akudziwa motsimikiza kuti ndi anthu angati a ku Philippines amene anakakamizika kukhala akapolo a kugonana, koma akatswiri a mbiri yakale amayerekezera kuti akazi okwana 200,000 ochokera ku Philippines, Korea, China, ndi mayiko ena olamulidwa ndi Ajapani anakumana ndi vutoli. Pafupifupi 400 a โakazi otonthozaโ ameneลตa apezeka ku Philippines kuyambira mโma 1990, koma mwina chiลตerengerochi nโchochepa chabe cha amene anakakamizika kuchita zachiwerewere. Ena ambiri anakonda kukhala chete.
Kuphimba ngakhale Bataan Death March ngati mlandu wankhondo kunali kupha anthu mosasankha komwe asitikali apanyanja aku Japan adatulutsa ku Manila pomwe nkhondoyo idatsala pang'ono kutha. Wolemba waku Philippines Joan Orendain watero moyenerera ananenetsa kuti "Kugwiriridwa kwa Manila" kunafanana ndi kugwiriridwa kwa Nanking kodziwika bwino mu nkhanza zake, ndi "100,000 kutenthedwa, kuponyedwa ndi mfuti, kuphulitsidwa ndi mabomba, kuphulitsidwa, ndi kuphedwa m'kati mwa masiku 28." Ana osabadwa โongโambika kuchokera mโmimba mwa amayi awo anali maseลตera: otayidwa mโmwamba ndi kugwidwa, kuwapachika pansonga za nsonga za makanda.โ Kugwirira chigololo kunali ponseponse, ndipo โchonyansacho chitatha, mawere anadulidwa, ndipo matupi anatsegulidwa kuyambira pakhosi mpaka pansi.โ
"Apology" ya Abe
Ndi mbiri iyi ya nkhanza, wina akadayembekezera kuti Prime Minister waku Japan Shinzo Abe a ndemanga zaposachedwa pankhondoyo - pomwe adavomereza kuti Japan idayambitsa "chiwonongeko ndi kuzunzika kosawerengeka" koma adati "mibadwo ikubwera" siyenera "kukonzeratu kupepesa" - ingayambitsenso zomwezo ku Philippines zomwe zidachita ku China ndi Korea.
Abe, Unduna wa Zakunja waku China anati mu ndemanga, akanayenera โkupepesa mochokera pansi pa mtima kwa anthu a mโmayiko amene anazunzidwa, ndi kusiya kumenya nkhondo zakale, mโmalo mozemba pa nkhani yaikulu imeneyi.โ Chipani cholamula cha South Korea, kumbali yake, adadzudzula mawu a Abe โchifukwa silinatchule mwachindunji za kupepesa ndi kupepesa kwa mbiri yakale yaupandu ya Japan, koma linangofotokoza mozungulira mโnthawi yapitayi.โ
Ku China ndi South Korea, mkwiyo ndi kukayikira za Japan zikupitilirabe kuwira pansi.
Mโmalo mwake, mawu a akuluakulu a ku Philippines anali abwino. "Japan yachita mwachifundo komanso mogwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi," adatero mneneri wa pulezidenti, "ndipo wakhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama komanso moyenera ndi dera ndi dziko lonse pambuyo pa nkhondo."
Njira Zosiyanasiyana
Mayankho osiyanasiyana amachokera ku zochitika zapadera zandale ndi zachuma za mayiko atatuwa. Zolinga zitatu ndizofunikira:
Choyamba, kwa China ndi Korea, nkhondo yolimbana ndi Japan inali chinthu chofunika kwambiri pakupanga kudziwika kwawo, kapena zomwe Benedict Anderson adazitcha kuti "mudzi wawo."
Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China chadziwonetsa kuti ndichofunika kwambiri pa "nkhondo yokonda dziko" yopambana yolimbana ndi Japan (ngakhale akatswiri a mbiri yakale ambiri amaganiza kuti anali otsutsana ndi Achikomyunizimu - a Nationalists - omwe adamenyana ndi kufa). Mayiko onse aku Korea amadziona ngati akutuluka munkhondo yolimbana ndi atsamunda yolimbana ndi Japan, yomwe idalanda ndikulamulira chilumbachi kuyambira 1910 mpaka 1945.
Ku Philippines, mosiyana, nkhani yovomerezeka imayika kusintha kotsogozedwa ndi osankhika motsutsana ndi Spain kumapeto kwa 19.th zaka zana limodzi monga maziko ake okonda dziko - ndi kulandidwa kwa dziko la America komwe kunajambula bwino kwambiri ndipo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idawonetsedwa ngati nkhani yachiwawa koma yachidule panjira yopezera ufulu.
Chachiwiri, mayiko atatuwa ali ndi ubale wosiyana wachuma ndi Japan wamasiku ano. Kwa China ndi Korea, Japan sikuti idangokhala mtsogoleri wakale wankhondo koma mdani wamasiku ano pazachuma. Ubale wamalonda ndi ndalama ndi aku Japan umawoneka ngati woyipa wofunikira kuti apeze zofunikira ndi ukadaulo wowagonjetsa.
Ku Philippines, Japan sichinawonekere ngati mpikisano wachuma koma gwero la chithandizo chachitukuko, ndalama, ndi ntchito. Chithunzi cha Japan ngati mdani wanthawi yankhondo chidasinthidwa kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi koyambirira kwa 1970, pomwe mabizinesi aku Japan adayamba kupanga ntchito zakomweko m'mawerengero abwino kwambiri. Panthawiyi, ogwira ntchito osamukira ku Philippines osamukira ku Japan m'mafakitale osangalatsa ndi ogonana ku Japan adatumiza ndalama ku mabanja awo zomwe zidawathandiza kuti apulumuke komanso kuyenda bwino.
Kugwirizana kwa Elite, Kukaniza Kwambiri
Koma mwina chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikufotokozera malingaliro osiyanasiyana a Japan ndicho kalasi.
Ku Korea, ndale za chikumbutso zidalimbikitsidwa ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu osankhika omwe adalowa nawo nkhondo isanayambe nkhondo yomwe idagwirizana ndi aku Japan - nkhondo yapachiweniweni yaku Korea ya 1950-53 komanso kukonzanso kwa nthaka konseko kudawachotsa osankhika awa. Ku Philippines, mosiyana, ndale za kuiwala zidathandizidwa ndi kuyeretsa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya olemekezeka pa nthawi ya ntchito.
Pomwe zipilala zaulamuliro wachitsamunda waku US, Japan italanda anthu ambiri a ku Philippines adasintha mbali mwachangu ndikuthandizana ndi aku Japan. Mtundu wovuta wa nkhondo yamagulu udachitika, momwe akuluakulu amtundu ndi am'deralo adagwira ntchito limodzi ndi a Japan pomwe anthu ambiri adadana ndi adaniwo ndikudikirira kuti Amereka abwerere, monga adalonjezedwa ndi MacArthur.
Magulu ambiri a zigawenga adapangidwa, odziwika bwino komanso othandiza kwambiri kukhala Hukbalahap wotsogozedwa ndi chikomyunizimu, yemwe adathamangitsa eni eni malo odedwa ku Central Luzon ngakhale adalimbana ndi a Japan. Koma pambali pa "Huks," panali zovala zina, zopanda malingaliro zomwe zimatsogozedwa ndi anthu otsika kapena apakati - monga wachikoka Marcos Villa Agustin, kapena "Marking," yemwe kale anali dalaivala wa basi yemwe mayunitsi ake ankagwira ntchito kuchokera ku Sierra. Mapiri a Madre ku Luzon kuti asawopsyeze asitikali aku Japan okha komanso osankhika am'deralo.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondoyi kunachititsa kuti anthu otsutsa ayesedwe ngati opandukira. Mmodzi mwa antchito odedwa kwambiri ku Japan anali Manuel Roxas, mkulu wa Rice Procurement Agency, yemwe akufotokozedwa mu phunziro lovomerezeka monga โanalinganiza zotungira mpunga kwa alimi osauka kuti apereke asilikali a ku Japanโ ndipo โanali wothandizana nawo wodziลตika bwino lomwe mโmaganizo a anthu wamba za kuperekedwa ndi nkhanza zimene anazunzidwa mโnthaลตi ya ntchitoyo.โ
Komabe, General MacArthur wobwerera adalowererapo kuti apulumutse bwenzi lake lankhondo Roxas kuti asapachikidwa, zomwe zimayembekezera kukonzanso kwa Washington kwa anthu osankhika onyoza kuti akhale ndi zigawenga zotsogozedwa ndi chikomyunizimu.
Atanyansidwa ndi kupatsidwa ulemu wapadziko lonse ndi Washington, Roxas anapereka chiphuphu, kuopseza, ndi kuopseza njira yake yopambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 1946. Atatsala pang'ono kufa mwadzidzidzi mu 1948, Roxas anapereka mbiri yoipayi. Chilengezo No. 51, zomwe zinapereka chikhululukiro kwa ogwira nawo ntchito. Posonyeza udani woopsa wa anthu omwe unayamba chifukwa cha ntchitoyo, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zanenedwa za lamuloli chinali chakuti โfunso la mgwirizano lagawanitsa anthu a ku Philippines kuyambira pamene anamasulidwa mโnjira imene ikusokoneza mgwirizano wa dzikolo. nthawi imene ubwino wa anthu umafuna kuti mgwirizano umenewo utetezedwe ndi kusungidwa.โ
Zaka makumi oyambirira a nthawi ya nkhondo itatha adadziwika ndi kutsutsana m'maganizo odziwika pakati pa kukumbukira kutsutsa kodziwika kwa anthu a ku Japan ndi zenizeni za kupitiriza kulamulira ndale za dziko ndi anthu ambiri ogwirizana - omwe adayeretsedwa ndi Washington. mโdzina la nkhondo yolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu ndi kuyamba kwa Cold War.
Chifukwa chake mosiyana ndi maboma aku China ndi South Korea, gulu lazandale la ku Philippines lidasokoneza zonena zowononga nkhondo ku Japan; adalandira bwino m'ma 1950 kwa Prime Minister waku Japan Nobusuke Kishi, gulu la zigawenga zankhondo komanso agogo a Shinzo Abe; ndipo sanachitepo kanthu kuti athandize anthu aku Filipino kutonthoza amayi pazovuta zawo zopepesa ndi kubwezeretsedwa kuchokera ku Tokyo.
Japan Re-Arms
Mbiriyi ikuwonetsa kuyankha kwa Philippines pa zomwe Abe akufuna kusokoneza Article 9 ya Constitution ya Japan - yomwe imatchedwa "Peace Clause" yomwe imaletsa Japan kuchita nawo nkhondo zokhumudwitsa - pofuna kulimbikitsa njira yake ya "Collective Defense," yomwe ingagwiritsire ntchito. Asilikali aku Japan akuchita zonyansa kunja kwa Japan.
China ndi South Korea zadzudzula mwamphamvu Collective Defense, poziwona ngati gawo limodzi la pulogalamu yokwanira yamapiko akumanja kukana milandu yankhondo yaku Japan, kukana kubwezeranso akapolo ogonana aku Japan, kubwezeretsa dziko lakale la ku Japan, ndikuwononga akadali a anthu aku Japan. ulamuliro pacifism. Zomwe Purezidenti wa Philippines Benigno Aquino III adachita, kumbali ina, sizingakhale zosiyana.
Ngakhale kuti anavomereza kuti โpakhala kutsutsana kwina pa dongosolo la boma la Japan loti lionenso matanthauzo ena a malamulo ake,โ Aquino adatsimikiza Paulendo wake wopita ku Japan kumapeto kwa June 2014, ananena kuti โmayiko amene ali ndi cholinga chabwino angapindule ngati boma la Japan lipatsidwa mphamvu zothandizira anthu ena, komanso likuloledwa kuthandiza anthu amene akufunika thandizo, makamaka pa nkhani yodzithandiza okha. chitetezo." Ananenanso kuti "sanayang'ane modzidzimutsa lingaliro lililonse loti abwererenso malamulo aku Japan."
Uku kunali kulowerera mosayenera mu ndale zapakhomo ku Japan, komwe akatswiri ena amati kudapangitsa kuti anthu a ku Japan asinthe maganizo awo pa nthawi imene anthu ambiri a ku Japan anaukira dzikolo. Kafukufuku yemwe adatulutsidwa panthawi yomwe Aquino adayendera adapezeka peresenti 56 motsutsana ndi chitetezo chamagulu onse komanso 28 peresenti yokha yomwe imathandizira. Komabe pa Julayi 1, 2014, atalimbikitsidwa ndi thandizo lochokera kwa Aquino, Abe adatsutsa Gawo 9, pogwiritsa ntchito chigamulo cha nduna kuti agwirizane ndi chivomerezo cha nyumba yamalamulo komanso kufunikira kwa referendum.
Kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa kusamuka kotsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri a ku Japan komanso oyandikana nawo a Japan n'kovuta kufotokoza chifukwa kumachokera ku chikhumbo cha boma la Philippines chofuna kupeza bwenzi pamikangano ya madera ndi China ku West Philippine Sea. Mayiko ena a Kum'mawa ndi Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, ngakhale omwe akuwopsezedwa mwachindunji ndi zomwe China akuchita, asamala kuti asavomereze chiphunzitso chatsopano cha Tokyo chokhudza mphamvu zamphamvu kuposa Japan - Vietnam kukhala chitsanzo chabwino. Ambiri ali ndi nkhawa kuti chiphunzitso cha Abe sichinapangidwe kuti chithandizire ogwirizana nawo motsutsana ndi zomwe China akuchita koma kuthandizira cholinga cha mtsogoleri waku Japan chopanga zida zanyukiliya, kukhala mwaukali, ndikulembanso mbiri.
Agogo ndi Adzukulu
Chinthu chimodzi chomwe sichinawunikidwe mokwanira, koma chomwe chiyenera kuti chinathandizira kuvomereza kwa Aquino, ndi kukumbukira kalasi yake.
Aquino amachokera ku kalasi yomwe zochitika za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi za Afilipino wamba. Aquino amadziwika bwino kuti ndi mwana wa mafano awiri polimbana ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa Marcos, Cory ndi Ninoy Aquino. Koma iyenso ndi mdzukulu wa Benigno Simeon Aquino, Sr. - yemwe amakumbukiridwa makamaka ngati sipikala wosankhidwa ku Japan wa Nyumba Yamalamulo pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa zidole, komanso m'mbuyomu ngati mkulu wa chipani chokhacho chandale mdziko muno panthawi yaulamuliro.
Mwinamwake chifukwa chokhacho chimene Aquino Sr. anapulumukira imfa mโmanja mwa anthu a zigawenga za ku Philippines chinali chakuti anakhala miyezi yomalizira ya nkhondo ku Japan. Atabwezedwa ku Philippines patatha chaka chimodzi kutha kwa nkhondoyi, adazengedwa mlandu woukira Khoti la People asanatulutsidwe pa belo. Komabe, adamwalira asanagwiritse ntchito chikhululukiro cha bwenzi lake Manuel Roxas pazovuta zamtundu ngati iye.
Kodi zinthu zama psycho-biographical zidathandizira kuvomereza kosakayika kwa Aquino pakuyenda kwa Abe? Ndizosatheka kuti makolo kapena agogo ake adavutika pansi paulamuliro waku Japan akadapereka chithandizo chachangu chotere pakufuna kwa Abe kukhazikitsa mphamvu zankhondo zaku Japan. Zowona, anthu aku Philippines akhala akukhulupirira Japan, koma ndi ochepa omwe angadutse mzere womwe Aquino adachita.
Chifukwa chake wina watsala ndi funso: Kodi zinali zongochitika mwangozi kuti njira yatsopano yowopsa mderali iyambike mwa kulumikizana kwa manja a Aquino, mdzukulu wa wogwirizira wonyozeka, ndi Abe, mdzukulu wa chigawenga chankhondo?
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