United States ikuwoneka kuti ikuyamba kusintha pazigawo ziŵiri zazikulu: chuma chake chomwe, ponse paŵiri chandalama ndi chenicheni; ndi mgwirizano wake ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Pali mgwirizano wina pakati pa kusinthaku kuwiri. Zina mwa zosinthazi zidzadalira zotsatira za chisankho cha dziko la US mu November, ndipo zina sizidzatero. Pepalali lifotokoza mwachidule zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, ndikuganiziranso mfundo zakunja za US ku Latin America, komanso madera ena.
Zoyembekeza Zachuma za US ndi Zotsatira Zake
Panthawi yolemba izi, maso onse ali pavuto lazachuma lomwe likuyang'anizana ndi United States komanso misika yazachuma yapadziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri kuyambira pamavuto akulu azachuma. Palidi vuto lalikulu pankhani yazachuma, monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi zochitika za sabata yatha, makamaka kuzizira kwa misika ya ngongole. Mantha aakulu kumbali ya pansi ndikuti izi zingayambitse kugwa kwakukulu kwa magawo a zachuma. Izi zidawonetsedwa bwino kwambiri sabata yatha pomwe ndalama zokwana $224.3 biliyoni zidachotsedwa mumsika wachuma, zomwe osunga ndalama adaziwona ngati zinali zotetezeka ngati akaunti yochezera.1 Pali pafupifupi $3.4 thililiyoni mumaakaunti awa. Chiwopsezochi chikadafalikira, chikadakhala chofanana ndi momwe mabanki amayendera masiku ano. Komabe, mwamwayi, Treasury inalowererapo mwamsanga ndipo inalengeza kuti idzateteza ndalamazi, zomwe poyamba zinali kunja kwa dongosolo la federal deposit insurance.
Izi ndi zina zazikulu komanso zosavomerezeka zimasonyeza kuti akuluakulu a boma la US, kuphatikizapo Federal Reserve (mogwirizana ndi mabanki ena apakati monga ECB ndi BOJ) ndi Treasury Department, ali okonzeka kuchita chilichonse chofunikira kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwakukulu mu gawo lazachuma. Iwo achita nawo dziko lalikulu kwambiri komanso kusamutsidwa kwakukulu kwa ngongole m'mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi (kukhazikitsa dziko la Fannie Mae ndi Freddie Mac), komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa inshuwaransi yayikulu kwambiri mdziko muno (AIG), ndikupopera mazana mamiliyoni a madola ku ndondomeko ya banki poyankha crunches liquidity.
Poganizira kufunitsitsa uku kwa maulamuliro kuti achite chilichonse chomwe chikufunika kuti aletse kuthamangitsidwa kwa ma depositi (tsopano kuphatikiza ndalama zogwirizanitsa msika wandalama) ndi kuzizira kwa ngongole, chiwopsezo cha kugwa kwadongosolo lazachuma chikuwoneka kuti chikukokomeza. Zikutheka kuti pakhala zovuta zambiri pamadongosolo azachuma pomwe mabungwe omwe ali ndi insolvent akupitilira - monga momwe kugwa kwa chipwirikiti kwa Lehman Brothers kudayambitsa zovuta zomwe zikuchitika - ndi zochitika zina zosayembekezereka zimachitika, munjira ya "de-leveraging" ndikuchepetsa kutupa ndi kupitirira. - gawo lazachuma lomwe limathandizira. Gawoli lachulukitsa kuwirikiza katatu monga gawo la GDP panthawi yankhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo ndipo kutsika kwaposachedwa kusanachitike kunali ndi phindu loposa 30 peresenti ya phindu lamakampani. Zambiri mwa phindu limeneli zinali zachinyengo ndipo zasowa, monga tikuonera tsopano.
Kulimbana komwe kulipo pamikhalidwe yomwe bungwe la Bush Administration likufuna kuti lipereke ndalama zokwana madola 700 biliyoni ndizomwe zikuwonetsa nkhondo zomwe zikubwera. Idzakhala ndewu yokhudzana ndi kugawidwa kwa zotayika - okhometsa msonkho ndi eni nyumba kumbali imodzi, motsutsana ndi eni ake, ma CEO, ndi osunga ndalama mu gawo lazachuma mbali inayo. Oyang'anira sabata yatha adafunsa funso ngati "tipatseni cheke chopanda kanthu kapena kugwa kwachuma pachiwopsezo." Izi zidakanidwa ndi zigawenga za populist m'magulu onse awiri, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti pakhala zinthu zina zomwe zidzakhazikitsidwe pakubweza ngongole. Koma chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe gawo lazachuma limagwiritsa ntchito mu ndale za US, izi zidzalephera kwambiri kusintha zina zomwe zingatheke komanso zothandiza zomwe zingateteze eni nyumba, kukakamiza osunga ndalama ndi akuluakulu omwe adapanga zisankho zoipa kuti atenge gawo lawo la zotayika, ndi khazikitsani zowongolera zoyenera kuti mupewe kubwereza mtsogolo. (Kuti muwone mwachidule za kusintha kotereku ndi malangizo a njira yoyenera yopezera ndalama, onani Dean Baker, Mikhalidwe Yopititsa patsogolo Pakubwezeredwa).2 Ngakhale zili choncho, nkhondo zandale izi zidzapitirirabe zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
Pali chisokonezo m'makambirano ambiri a anthu pazachuma cha US. Mavuto a zachuma omwe alipo panopa akuwoneka ngati mavuto aakulu azachuma, pamene kwenikweni pali mavuto aakulu m'chuma chenichenicho omwe akukokera chuma m'mavuto aakulu. Mwanjira ina, ngakhale mavuto azachuma atathetsedwa, sizingalepheretse kutsika kwachuma uku. Pakali pano tikukumana ndi vuto lachuma lomwe linadza chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa chiwombankhanga chachikulu cha nyumba, chomwe chinayambitsa chuma chonyenga cha $8 thililiyoni chisanayambe kuphulika pakati pa 2006.
Kuwiraku kumangotsala pafupifupi 60 peresenti, ndipo zimangoganiza kuti palibe kupitilira kwina kumunsi. Masamu ndi olunjika ndithu3 : kuyambira 1996 mpaka 2006, mitengo yakunyumba yaku US idakwera pafupifupi 70 peresenti kuposa kuchuluka kwa inflation. Izi zisanachitike, mitengo yapakhomo pa nthawi yayitali sinakweze mwachangu kuposa inflation. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitengo yapakhomo iyenera kutsika pafupifupi 40 peresenti kuti ifike pamikhalidwe; m’lingaliro lenileni (kuphatikizapo kukwera mitengo kwa zinthu), mpaka pano atsika pafupifupi 25 peresenti.
Padakali kuchulukirachulukira kwa nyumba ku United States, ndipo eni nyumba akulandira zidziwitso zakuti atsekeredwa pamlingo wa pafupifupi 3.6 miliyoni pachaka. Kuphatikiza pa kucheperachepera kwa magawo omanga ndi okhudzana ndi nyumba, vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kuphulika kwa nyumba pachuma ndi chifukwa cha chuma. Mabanja aku US nthawi zambiri amabwereketsa ndalama zomwe zili m'nyumba zawo, ndipo kukula kwachuma cha US kuyambira kumapeto kwa kugwa kwachuma komaliza (November 2001) mpaka chaka chatha kudachitika chifukwa cha ngongoleyi. M'chaka cha 2006, kuphulika kumeneku kunkafika pachimake, ogula amapeza ndalama zokwana madola 780 biliyoni pachaka kuchokera ku malonda a nyumba (amene akukwera mofulumira). Zambiri mwa kubwereka ndi kuwononga izi zatha. Mu lipoti lotsatira la kotala la GDP (gawo la 3rd) tikhoza kuona kuchepa kwa ndalama za ogula, zomwe zakhala zikugwirabe ngakhale kugwa kwa kuphulika kwa nyumba.
Pazaka zinayi zapitazi za data, zomwe zathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwachuma kwakhala kusintha kwamalonda, chifukwa cha kutsika kwamphamvu kwa dola (pafupifupi 25 peresenti motsutsana ndi dengu lolemera lazamalonda) lomwe linayamba mu 2002. .4 Koma malonda ndi pafupifupi 26 peresenti ya chuma cha US; ndalama zogulira ndi 70 peresenti. Ndipo msika wa anthu ogwira ntchito wachepa mphamvu mpaka kutsika kwachuma: kusowa kwa ntchito, pa 6.1 peresenti, kuli pafupi kufika pachimake cha September 2003 kuchokera pamene chuma chayamba kuchepa, ndipo ntchito monga chiwerengero cha anthu chatsala pang'ono kuchoka ku kuchepa kwachuma komaliza. Chuma chataya ntchito pamlingo wa 81,000 pamwezi pa kotala yapitayi, ndipo malipiro enieni akutsika.5 Zonsezi zidzabwereranso ku msika wa nyumba komanso kufooketsa ndalama za ogula. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo la maboma ndi maboma, omwe mpaka pano akuwonjezera ntchito, apanga mgwirizano posachedwa pomwe maboma ayamba kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe amawononga (ambiri akuyenera kulinganiza ndalama zawo) potengera kutsika kwa ndalama. Boma la New York City lalengeza posachedwapa kuti ndalama zokwana madola 1.5 biliyoni zidzachepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’miyezi 15 ikubwerayi.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kutsika kwa US kukungoyamba kumene, ndipo kudzathamanga ngakhale kuti mavuto omwe ali m'magulu azachuma athetsedwe m'njira yabwino kwambiri. Mwachiwonekere, mavuto azachuma chifukwa achotsa mabungwe omwe ali ndi ngongole komanso ngongole zoyipa zimathandizira kutsika kwachuma chifukwa chochepetsa kupezeka kwa ngongole ndikuchepetsa chidaliro cha osunga ndalama nthawi zambiri.
Izi zimabweretsa zomwe zidzakhale nkhondo yayikulu yotsatira pazachuma, mavuto azachuma atathetsedwa: ndondomeko yazachuma. Padzafunika ndondomeko yowonjezereka yazachuma kuti muchepetse mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachuma, komwe kukuyenera kukhala koyipa kwambiri m'zaka zosachepera zinayi. Bungwe la Fed ladula kale chiwongola dzanja cha Federal Funds kuchoka pa 5.25% kufika pa 2.0 peresenti, ndipo sichinapitenso patsogolo. Koma ndondomeko zandalama sizingakhale ndi gawo laling'ono chabe lazowonjezereka zomwe zidakhala nazo pakugwa kwachuma komaliza, pomwe zidathandizira kukulitsa kwakukulu kwa kuwira kwa nyumba. Ndi mitengo yanthawi yayitali yomwe imakhudza kwambiri ntchito zachuma ku United States, ndipo kutsitsa kwanthawi yayitali sikuchepetsa mitengo yanthawi yayitali; kwenikweni misika yazaka 10 ya Treasury yachitapo kangapo pakuchepetsa kwaposachedwa kwa Fed ndi kuchuluka kwa zokolola. Komanso, Ndalamazo zikudandaula kwambiri za kukwera kwa mitengo tsopano, ndi CPI pa 7.2% pa chaka chatha (pachimake pa 3.4%), poyerekeza ndi 4.0% kumayambiriro kwa kutsika kwachuma (pachimake pa 3.5%).
Poganizira kusagwira ntchito kwa kuchepetsanso chiwongoladzanja, ndondomeko ya zachuma idzakhala chida chachikulu chothandizira ndondomeko yotsutsana ndi ndondomeko posachedwapa. Komabe, ngongole ya dziko ili kale kuposa 67 peresenti ya GDP; Chiwongola dzanja chamakono chidzakankhira izi kupitirira 72 peresenti ndipo mwinamwake padzakhala ndalama zowonjezera (monga kubwezeredwa kwa ndalama za Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, zomwe sizingatheke kuthana ndi kulephera kwa banki) komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chiwongoladzanja chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama ndi ndalama. ndalama zimatsika pamene chuma chikuchepa. Izi ndi ziwerengero za ngongole za anthu zomwe sizinawonekere kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pamene ngongoleyo idakalipobe chifukwa cha kukula kwake pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Zachidziwikire kuti zikadakhala bwino kwambiri pakagwa pansi kunyalanyaza milingo yangongoleyi ndikupitilizabe ndi ndalama zambiri zolimbikitsira ndalama - makamaka popeza kubweza ngongoleyo, ndikuwonjezera ngongoleyo, sikukhala ndi zotsatira zofananira pakufunika monga njira zina zowonongera ndalama. angatero. Komabe, padakali tsankho lalikulu m'zandale za US, m'zipani zandale komanso m'manyuzipepala, zotsutsa kutero. Kukula ndi kukula kwa ngongole ya dziko ndi nkhani yaikulu mu ndale za ndale, kuphatikizapo kampeni ya pulezidenti, ndipo ma Democrat ambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa amakhala osamala kwambiri kuposa ma Republican pankhaniyi.
Choncho, kuya ndi kuwononga kwachuma kwamakono kungadalire kuti boma lotsatira likulolera kunyalanyaza chiphunzitso chachuma ichi ndikulimbikitsa chuma. Pa nthawi ya kuchepa kwachuma boma la feduro linachoka ku 2.4 peresenti ya GDP yachuma kupita ku 3.5 peresenti (2000-2003); ndipo izi zinali mogwirizana ndi kuchepetsa chiwongola dzanja (kuchokera pa 6 peresenti mu May 2000 kufika pa 1 peresenti mu June 2003) ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa kuwira kwa nyumba. Pakalipano, ndalama za Federal Funds zili kale pa 2 peresenti ndipo kuchepa kwa bajeti ya federal (pogwiritsa ntchito bajeti yogwirizana yomwe nthawi zambiri imafotokozedwa) ili pa 3.3 peresenti ya GDP, kuphatikizapo ndalama zomwe zilipo panopa.
Ngakhale akuluakulu aboma atsimikizira kuti ndi osinthika kwambiri poyankha mavuto azachuma - kutulutsa anthu ambiri, kusonkhanitsa ngongole, komanso kulolerana ndi kukwera kwa inflation komanso ngozi za inflation zomwe sizachilendo kwa Federal Reserve - sizikuwonekeratu kuti boma lotsatirali. , mosasamala kanthu kuti ndani adzapambana zisankho, adzakhala okonzeka kusiya kusungitsa ndalama ngati pakufunika kuthandizira kukoka chuma kuti chichoke. Mwachiwonekere iwo sangapange mitundu ya zolakwa zomwe boma la Japan linapanga pambuyo poti msika wawo wamasheya ndi kuphulika kwa nyumba kuphulika mu 1989; ndipo dziko la US lili ndi ubwino wina, makamaka ponena za dola monga ndalama yofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha mayiko onse, zomwe zingathandize kuti dziko la United States lisavutike kuti lipewe kugwera m'nthawi yotalikirapo. Komabe pali mpata wochuluka kuti kutsika kwachuma uku kukhale kwanthawi yayitali kuposa kufunikira ngati pali kulephera kwa mfundo.
Kupatula pakali pano kuzama ndi kutalika kwa kutsika kwachuma, komanso kudalira kwake pamayankho a mfundo, momwe chuma chikuyendera chikhoza kusiya zotsatira zokhazikika pazachuma za US, komanso chifukwa cha chikoka cha US, ambiri padziko lapansi. Zina mwa izi zachitika kale. Mabanki asanu apamwamba aku US omwe amagulitsa ndalama kulibenso: Bear Stearns idagwa koyambirira kwa chaka chino, Lehman adasokonekera, Merrill Lynch adavomera kugulidwa ndi Bank of America; Morgan Stanley ndi Goldman Sachs adasiya udindo wa banki yogulitsa ndalama. Izi zimawabweretsa onse mkati mwa Federal Reserve's regulatory system.
Kodi ndi zotsatira zotani zomwe tingayembekezere, chuma chitakhala bwino? Titha kuyembekezera kuti kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe kazachuma ku US kuchepetse nkhanza zina zomwe zidapangitsa kugwa. Zikuwonekerabe ngati kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono monga msonkho wamalonda, komwe kungachepetse malingaliro ndi kukweza ndalama zokwana madola 100 biliyoni pachaka, kudzakhala ndi mwayi.
Popeza uku ndi kutsika kwachuma kwachiwiri m'zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zidayamba chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa buluu, ndizotheka kuti Fed idzasintha malingaliro ake a thovu zongopeka zotere ndikuyamba kuwayang'anira ndikuyesera kuwatsutsa. Udindo mpaka pano wa Alan Greenspan ndi Ben Bernanke wakhala kuti Fed sayenera kuyesa kuchita chilichonse chokhudza thovu la chuma mpaka zitachitika.6 Komabe izi sizikupanga nzeru; kuwira kwa msika wa masheya kunali kudziwika ndikuzindikirika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ndi momwemonso ndi kuwira kwa nyumba kuyambira 2002.7 Komanso, Ndalama siziyenera kukweza chiwongola dzanja kuti tithane ndi kuphulika kwachuma; zambiri zitha kuchitidwa kuti athetse malingaliro ake podziwitsa osunga ndalama ndi anthu kuopsa koyika ndalama pazachuma zomwe zachulukirachulukira, komanso njira zina zowongolera.8 Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa ngakhale zikuzindikirika kuti panali zolephera zowongolera, mwachitsanzo pankhani ya msika wa subprime mortgage, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zomwe zikuchitika pano, sizikudziwika kuti kulephera kukhala ndi kuwira komweko - komwe kumatha zachitika - ndiye chifukwa chimodzi chachikulu cha zowonongeka zomwe tikuwona lero.
Kuchepa kwa kusokonekera kwa malonda aku US panthawi yachuma kudzasintha, mwina, kumodzi mwakusamvana kwakukulu pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Kwa United States, zingathandize kubwezeretsa mikhalidwe yakukula kokhazikika. Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1990 kukula kwachuma ku US kwadalira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mowa mwauchidakwa, choyamba kuchokera ku misika yamisika yamalonda ndiyeno kuphulika kwa nyumba. Chifukwa chimodzi cha izi ndikukula kwa United States ndipo - mpaka chaka chatha - kuchulukirachulukira kwamalonda, komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa dola. Popeza kuchepa kwa malonda, monga nkhani yowerengera ndalama, kumachepetsa kukula, chuma chimafunikanso gwero lina lofunika kuti libweze. Kugwiritsa ntchito motsogozedwa ndi bubble kwachita gawoli mpaka pano, koma sikudzakhalanso kofunikira ngati kutsika kwa dola - kuphatikiza kutsika kwachuma pakuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zochokera kunja - kumachepetsa kuchepa kwa malonda kukhala kokhazikika.
Pambuyo pakutsika kwachuma uku, chikoka cha malingaliro a neoliberal, omwe ali ndi maziko amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi ku United States, adzawoneka ofooka pang'ono. Kusiyana kwaufulu komwe malemu Milton Friedman adagwirizana kale kudatsika kale m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kutsutsana pazachikhalidwe cha "msika waulere" m'zaka zikubwerazi. Koma bwanji za malingaliro odziwika bwino a neoliberal, omwe nthawi zambiri amalembedwa molakwika kuti "msika waulere," kapena "malonda aulere?" Zoona zake, ndondomekozi zathetsa zopinga za msika pamene kusintha koteroko kungachepetse malipiro kapena kugawanso ndalama zowonjezera (monga malonda a mayiko opanga zinthu), pamene akuthandizira chitetezo ndi njira zosagwirizana ndi msika pamene izi zigawiranso ndalama zokwera (mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa chitetezo cha mankhwala, kuletsa. mpikisano pantchito zamaluso, malipiro a CEO).9 Malingaliro awa nawonso adzafooketsedwa pang'ono m'zaka zikubwerazi. M’mbali zina zingakhale zofanana ndi zimene zinachitika dziko la Japan litagwa mu 1989, ngakhale kuti linali lochepa kwambiri. Chaka cha 1989 chisanafike, ndondomeko ya mafakitale ku Japan ndi kukula komwe kunatsogolera kukula kwa katundu kunkayamikiridwa kwambiri monga ndondomeko zachuma zabwino; pambuyo pa kugwa kwa msika wogulitsa katundu ku Japan ndi kuphulika kwa malo ndi malo osungiramo malo komanso kutsika kwa m'ma 1990, Japan sinawonekenso ngati chitsanzo choyenera kutsanzira.
Pakhala pali kuyesayesa kwamphamvu m'zaka zaposachedwa, m'magulu andale ndi azama TV ofunikira kwambiri ku Europe, kukankhira Europe kunjira yotsanzira United States, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ngati mtundu wamphamvu komanso wopambana wa capitalism. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mayiko a Eurozone sangakwanitse kupeza chuma chawo pachuma chatsopano chapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuti malamulo a msika wogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe achulukitsa kusowa kwa ntchito ndikulepheretsa kukula kwa zokolola. Umboni wachuma paziganizozi wakhala ukusoweka,10 koma adathandizira kusankha Purezidenti wa ku France Nicolas Sarkozy mu 2007, ndipo utsogoleri wa German Social Democratic Party wakhala akunyoza ovota mobwerezabwereza poyesa kusuntha mbali iyi. Malingaliro awa atha kutaya mphamvu chifukwa chowonadi chavuto lomwe lilipo komanso kuchepa kwachuma kwa US kukuwonetsedwa kwa anthu aku Europe. Malingaliro a Neoliberal atha kutaya kukhulupirika kwina m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene; agwera kale kwambiri kutchuka ku Latin America m’zaka khumi zapitazi.
Kutsika kwachuma ku US kudzachepetsanso mphamvu zake padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zakhala zikutsika kwambiri pansi pa Bush Administration.
Mfundo Zakunja zaku US Zaka Zamtsogolo
Ambiri amavomereza kuti Washington yataya mphamvu komanso kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka zaposachedwa, makamaka chifukwa chakukana dziko lonse lapansi kukana kuukira kwa Washington ku Iraq, komanso zonyansa zina zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu (malo osungira chinsinsi, Abu Ghraib. , Guantánamo, kumasuliridwa modabwitsa ndi kuzunzika), komanso wosagwirizana ndi anthu ambiri komanso "nafe kapena motsutsana nafe" motsogozedwa ndi Bush Administration.
Palinso zifukwa zina za kuchepa kwa chikoka cha US zomwe nthawi zina zimathandizira kwambiri koma osalandira chidwi chochepa. Chofunikira kwambiri mwa izi ndikugwa kwa International Monetary Fund (IMF).11 Uwu unali njira yofunika kwambiri ya chikoka cha US m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene pazaka makumi atatu zapitazi. IMF idayikidwa, mwadongosolo, pamwamba pagulu laongongole. Maboma omwe sanafikire mapangano ndi Fund pa ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana zachuma nthawi zambiri anakanidwa ngongole osati IMF, koma yaikulu World Bank, ena obwereketsa multi-lateral monga Inter-American Development Bank, maboma olemera. mayiko, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mabungwe wamba. Izi zidapatsa Washington, yomwe yakhala ikulamulira IMF kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1944, chida champhamvu cholimbikitsa kusintha kwachuma m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumene.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, mphamvu imeneyi yatsika m'mayiko olemera kwambiri. Ngakhale maiko ena osauka, makamaka ku Africa, akadali pansi pa mikhalidwe ya IMF, pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe ali ndi ndalama zapakati satero. M'zaka zinayi zapitazi ngongole yonse ya IMF yatsika kuchoka pa $105 biliyoni kufika kuchepera $10 biliyoni. Kampaniyo pakali pano ikuyendetsa ndalama zokwana $400 miliyoni pachaka ndipo yakakamizika kuchepetsa.
Kugwa kwa IMF kwathandizira kwambiri kuti Washington iwonongeke ku Latin America. Maboma ambiri m'derali tsopano ndi odziyimira pawokha ku Washington kuposa momwe Europe ilili. Zilinso chifukwa chakuti maboma apakati asankhidwa m’zaka khumi zapitazi ku Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay, ndi Venezuela. Chifukwa chachikulu cha kupanduka kumeneku pa bokosi lovotera chinali kulephera kwachuma kwa mfundo za neoliberal zomwe zidalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi Washington ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo IMF, World Bank, ndi IADB. Kuchokera mu 1960-1980 ndalama za munthu aliyense m'derali zidakula ndi 82 peresenti. Kuchokera mu 1980-2000 chinakula ndi 9 peresenti yokha, ndipo mosasamala kanthu za zaka zabwino zingapo posachedwapa, chawonjezeka ndi 14 peresenti yokha m'zaka khumi zamakono. Ngakhale kunyalanyaza kugaŵidwa kwa ndalama, kumene kuli kosafanana koposa kulikonse padziko lapansi ndipo kwaipiraipira m’maiko ena, kukula kwachuma kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa Latin America ndi kulephereka kwachitukuko m’nyengo ya utsogoleri wausilikali sikunachitikepo m’mbiri yake yamakono.12
Kuyankha kwa Washington pakusintha kumanzere kwa Latin America kwathandizira kuti chigawocho chiwonongeke. Bush Administration idathandizira kulanda boma motsutsana ndi boma losankhidwa la Venezuela mu 2002, kenako idapitiliza kupereka ndalama ndikuthandizira magulu otsutsa ndikuthandizira mwachidwi zoyesayesa zowononga (kuphatikiza kumenyedwa kwamafuta mu 2002-2003) pambuyo pa kulanda. Teodoro Petkoff, yemwe pano ndi m'modzi mwa atsogoleri odziwika komanso olemekezeka a gulu lotsutsa ku Venezuela m'maiko apadziko lonse lapansi, posachedwapa adalongosola zotsutsa "njira yomwe idafuna kulanda asitikali" kuyambira 1999-2003, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake makampani amafuta pofuna kuthana ndi boma.13
Kuthandizira kwa Washington panjira iyi, komanso kupitiliza kuthandizira otsutsa aku Venezuela mpaka lero kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu ndi Venezuela. M'malo moyesa kukhazikitsanso ubale wabwino ndi dziko la Venezuela, mwachitsanzo kudzera m'mawu achindunji, yakhala ikuchita zinthu zankhanza zomwe zimawoneka kuti zidayambitsa udani - posachedwa kuwopseza kuyika Venezuela pamndandanda wamayiko otchedwa "boma". ochirikiza uchigawenga."14
Kuphatikiza apo, Washington yatsata njira yoyesera kudzipatula ku Venezuela kwa oyandikana nawo. Izi zabwezeranso m'mbuyo ndipo zathandiza kwambiri kupatula United States osati Venezuela m'derali. Thandizo la Bush Administration ku magulu otsutsa ku Bolivia, kuphatikizapo ndalama zochokera ku USAID, zinapangitsa kuti pa September 10 kazembe wa US achotsedwe; Venezuela idathamangitsa kazembe waku US ngati njira yothandizira, ndipo Washington adathamangitsa akazembe aku Venezuela ndi Bolivia.
Mu chizindikiro china cha kuchepa kwa chikoka cha United States ku Latin America makamaka ku South America, UNASUR inakumana pa September 15 ndipo inapereka mawu olimbikitsa kwambiri boma la Evo Morales. Ena mwa osayinawo anali Colombia, bwenzi lapamtima la Washington m’derali, limodzinso ndi Peru, ndi Chile, amene anayambitsa msonkhanowo. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kusintha kwapangidwe komwe kukulimbitsa ufulu wa Latin America komanso kufunafuna mgwirizano wachuma ndi ndale, kudzera m'mabungwe monga UNASUR ndi Bank of the South.
Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zingathandizire zomwe zikuchitika m'zaka zikubwerazi. Choyamba, msika wa United States wa zogulitsa kunja kwa Latin America, zomwe zinakula mofulumira kwambiri kuchokera ku 1994-2006, pamene kuchepa kwa malonda a US kunafika pachimake cha 6.2 peresenti ya GDP mu 2006, sichidzatero zaka zikubwerazi. Izi ndichifukwa chakuchepetsa kuchepa kwa malonda aku US (onani pamwambapa). Zotsatirazi zidzamveka kwambiri ndi mayiko omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wa "malonda aulere" ndi United States, makamaka Mexico, Canada, Central America, ndi Caribbean.15 Maiko monga Brazil ndi Argentina, omwe amatumiza ndalama zosakwana XNUMX peresenti ya GDP ku United States, sizidzakhudzidwa kwambiri. Kusiyana kumeneku kudzalimbikitsanso kuyenda kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kusiya kudalira kwambiri malonda ndi United States, kuphatikiza kuphatikiza chuma cha Latin America. Sizingakhale zodabwitsa ngati ngakhale ogwirizana kwambiri a Washington, monga Colombia, atha kulowa nawo mabungwe monga Bank of the South.
Kuchepetsa kuthandizira kwa mapangano a "malonda aulere", ku Latin America ndi ku United States, kudzachepetsanso kufunikira kwa ubale wamalonda wa US ndi Latin America. Cholinga cha "Free Trade Area of the Americas," yomwe idakambidwa pakati pa 1994 ndi 2005 yafa, ndipo mgwirizano womwe waperekedwa pakati pa US ndi Colombia sukuwoneka ngati utheka. Kupambana kwachuma kwa maboma akumanzere omwe asankhidwa m'zaka khumi zapitazi kudzalimbikitsanso mayiko kufunafuna malo ochulukirapo a ndondomeko kuposa momwe amaloledwa panthawi ya neoliberal. Venezuela ndi Argentina, mwachitsanzo, atsatira ndondomeko zazikulu zachuma ndipo akhala ndi chuma chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi.16
Pamene dziko likuchulukirachulukirachulukira, chikoka cha US chipitilira kuchepa osati ku Latin America kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Kuwonongeka kwa zokambirana mu World Trade Organization mwezi wa July wapitawu, mwachitsanzo, ndi chiwonetsero china cha ndondomekoyi. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, kuphatikizapo India ndi China, ndi aakulu kwambiri komanso okhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa momwe analili pamene WTO inakhazikitsidwa - ndi malamulo osagwirizana ndi mayiko omwe akutukuka - mu 1995. ndi ndalama zawo, monga malingaliro a Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) omwe angakakamize kuchepetsa mitengo yamitengo kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kusiyana ndi mayiko omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri pakupanga - izi zathandizira kuti pakhale mavuto omwe alipo.
Kodi tingayembekezere chiyani pakusintha kwa mfundo zakunja za US ngati Barack Obama atapambana utsogoleri mu Novembala? Ngakhale ali wodekha kuposa a McCain, a Obama adatengeranso mawu odana ndi Venezuela, adalonjeza kuti asunga chiletso ku Cuba, komanso adawonetsa kuthandizira kuukira kwa Colombia pa Marichi 1 ku Ecuador.17 Uku kunali kuphwanya ulamuliro komanso kuyika koopsa kwa mikangano ya ku Colombia - mothandizidwa ndi Bush Administration - yomwe idakanidwa poyera ndi pafupifupi maboma onse padziko lapansi.
Kumbali inayi, Obama wati akumana ndi Purezidenti Hugo Chavez waku Venezuela komanso Raul Castro waku Cuba. Komanso, nkovuta kuwunika tanthauzo la mawu ochokera kwa woimira aliyense pamene akupikisana pa mavoti a zikwi mazana a anthu aku Cuba-America akumanja ku Florida, dziko lomwe lili ndi mavoti 27 omwe anasintha zisankho ziwiri zapitazi.
Koma vuto ndi lozama kwambiri kuposa ofuna kapena zikhulupiriro kapena njira zawo. Pali bungwe lotsogola lazachilendo lomwe lili ku Washington, lomwe limaphatikizapo atolankhani akuluakulu komanso mabungwe akulu akulu azamalamulo, komanso mamembala akuluakulu a Congress ndi State Department. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zakunja - kunyalanyaza ma neoconservatives omwe ali m'gulu la alangizi apamwamba a McCain koma sangakhale ndi gawo mu kayendetsedwe ka Obama - ali ndi malingaliro ozama padziko lonse lapansi omwe sakugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa ndale komwe kwachitika ku Latin America zaka khumi zapitazi. .18 Alangizi a Obama ndi gawo lalikulu la mgwirizano umenewo; kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bush Administration pa ubale wa US-Latin America ndikuti Boma silinapereke chidwi chokwanira kuderali.19
Ngati Obama apambana, zomwe zingachitike ndikuti Purezidenti Chavez alandila utsogoleri watsopano ndikupereka nthambi ya azitona. Ngati Obama amvera alangizi ake, adzakana izi m'njira yomwe imalimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha quo ante. Pali, ndithudi, kuthekera kuti Obama angatsutsane ndi alangizi ake ndikusiya kampeni ya Washington yolimbana ndi Venezuela. Koma sichochitika chotheka.
Komabe, pazaka zingapo pakhala kusintha kwakukulu mu mfundo za US ku Latin America ndi dziko lonse lapansi pansi pa msonkhano wa demokalase ndi purezidenti. Zili choncho chifukwa maziko a magulu awiriwa ndi osiyana kwambiri. Izi sizikuwoneka mu ndale zapurezidenti, pazifukwa zingapo. Senator aliyense wa Democratic US yemwe ali ndi zikhumbo zapurezidenti adavotera nkhondo yaku Iraq. Kuwerengera muzosankha zoterezi n'kosavuta: amadziwa kuti ngati amavotera nkhondo ndipo ndi tsoka, maziko awo adzawakhululukira; koma ngati avotera zotsutsana nazo ndipo ndi "kuchita bwino," adzataya thandizo kuchokera pakati kumanja (kuphatikiza atolankhani).20
Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, kusiyana kwa maziko a maphwando awiriwa kumakhudza kwambiri mfundo zakunja. Izi ndi zoona masiku ano kuposa momwe zinalili zaka 20 zapitazo, pamene Democratic Congress inadula ndalama ku Nicaragua contras chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa udzu. Purezidenti Reagan adakakamizika kuthamangitsa nkhondoyo kuchokera m'chipinda chapansi pa White House, ndi ndalama zosaloledwa, zomwe zidatsala pang'ono kumuwonongera utsogoleri wake pachiwonetsero cha Iran-Contra. Pakati pa maziko a chipani cha Democratic masiku ano pali anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, kuphatikiza omenyera ufulu wawo, omwe amawona "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" ngati nthano ndipo sakhulupirira kuti United States ili ndi ufulu kapena kufunikira kokakamiza mayiko ena.
Otsatirawo ali kale ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pa nkhani zina zazikulu za ndondomeko zakunja. Obama akuti ali wokonzeka kukambirana ndi Iran popanda zikhalidwe. Ndondomeko yomwe ilipo pakalipano yokhudzana ndi Iran, yomwe McCain angapitirire ngati sichikuwonjezera, ikutsindika kuti Iran iyenera kuyimitsa kulimbikitsa uranium zokambirana zisanayambe. Ichi ndi njira yothetsera mikangano yankhondo, popeza anthu aku Irani okha, osati boma lokha, amachirikiza mwamphamvu lingaliro lakuti ali ndi ufulu (zomwe amachita pansi pa mapangano apadziko lonse) kuti alemere uranium kuti agwiritse ntchito mwamtendere. Kotero kusiyana kwa Obama ndi ndondomeko yamakono pa Iran ndi yofunika kwambiri. Izi zili ndi tanthauzo kudera lonselo. Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wa Iran pa nkhani ya Afghanistan ukhoza kuthandizira kuchoka ku nkhondoyi.
Pankhani ya Iraq, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu. McCain akudzipereka kwambiri kuti nkhondo ikhale "yopambana," motero akhoza kukhala nthawi yayitali ndikuyesera kukhala ndi gulu lalikulu kwamuyaya. Ndiwodzipereka kwambiri kulimbana ndi Iran, pomwe boma la Iraq liyenera kukhala ndi ubale wapamtima ndi Iran. Kudzipereka uku, kuphatikiza malingaliro ake a dziko lapansi, angapangitse McCain kukhalabe ku Iraq kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukhala ndi zida zankhondo zokhazikika kumeneko. Boma la Iraq likukankhira kumbuyo ku United States; akakamiza kuti agwirizane pa nthawi yochotsa asitikali akunja m'mizinda yaku Iraq ndipo akuyembekezeka kupeza mgwirizano wanthawi yotuluka. Alimbananso kwambiri ndi Washington pokhudzana ndi udindo wamakampani amafuta akunja.21 Obama ndi wokonzeka kuposa McCain kuvomereza zenizeni izi posachedwa.
Pa Afghanistan, Pakistan, ndi Israel/Palestine pali kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa osankhidwa awiriwa. Onsewa akufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa asitikali ku Afghanistan, ndikukhala mwaukali kwambiri ku Pakistan. Ndondomekozi, komanso kulephera ngakhale kutsutsa kufalikira kwa malo okhala a Israeli m'madera omwe agwidwa, ndizopanda phindu komanso zowopsa. Otsatira onsewa akufunanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa asitikali ankhondo aku US.
Pafunso lomalizali, kuchuluka kwa ngongole za dziko zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuwonekera kumapeto kwa kugwa kwachuma komanso kubweza ngongole zitha kukhala cholepheretsa kukulitsa usilikali. Ngakhale kuti dziko la United States limatha kukhala ndi ngongole zambiri zaboma popanda kuwononga chuma, pali zovuta zandale zomwe zimabwera, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Pachimake cha nkhondo ya Vietnam, pamene Martin Luther King Jr. anachenjeza kuti Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Umphawi ikusiyidwa chifukwa cha ndalama zankhondo, ngongole ya dziko inali pafupifupi 43 peresenti ya GDP ndi kugwa; poyerekeza ndi 67 peresenti ya GDP ndi kukwera mofulumira kwa ngongole / GDP chiŵerengero lero. Pamapeto pake, Achimerika potsiriza angayambe kudziona kuti akuyenera kusankha pakati pa kumenyana kuti ateteze ufumuwo ukuchepa, ndi kusangalala ndi moyo wabwino - kuphatikizapo zinthu monga chisamaliro chaumoyo padziko lonse - zomwe anzawo akumayiko ena olemera ali nazo.
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