Iyi ndiye nkhani yayitali ya wolemba yomwe idatulutsidwa ndi British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) pa 6 February 2009.
Sabata ndi sabata, tikuwona chuma chapadziko lonse chikuyenda moyipa kwambiri kuposa momwe adaneneratu ofufuza omwe adayimilira. Tsopano, mwachiwonekere, tili m'mavuto wamba koma tikupita ku vuto lachisokonezo chapadziko lonse chomwe chingakhalepo kwa zaka zambiri.
Vuto Lofunika Kwambiri: Kuchulukana
Economics Orthodox yasiya kwanthawi yayitali kukhala yothandiza pakumvetsetsa vutoli. Komano, zachuma zomwe sizili zachikhalidwe, zimapereka chidziwitso champhamvu kwambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa komanso zovuta zomwe zikuchitika. Kuchokera pakuwona kwapang'onopang'ono, zomwe tikuwona ndikuwonjezereka kwa chimodzi mwazovuta zapakati kapena "zotsutsana" za capitalism yapadziko lonse: vuto la kuchulukitsa, lomwe limadziwikanso kuti kuchulukirachulukira kapena kuchulukirachulukira. Ichi ndi chizoloลตezi cha chikapitalisti kumangika, pamene pali mpikisano wokwera pakati pa ma capitalist, mphamvu zopindulitsa zomwe zimaposa mphamvu za anthu kuti azidya chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe zimalepheretsa mphamvu zogulira. Zotsatira zake ndi kuwonongeka kwa phindu, zomwe zimabweretsa kutsika kwachuma.
Kuti timvetse kugwa kwamasiku ano, tiyenera kubwerera mโmbuyo mโnthaลตi yotchedwa Golden Age of Contemporary Capitalism, nyengo yoyambira 1945 mpaka 1975. Iyi inali nthaลตi ya kukula kofulumira ponse paลตiri mโmaiko apakati pa chuma chapakati ndi mโmaiko osatukuka. zinayambitsidwa ndi kumangidwanso kwakukulu kwa Europe ndi East Asia pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, komanso mwa zina ndi makonzedwe atsopano a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zida zozikidwa pa kusagwirizana pakati pa Capital ndi Labor zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa pansi pa dziko latsopano la Keynesian.
Koma nthawi imeneyi ya kukula kwakukulu inatha pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, pamene chuma chapakati chinagwidwa ndi stagflation, kutanthauza kukhalapo kwa kukula kochepa ndi kukwera kwakukulu kwa inflation, zomwe siziyenera kuchitika pansi pa neoclassical economics.
Stagflation, komabe, chinali chizindikiro cha chifukwa chozama: kumangidwanso kwa
Chiwonetsero chowawa kwambiri chavuto lakuchulukirachulukira chinali kuchepa kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, komwe kunali kowopsa kwambiri kupitilira chuma chapadziko lonse kuyambira Chisokonezo Chachikulu, ndiye kuti, mavuto omwe alipo asanachitike.
Capitalism idayesa njira zitatu zopulumukira ku zovuta zakuchulukirachulukira: kukonzanso neoliberal, kudalirana kwapadziko lonse, komanso kudalirana kwachuma.
Njira Yopulumukira # 1: Kukonzanso kwa Neoliberal
Kukonzanso kwa Neoliberal kudatenga mawonekedwe a Reaganism ndi Thatcherism kumpoto ndi Structural Adjustment ku South. Cholinga chinali kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa ndalama, ndipo izi ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi 1) kuchotsa zopinga za boma pakukula, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama ndi chuma; ndi 2) kugawanso ndalama kuchokera kwa osauka ndi apakati kwa olemera pa chiphunzitso chakuti olemera adzalimbikitsidwa kuyikapo ndalama ndi kulamulira kukula kwachuma.
Vuto la ndondomekoyi linali loti pogawanso ndalama kwa olemera, mumawononga ndalama za anthu osauka ndi apakati, motero mumachepetsa kufunika kwake, osati kukakamiza olemera kuti awononge ndalama zambiri zokolola. M'malo mwake, zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri kuyika ndalama pazongopeka.
M'malo mwake, kukonzanso kwa neoliberal, komwe kunachitika kumpoto ndi kum'mwera m'zaka za m'ma 1.1 ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi, kunalibe mbiri yabwino pakukula: Kukula kwapadziko lonse kunali 1990 peresenti m'ma 1.4 ndi 80 peresenti mu '3.5s, poyerekeza ndi 1960 peresenti mโma 2.4 ndi 70 peresenti mโzaka za mโma XNUMX, pamene ndondomeko zoloลตererapo za boma zinali zazikulu. Kukonzanso kwa Neoliberal sikunathe kugwedeza kuyimirira.
Njira Yothawira # 2: Kugwirizana kwa mayiko
Njira yachiwiri yopulumutsira ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe zidachitika pofuna kuthana ndi kusokonekera inali "kuchulukana kwakukulu" kapena kudalirana kwa mayiko, kapena kuphatikizika kofulumira kwa madera ang'ono-kapitalist, osakhala a capitalist, kapena pre-capitalist mumsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Rosa Luxemburg, katswiri wazachuma wotchuka waku Germany, adawona izi kalekale m'maphunziro ake apamwamba "Kuchuluka kwa Capital" ngati kuli kofunikira kuti akweze chiwongola dzanja m'mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono.
Bwanji? Mwa kupeza mwayi wopeza ntchito zotsika mtengo, kupeza misika yatsopano, ngakhale yocheperako, popeza magwero atsopano azinthu zotsika mtengo zaulimi ndi zopangira, ndikukhazikitsa madera atsopano opangira ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikizika kumatheka kudzera mwa kumasula malonda, kuchotsa zolepheretsa kuyenda kwa ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuchotsa zolepheretsa kugulitsa ndalama zakunja.
Pofika pakati pa zaka khumi zoyambirira za zaka za zana la 21, pafupifupi 40-50 peresenti ya phindu la mabungwe aku US adachokera ku ntchito ndi malonda awo kunja, makamaka
Vuto la njira yopulumukirayi kuti isayimire ndi yoti imakulitsa vuto la kubereka mopitirira muyeso chifukwa imawonjezera mphamvu zobala. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zopanga zawonjezeredwa
Njira Yopulumukira # 3: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama
Poganizira zopeza zochepa pothana ndi kupsinjika kwa kuchulukitsa kwachulukidwe kudzera pakukonzanso kwatsopano komanso kudalirana kwa mayiko, njira yachitatu yopulumukira - kupezera ndalama - idakhala yofunika kwambiri pakusunga ndi kukweza phindu.
Ndi ndalama zogulira m'mafakitale ndi zaulimi zomwe zimabweretsa phindu lochepa chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira, ndalama zambiri zotsalira zakhala zikuzungulira kapena kuyikidwamo ndikubwezeretsanso gawo lazachuma - ndiko kuti, gawo lazachuma likudziyambitsa yokha.
Zotsatira zake ndi kuchulukana kowirikiza pakati pa chuma chambiri chokhazikika komanso chuma chenicheni chomwe chili pachiwopsezo. Monga mkulu wina wazachuma adalemba m'masamba a Financial Times, "pakhala pali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa chuma chenicheni ndi zachuma m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Chuma chenicheni chakula ... Chomwe wowonerayu samatiuza ndichakuti kusagwirizana pakati pa chuma chenicheni ndi zachuma sikunachitike mwangozi - kuti chuma chachuma chidakula ndendende kuti chithandizire kuyimilira chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachuma chenicheni.
Chizindikiro chimodzi cha kupindula kwakukulu kwa gawo lazachuma ndikuti pamene phindu mu
Vuto loikapo ndalama m'makampani azachuma ndi lofanana ndi kufinya mtengo womwe udapangidwa kale. Zitha kupanga phindu, inde, koma sizipanga phindu latsopano - makampani okha, ulimi, malonda, ndi ntchito zimapanga phindu latsopano. Chifukwa phindu silitengera mtengo womwe umapangidwa, mabizinesi amasinthasintha kwambiri ndipo mitengo yamasheya, ma bond, ndi mitundu ina yamalonda imatha kuchoka pamtengo wake weniweni - mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zoyambira pa intaneti kumatha kukwera mpaka kukwera. osadziwika, motsogozedwa makamaka ndi kuchulukirachulukira kwamitengo yazachuma.
Phindu limadalira kutengapo mwayi pakutsika kwamitengo yokwera kuchokera pamtengo wamtengo wapatali, kenako kugulitsa zinthu zisanachitike kukakamiza "kuwongolera," ndiko kubwereranso kuzinthu zenizeni. Kukwera kwakukulu kwa mitengo yamtengo wapatali kuposa zenizeni zenizeni ndiko kumatchedwa kupangika kwa thovu.
Phindu limadalira kulanda boma mongoyerekeza, sizodabwitsa kuti gawo lazachuma limayenda kuchokera kunthambi lina kupita ku lina, kapena kuchoka ku malingaliro ongopeka kupita ku ena. Chifukwa zimayendetsedwa ndi misala yongopeka, capitalism yoyendetsedwa ndi ndalama yakumana ndi zovuta zazachuma pafupifupi 100 kuyambira pomwe misika yayikulu idachotsedwa ndikumasulidwa mzaka za m'ma 1980, vuto lalikulu kwambiri lisanachitike vuto lomwe lilipo ku Asia Financial Crisis la 1997.
Mphamvu za Subprime Implosion
Kugwa kwa Wall Street komweko kumachokera ku Technology Bubble ya kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, pamene mtengo wazinthu zoyambira pa intaneti unakwera kwambiri, kenako unagwa, zomwe zinachititsa kuti chuma chamtengo wapatali cha $ 7 trilioni chiwonongeke komanso kutsika kwachuma kwa 2001-2002.
Ndondomeko za ndalama zotayirira za Fed pansi pa Alan Greenspan zidalimbikitsa Tekinoloje yaukadaulo, ndipo itagwa pansi, Greenspan, kuyesera kuthana ndi kutsika kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali, idachepetsa chiwongola dzanja mpaka kutsika kwa zaka 45 ndi 1.0 peresenti mu June 2003. anaisunga kumeneko kwa kupitirira chaka. Izi zinali ndi zotsatira zolimbikitsa kuwira kwina - kuwira kwa malo ogulitsa nyumba.
Kumayambiriro kwa 2002, akatswiri azachuma opita patsogolo anali kuchenjeza za kuphulika kwa malo. Komabe, mochedwa 2005, ndiye Wapampando wa Council of Economic Advisers ndipo tsopano anali Chairman wa Federal Reserve Board. Ben Bernanke akuti kukwera kwa mitengo ya nyumba ku United States kudachitika chifukwa cha "zachuma zolimba" m'malo mongoganizira chabe. Kodi ndizodabwitsa kuti adagwidwa osayang'ana pamene vuto la Subprime linasweka m'chilimwe cha 2007?
The subprime mortgage crisis siinali nkhani yokwanira yoposa kufunikira kwenikweni. "Kufuna"ku kudapangidwa makamaka ndi malingaliro ongopeka kwa opanga ndi azandalama omwe amafuna kuti apeze phindu lalikulu popeza ndalama zakunja - zambiri mwazochokera ku Asia ndi China - zomwe zidasefukira.
Kodi zovuta za ngongole zanyumba zidakhala bwanji vuto lalikulu chonchi? Chifukwa chake n'chakuti katunduyu "adatetezedwa" - zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zowoneka bwino zotchedwa "collateralized credit obligations" (CDOs) zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza kuti ngongoleyo sidzalipidwa. Izi zidagulitsidwa ndi omwe adayambitsa ngongole zanyumba omwe amagwira ntchito ndi magulu osiyanasiyana apakati omwe adachepetsa chiopsezo kuti atsitse mwachangu kumabanki ena ndi osunga ndalama m'mabungwe. Mabungwewa nawonso adatsitsa zotetezedwazi kumabanki ena ndi mabungwe azachuma akunja.
Lingaliro linali loti mugulitse mwachangu, mutenge ndalama zanu patsogolo, ndikupanga phindu mwadongosolo, ndikuyika chiwopsezo kwa omwe akuyamwa pamzerewu - mazana masauzande a mabungwe ndi omwe amagulitsa ndalama pawokha omwe adagula zinsinsi zomangidwa ndi ngongole. Izi zimatchedwa "kufalitsa chiopsezo," ndipo zinkawoneka ngati chinthu chabwino chifukwa chinachepetsa ndalama za mabungwe azachuma, kuwapangitsa kuti azichita nawo ntchito zina zobwereketsa.
Pamene chiwongoladzanja chinakwezedwa pa ngongole za subprime, ngongole zosinthika, ndi ngongole zina za nyumba, masewerawa adakwera. Pali pafupifupi mamiliyoni anayi a ngongole za subprime zomwe zidzasokonekera zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi, ndipo mamiliyoni asanu obwezerezedwanso kuchokera ku ngongole zanyumba zosinthika ndi "ngongole zosinthika" zomwe zimayenera kusokoneza wogula nyumba yemwe sakufuna kwambiri zidzachitika pakanthawi zingapo zikubwerazi. zaka. Koma zitetezo zomwe mtengo wake ufika mpaka $2 thililiyoni anali atayikidwa kale, monga kachilombo, muzachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Dongosolo lalikulu la kuzungulira kwadziko lonse la capitalism linali loyipa kwambiri. Ndipo, monga mliri, sitikudziwa kuti ndi ndani ndi angati omwe ali ndi kachilombo koyambitsa matenda mpaka atalephera chifukwa dongosolo lonse lazachuma lakhala losawonekera chifukwa chosowa malamulo.
Kwa Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Bear Stearns, Bank of America, ndi Citigroup, zotayika zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi chitetezo chapoizonizi zidangowonjezera nkhokwe zawo.
Kugwa kwa Chuma Chenicheni
Koma m'malo mochita ntchito yawo yoyamba yobwereketsa kuti athandize ntchito zopindulitsa, mabanki amangogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo kapena kugula anzawo kuti alimbitse ndalama zawo. Nโzosadabwitsa kuti pamene dongosolo la kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake kanayamba kutha, kunali chabe nkhani ya nthawi kuti chuma chenicheni chiwonongeke, monga momwe chakhalira ndi liwiro lochititsa mantha m'masabata angapo apitawo. Woolworth, chithunzi chamalonda, chapindika
Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwatsimikizira kuti chuma chomwe chinakwera pamodzi mu chiwongoladzanja chidzakhalanso pansi limodzi, ndi liwiro losayerekezeka, mu bust, mapeto ake sakudziwika.
Walden Bello ndi pulofesa ku University of the
ZNetwork imalandira ndalama kudzera mu kuwolowa manja kwa owerenga ake.
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