Kuyerekeza kwachitika kaŵirikaŵiri pakati pa zimene Aromani a ku East-Central Europe ndi Achiafirika Achimereka ku United States anachita. Aromani nawonso akhala akuvutika ndi ukapolo, tsankho, tsankho lofala, kutengeredwa mokakamizidwa. Achitanso kampeni yomenyera ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe pafupifupi m’maiko onse kumene akukhala. Komabe, mpaka pano, makampeniwa akhala ndi zotsatira zochepa. Ngakhale kuti Aromani ena zinthu zikuwayendera bwino m’mayanjano, pazachuma, kapena pazandale, anthu onse a m’dera lawo adakali m’mbali.
Mu 1995, ndinachita nawo mkangano pakati pa anthu omenyera ufulu wa Aromani ndi asilikali omenyera ufulu wa anthu a ku America ku America ku Szentendre, tauni yomwe ili kunja kwa mzinda wa Budapest. Magulu awiriwa adagawana nkhani zambiri za zomwe adakumana nazo komanso mbiri yawo. Nthawi zambiri nkhanizo zimayendera limodzi ngakhale patali kwa zaka zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wina wa ku America wa ku America, anafotokoza za anthu amene ankakhala ku Greensboro, North Carolina ku Woolworth mu 1960. Mlongo wina wa ku Aromani wochokera ku Czech Republic anafotokoza nkhani yokhudza zimene anachita posachedwapa kuti akonzekere kukakhala m’tauni yakwawo kumene malo odyera angapo anaikako. kukweza zikwangwani pafupi ndi khomo lotsekera Aromani.
Iye anati: “Pamene ndinafunsira kwa nthawi yoyamba kukhala panyumbapo, anzanga ambiri anandiuza kuti palibe chifukwa chochitira zimenezo. Zowonadi, anthu khumi okha ndiwo adabwera pachiwonetsero choyamba kukhala pansi pamatebulo ndikupempha ntchito. Mawu anafalikira mofulumira a zochitikazo. Anthu ochulukirapo adawonekera pachiwonetsero chachiwiri. “Podzafika nthaŵi yachitatu ya zionetsero, ngakhale atate anafika,” wochirikiza Aromani anapitiriza motero. "Ndipo azungu ena adabweranso kudzawonetsa mgwirizano."
Wotsogolera kusinthana kwa Szentendre anali Michael Simmons, yemwe adatsogolera pulogalamu ya East-West ya American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). Msilikali wakale womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe waku US, a Simmons analinso wotsutsa yemwe adapita kundende chifukwa cha zomwe adachita. Kumeneko, adadziwana ndi a Quakers ndipo kenako anayamba kugwira ntchito ku AFSC pa ubale wa US-Soviet. Pang'onopang'ono, kuchuluka kwa pulogalamuyi kudakula mpaka ku East-Central Europe.
Iye analinso munthu woyamba kundilemba ntchito ku koleji, ndipo ndinagwira ntchito monga womuthandizira wake mu 1987. Pambuyo pake, mu 1990, ndinapita ku East-Central Europe makamaka kukafunsa anthu ndi kuwona zimene programu ya East-West iyenera kuchita. m'chigawo. Pamwamba pa mndandanda wa zondilimbikitsa zinali ntchito pankhani za Aromani. Kusinthana kwa 1995 ku Szentendre inali imodzi mwazinthu zingapo zomwe AFSC idachita kuti ilimbikitse ufulu wachibadwidwe wokonzekera m'midzi ya Aromani.
Atachoka ku AFSC, Michael Simmons adaganiza zotsalira ku Budapest ndikupitiriza kugwira ntchito za ufulu wa anthu. Ndinamupeza ku Philadelphia komwe anabwerera kudzasamalira nkhani zosiyanasiyana zaumwini. Tinakambirana nkhani zosiyanasiyana, koma ndinali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi maganizo ake pankhani yogwira ntchito ndi Aromani zaka 20 pambuyo pake. M'kupita kwa zaka anali ndi maganizo oipa.
Choyamba, zinthu za Aromani sizinali bwino. "Mkhalidwe wa Aromani ndi woipa kuposa wa anthu aku Africa-America, osati ukapolo kapena kugawana mbewu, koma malinga ndi zomwe zikuchitika," adatero. “Pali zifukwa ziwiri. Chimodzi ndi chakuti m'dziko lino, anthu a ku Africa-America adatha kupanga gulu lina. Zinali zotheka kupita ku giredi yoyamba kupita ku Ph.D. m'gulu la anthu aku Africa-America ndipo samalumikizana kwenikweni ndi Azungu. Mutha kukwaniritsa zosowa zanu zonse mdera la African-American. Aromani alibe chilichonse chotere. "
Chinanso n'chakuti magulu andale sanalowerere m'magulu a Aromani. “Anthu amakhala ndi maphunziro a Aromani, misonkhano ndi masemina, monga momwe ndimachitira chifukwa sindimadziwa chilichonse. Koma sizitanthauza kanthu,” adatero. "Ndipo Aromani - sindikufuna kunena kuti ndi mwayi, chifukwa alibe ntchito iliyonse - cholinga chawo ndikupita ku bungwe lina la NGO ku Budapest, kapena ku Brussels, kapena ku Poland, OSCE. , Geneva, New York, kapena kupeza maphunziro ku Cambridge kapena chilichonse. Koma palibe zoyesayesa zakwawoko. Palibe lingaliro la bungwe la demokalase la anthu. Palibe kusintha pansi. Mkhalidwe wa Aromani lerolino ndiwo mkhalidwe wa Aromani mu 1989, mosasamala kanthu za unyinji wandalama umene unawonongedwa.”
Tinakambirana za maulendo ake oyambirira ku Soviet Union, kukwera kwa anthu ochita zinthu monyanyira, ndi chifukwa chake anasamukira ku Budapest atandiuza kalekale kuti sadzakhala kwina kulikonse kusiyapo Philadelphia.
Mafunso
Pa sikelo ya 1 mpaka 10, ndi 1 kukhala wokhumudwitsidwa koposa ndipo 10 kukhala wokhumudwitsidwa pang’ono, kodi mukumva bwanji ndi zimene zachitika Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu kuyambira 1989?
Kuti ndiyankhe funsoli ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti ndiyenerere prism yomwe ndimayang'ana momwe zinthu zilili, ndipo ndiwo ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso zochitika zapagulu zomwe zikupita patsogolo, makamaka kumidzi. Ndiye ndikayang'ana pamalingaliro amenewo, zili pakati pa 1 ndi 2, khulupirirani kapena ayi. Ndakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri. Zomwe zikuchitika m'derali ndi zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Ndipo zikuwoneka kuti zikuipiraipira,
Poyang'ana zam'tsogolo, 1 ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa ndipo 10 akukhala ndi chiyembekezo chochuluka, mukuganiza bwanji za ziyembekezo mu nthawi yochepa?
Ndiroleni ine ndiyenerere zinthu zingapo ndisanapereke chiwunikizo changa. Choyamba, sindikudziwa kuti vuto la Euro-Vutoli lakhudza bwanji magulu onse. Ndimakonda kuganiza kuti asamukira ku Ufulu, koma ndizosawerengeka kwambiri kuposa kusanthula kwamtundu uliwonse kumbali yanga. Nditanena izi, ndikuganiza kuti posachedwa ipitilira njira yomwe idapita. Apanso, ndikuyang'ana izi kudzera mumalingaliro anga okhudza ufulu wa anthu komanso magulu opita patsogolo a chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Kodi panali mfundo ina pambuyo pa 1989 pamene munali ndi chiyembekezo?
O inde! Ntchito yolimbana ndi nkhondo yokhudzana ndi nkhondo ku Yugoslavia inali kwa ine gulu lamphamvu kwambiri, lopangidwa kwambiri ndi azimayi, ndikhoza kuwonjezera. Nkhani ya amayi ndi feminism inali gulu lamphamvu kwambiri. Ngati ndiyang'ana kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chiyambi cha gulu la Aromani, zomwe zinali zabwino komanso zachiyembekezo.
Tsopano, ndiuzeni pang'ono za momwe munayambira ku Eastern Europe.
Ndinkagwira ntchito ndi American Friends Service Committee pa pulogalamu imene inadzatchedwa kuti European. Ine ndinali wotsogolera. Nditayamba ntchito imeneyi mkatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1980, inali kusinthanitsa nzeru za Soviet-US zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu ndi zida za nyukiliya. Kenaka ndinayamba kusintha izi kukhala kusinthana kwapatatu, ndikuyang'ana zotsatira za mikangano ya Kum'mawa ndi Kumadzulo pa Dziko Lachitatu komanso ochita zisudzo ena.
Ndinayamba kuyembekezera kutha kwa Cold War ndipo ndinali kusamukira ku Eastern Europe cha m’ma 1989-90. Ndinathera nthaŵi yochuluka ku GDR panthaŵiyo ndipo ndinali kuchita zinthu ndi gulu la anthu la Germany. Ndinalinganiza ulendo wa omenyera mtendere ku Germany kuchokera Kum’maŵa ndi Kumadzulo kupita ku United States. Kenako ndinayamba kusamukira kudera lina: Czechoslovakia, Poland. Tinapanga malingaliro a pulogalamuyi omwe amachokera mu kafukufuku wanu. Kenako nkhondo ya ku Yugoslavia inangothetsa pafupifupi chilichonse chimene tinakonzekera kuchita. Ndipo imeneyo inakhala ntchito yathu kwa zaka zingapo.
Ulendo wanu woyamba ku East-Central Europe unali GDR?
Inde. Mwinamwake munali mu 1988. Ndinali kukulitsa maubwenzi a Quaker amene ndinali nawo, anthu amene anali kuchita nawo ntchito zolimbana ndi Nkhondo Yozizira.
Kodi mukukumbukira kubwerera ku ulendo woyamba uja, kodi panali chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka ngati nthawi yofunika kwambiri pamene mumaganiza kuti, "Izi zikusintha momwe ndimaganizira zinthu?"
GDR inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi madera ena a dziko lakale lachikomyunizimu m’lingaliro lakuti anthu a ku GDR sanali okonzeka kukana zakale monga mmene ena analili. Ndipotu anthu a ku GDR ankaona kuti m’zaka 50 za ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu, iwo anamanga zinthu zimene mayiko a Kumadzulo angaphunzirepo kanthu. Iwo anali osamala kwambiri za nyumba zothandizidwa, chithandizo chamankhwala, maphunziro - nkhani ngati zimenezo. Chifukwa ndidayambira ku Eastern Europe, ndimaganiza kuti pakhala gulu lamphamvu lomwe lingakhudze Western Europe komanso kukhudza United States. Koma chinthu china chokhudza GDR chomwe chinandidabwitsa kwambiri chinali momwe gulu la khungu lidatulukira mwachangu. Zinangotulukira mwadzidzidzi. Ndikukumbukira zochitika za Afirika m'sitima akundiuza kuti ndisamale. Anthu mwachisawawa omwe sindimawadziwa anali kundiuza nkhani zoopsa.
Kodi mukukumbukira nthawi yoyamba yomwe mudapita kudziko lina m'derali ndipo mudaganiza kuti, "Hmm, iyi si GDR, izi ndizochitika zosiyana kwambiri"?
Mwina munali mu 1990 pamene ndinapita ku Poland. Kumeneko kunali kumapeto kwa chikominisi ndi zochitika zonse za Solidarity. Poland inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi GDR chifukwa imakhudzana ndi kuyang'ana zakale. Ku Poland, ndinachita chidwi ndi mphamvu ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Kampeni yamphamvu kwambiri yoletsa kuchotsa mimba kumeneko inandisokoneza maganizo. Ndinangodabwa momwe zinalili ponseponse: mumawona zikwangwani za fetus izi paliponse.
Anthu ambiri sanalowe nawo ku Eastern Europe mpaka kugwa kwa Khoma. Muli ndi malingaliro osazolowereka mutagwirapo ntchito kale. Ndili ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zomwe mukumva mpaka kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin komanso pomwe mudawona maboma ena akugwa motsatizana.
Ndinapita ku Soviet Union koyamba mu 1986, ndipo kenako ndinabwereranso patapita chaka chimodzi. Mu 1987, ndinalemba lipoti la ogwira ntchito kunena kuti Nkhondo Yamawu—makamaka maganizo—yatha. Nthawi zonse ndimadzinyadira kuti ndidaneneratu chodabwitsa chimenecho.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, boma la GDR linachititsa msonkhano waukulu wapadziko lonse wotsutsa zida za nyukiliya umenewu. Panali anthu enieni ochokera padziko lonse lapansi: Wole Soyinka, Yasser Arafat, mumatchula, aliyense analipo. Choncho, zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti maboma amenewa akhoza kupirira. Ndiyeno mwadzidzidzi anangosowa. Ndipo ndinazindikira kuti sindinkamvetsa zinthu zonse zimene zinkachitika. Sindinamvetsetse kuti popanda Soviet Union, sikutheka kuti Eastern European Communism idzisamalira yokha.
Izi zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri, ndipo inu munali pakati pa izo. Munamva bwanji?
Oh gosh, ndinamva ngati John Reed ayenera kuti anamva. Ndikutanthauza, zinali zosangalatsa basi. Ena mwa anthu amene ndinawabweretsa ku GDR kupita ku United States, malinga ndi zimene anakumana nazo kuno, anabwerera n’kukathandiza kukhazikitsa gulu lotchedwa New Forum, lomwe linali limodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu amene anachititsa kuti GDR igwe. . Ndinasangalala kwambiri ndi zochitikazo. Chochitika cha Yeltsin, kuyesa kwachiwiri ku Soviet Union: chimenecho chinali chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri zomwe ndidaziwonapo. Ine sindinali mbali ya izo, kungakhale kukokomeza, koma kukhala mboni kwa izo…! Ndimakumbukira usiku wa kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin, ndipo inu ndi ine tikulankhula za izo ngakhale pamene ndinali kuzionera pa TV. Ndimadzitcha kuti Forrest Gump chifukwa chongodutsa nthawi imeneyo. Zinalinso zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri, chifukwa ndinazindikira kuti Achimereka monga inemwini, amene mwina amadzitcha kuti Marxist-Leninist kapena amakonda kuchirikiza Soviet Union, ndinawona momwe tinaliri osakhwima pa ndale ponena za zochitika mu Soviet Union ndi Eastern Europe.
Kodi panali mfundo panthawi ya ntchito, kapena musanayambe AFSC, pamene mudawona kusiyana pakati pa malingaliro ndi zenizeni za Chikomyunizimu kumeneko?
Inde, kuyambira ulendo wanga woyamba ku Soviet Union. Zinali zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Ndinapita kumeneko ndikuganiza momveka bwino za ine ndekha monga Marxist-Leninist yemwe ndithudi anathandizira kuyesa kwa Soviet, ngati mungatero. Ngakhale kuti sindinadzudzule Soviet Union, nditatha ulendo wanga ndinkadzutsa nkhani pokambirana ndi anzanga aku America kumanzere. Anzanga ankandiimba mlandu wodana ndi chikomyunizimu, ndipo zinali zoipa kwambiri. Zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti ndidaphwanyidwa. Koma sindinafune kunyalanyaza zomwe ndinawona, ndipo zophophonyazo zinali zowonekera.
Soviet Union inali ndi mbiri yakale ya "maulendo ogwirizana" kwa anthu aku Africa America ndi anthu ena amitundu ku US. Anali ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana ogwirizana omwe ankathandizira maulendowa. Komabe, American Friends Service Committee nthawi zonse inali ndi USA-USSR Friendship Association monga bungwe lawo lothandizira. Komanso ndikuganiza kuti ndinali woyamba waku Africa America kutenga nawo gawo mu nthumwi za AFSC ku Soviet Union. Zinandionekeratu kuti Bungwe la Friendship Association silinachitepo kanthu ndi anthu aku Africa ku America m'zandale zopanda tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, paulendo wausiku wopita ku Vilnius tinagaŵana m’timagulu tating’ono tosakanizika, ndipo ndinali ndekha wa ku Amereka m’gulu langa. Pamene magulu ena anali kukamba za ufulu wa anthu. glasnost, zida za nyukiliya, gulu langa la Soviet linali kundifunsa za jazz ndi basketball. Nthaŵi zonse ndinali ku Soviet Union kuti ndithane ndi tsankho lanzeru limeneli. Nthawi zambiri ndimanena kuti ndinabwera ndi masomphenya a Paul Robeson ndi Langston Hughes, ndipo ndinachoka ndi masomphenya a Stepin Fetchit.
Mbali ina yokhumudwitsa ya zomwe ndinakumana nazo inali yakuti chifukwa zokambitsirana za Chikomyunizimu zinali zotsimikizirika, mgwirizano ndi Dziko Lachitatu unakhala wosafunikira kwenikweni. Ndidakambirana nawo chifukwa chomwe adathandizira Ethiopia polimbana ndi Eritrea. Mayankho omwe ndidalandira adawonetsa kusowa kwa makhalidwe omwe ali ndi zifukwa zenizeni zandale. Ponseponse ndidapeza kuti malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi mgwirizano ndi Dziko Lachitatu ndi osuliza kwambiri.
Ndimakumbukira kuti ndinayesetsa kupita ku Patrice Lumumba Institute, ndipo ndinachita khama kwambiri chifukwa amene ankandilandira sankaiona ngati yofunika. Komabe aliyense waku America waku America yemwe ndimadziwa kuti adapita ku Soviet Union adatengedwa kupita ku Institute. Koma popeza sindinali m’gulu la nthumwi “zachikuda” iwo anasokonezeka. M'malo mwake adayenera kufunsa anzawo m'mabungwe ena aku Soviet kuti adziwe komwe Institute inali.
Chinthu china chimene chinandidabwitsa chinali mlingo wa anti-Semitism umene ndinaupeza. Nthaŵi zonse ndinkaona kuti milandu ya ku United States yodana ndi Ayuda inali nkhani zabodza. Koma, kachiwiri, ndinasokoneza abwenzi anga pamene ndinali ku Minsk, Belarus, ndinapempha kuona sunagoge. Patatha masiku awiri "anapeza" imodzi. Malo amene ananditengerako kunali nyumba yaing’ono yokhala ndi amuna pafupifupi atatu omwe amaoneka kuti anali ndi zaka za m’ma XNUMX. Wondilandirayo sankadziwa kuti izi zinali zotani.
Kodi mumamva kuti malingaliro okhudza mtundu wasintha kwambiri
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