Bungwe la United Nations laitanitsa misonkhano 27 yokhudza kusintha kwa nyengo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi atatu, mayiko a mayiko akhala akusonkhana m'malo osiyanasiyana chaka chilichonse kuti agwirizane ndi nzeru zawo, zothandizira, ndi kutsimikiza mtima kuthana ndi vuto la padziko lonse lapansi. Misonkhano ya Zipani (COPs) iyi yapanga mapangano ofunikira, monga ma Paris Accords a 2015 okhudza kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni ndipo posachedwa kwambiri ku Sharm el-Sheikh a Loss & Damage Fund kuthandiza mayiko omwe akukumana ndi vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo.
Ndipo komabe chiwopsezo cha kusintha kwa nyengo changokulirakulira. Mu 2022, mpweya wa carbon chinakula ndi pafupifupi 2 peresenti.
Kulephera uku sikungosowa mabungwe. Pali bungwe la UN Environment Programme (UNEP), lomwe limayang'anira zovuta za mapangano ndi ma protocol apadziko lonse lapansi, limathandizira kukhazikitsa ndalama zothandizira nyengo, ndikugwirizanitsa ndi mabungwe ena kuti akwaniritse zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika (SDGs). Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change lakonza zonse zofunikira zasayansi ndi malingaliro. Bungwe la Green Climate Fund likuyesera kupereka zothandizira mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kuti apititse patsogolo kusintha kwa mphamvu zawo. The Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate, yomwe idayamba mu 2020 motsogozedwa ndi oyang'anira a Biden, yakhala ikuyang'ana kwambiri kuchepetsa methane. Mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi monga Banki Yadziko Lonse ali ndi antchito awo omwe adzipereka pantchito yosinthira mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, kupatula chodziwika bwino cha kuyesetsa padziko lonse kukonza ozone layer, mabungwe ambiri sanatembenuzidwe kukhala zotsatira zabwino.
Ponena za kusintha kwa nyengo, akutero Miriam Lang. pulofesa wa maphunziro a zachilengedwe ndi zokhazikika ku Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar ku Ecuador ndi membala wa Ecosocial and Intercultural Pact of the South, โzikuoneka kuti tikamadziwa zambiri, mโpamenenso sitingathe kuchitapo kanthu mogwira mtima. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kutayika kofulumira kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Tikukhala mโnthaลตi ya kusoลตa kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo pakhala kupita patsogolo pangโono paulamuliro ngakhale kuti pali zolinga zabwino zambiri.โ
Chifukwa chimodzi chachikulu cha kulephereka kwa zochita za anthu onse ndicho kukana kosalekeza kuganiza mopyola pa dziko. Jayati Ghosh, pulofesa wa zachuma pa yunivesite ya Massachusetts Amherst anati: โNโzodabwitsa kuti kukonda dziko lako kwafika poipa kwambiri pamene mavuto amene timakumana nawo ali padziko lonse. โTikudziwa kuti mavutowa sangathetsedwe mโmalire a mayiko. Komabe maboma ndi anthu a mโmayiko akulimbikira kuona mavuto ameneลตa monga njira zimene dziko lina lingapindulire nalo movutikira lina.โ
Kodi mabungwe omwe alipo angasinthidwe kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi akusintha kwanyengo ndi chitukuko cha zachuma? Kapena tikufuna mabungwe osiyanasiyana palimodzi?
Vuto lina ndi landalama. "Ndalama zokwanira pamagulu onse ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kayendetsedwe kanyengo komanso kukhazikitsa zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika," atero a Jens Martens, mkulu wa bungwe loyang'anira zanyengo. Global Policy Forum ku Europe. "Padziko lonse lapansi, izi zimafuna ndalama zodziwikiratu komanso zodalirika za dongosolo la UN. Zopereka zonse zomwe zidayesedwa ku bajeti yanthawi zonse ya UN mu 2022 zinali pafupifupi $3 biliyoni. Poyerekeza, bajeti ya mzinda wa New York yokha ndi yoposa $100 biliyoni.โ
Mwa zina chifukwa cha kupereลตera kwa bajeti kumeneku, mabungwe apadziko lonse adalira mowonjezereka chimene amachitcha โkugwirizanitsa magulu ambiri.โ Pamaso pake, kuyesetsa kubweretsa mawu ena pakupanga mfundo padziko lonse lapansi - "okhudzidwa" osiyanasiyana - zikuwoneka ngati demokalase. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mabungwe a anthu ndi mayendedwe otchuka ndithudi ndi sitepe yolondola, monganso kuphatikizidwa kwa malingaliro a ophunzira.
Koma kudalirana kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana kwatanthauzanso kubweretsa bizinesi, ndipo mabungwe ali ndi ndalama osati zongolembera misonkhano yapadziko lonse komanso kuti adziwe zotulukapo zake.
"Ndinali ku Sharm el-Sheikh mu Novembala," akukumbukira Madhuresh Kumar, wochita kafukufuku waku India yemwe pano ali ku Paris monga Senior Fellow ku Atlantic Institute. โTinalandiridwa pabwalo la ndege ndi chikwangwani cholembedwa kuti 'Welcome to Cop 27.' Ndipo adalemba mabwenzi akuluakulu: Vodaphone, Microsoft, Boston Consulting Group, IBM, Cisco, Coca Cola ndi zina zotero. Mabungwe ambiri a UN akukumana ndi vuto lazachuma lomwe likukulirakulira. Koma vuto lazandalama silili pachimake pa nkhaniyi. Ndizodabwitsa kuti kudzera m'magulu osiyanasiyana, omwe achitika zaka makumi anayi zapitazi, mabungwe alanda mabungwe amayiko osiyanasiyana, maulamuliro apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso mabungwe akuluakulu adziko lonse omwe siaboma. โ Iye akuwonjezera kuti Othandizira mphamvu 630 adalembetsedwa ku COP 27, chiwonjezeko cha 25 peresenti kuchokera pamsonkhano wachaka chatha.
Mavuto omwe akukumana ndi ulamuliro wapadziko lonse amadziwika bwino, kaya ndi dziko, ndalama, kapena kulanda makampani. Zosamveka bwino ndi momwe mungagonjetsere zovuta izi. Kodi mabungwe omwe alipo angasinthidwe kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi akusintha kwanyengo ndi chitukuko cha zachuma? Kapena tikufuna mabungwe osiyanasiyana palimodzi? Awa anali mafunso omwe adayankhidwa pa a ma webinar aposachedwa paulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi mothandizidwa ndi Global Just Transition.
Zolakwika Padziko Lonse
Kusintha kachitidwe kaulamuliro wapadziko lonse wokhudza nyengo, mphamvu, ndi chitukuko cha zachuma kuli ngati kuyesa kukonza njanji yapanyanja yomwe yatulutsa madzi ambiri mkati mwa ulendo wake popanda malo. Koma palinso kusintha kwina: onse ogwira nawo ntchito ayenera kugwirizana pazokonza zomwe akufuna.
Jayati Ghosh ndi membala wa UN yatsopano Bungwe la Alangizi Apamwamba pa Effective Multilateralism. "Vuto liri pamutu wake womwe," akufotokoza Ghosh. "Multilateralism yokha ili pachiwopsezo mwanjira ina chifukwa sinagwire ntchito. Komanso kusalinganika komwe kukupangitsa kuti zisagwire ntchito sikungatheke posachedwa. Tonse tikudziwa izi pa bolodi. Koma popanda kufuna kwandale, pali malire pamalingaliro amunthu kapena gulu lililonse. โ
Kuphatikiza pa kukonda dziko, amakhulupirira kuti ma "ism" ena anayi alepheretsa kuyankha mogwirizana kumavuto apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akukumana nawo. Tengani imperialism, mwachitsanzo, yomwe Ghosh amakonda kutanthauzira "monga kulimbana kwachuma chachikulu m'malo azachuma pothandizidwa ndi mayiko. Timawona umboni wa izi m'mathandizo osalekeza amafuta opangira mafuta kapena kutsukidwa kobiriwira kwazinthu zachilengedwe, chikhalidwe, ndi ulamulilo (ESG). Kuthekera kwa likulu lalikulu kusokoneza ndondomeko za mayiko ndi ndale za dziko pazofuna zake kumapitirira mosalekeza. Ichi ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu kuchita chilichonse chokhudza kusintha kwanyengo. โ
Kusakhalitsa ndi vuto lina lotere. Pambuyo pa nkhondo ya ku Ukraine, mabungwe azakudya ndi mafuta adafuna kupindula kwakanthawi kochepa popanga malingaliro osowa. Kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta ndi chakudya, zolemba za Ghosh, sizinapangidwe kwambiri ndi zopinga zomwe zimaperekedwa, koma chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa msika ndikuwongolera misika ndi mabungwe akulu. Kupeza phindu kwakanthawi kochepa komweko kudapangitsa kuti mayiko amphamvu kwambiri asinthe zomwe adalonjeza panyengo yam'mbuyomu ndikupanga zisankho zochepa pa COP yomaliza ku Egypt. Andale "asintha zomwe adalonjeza chifukwa zisankho zapakati zikubwera," adatero. "Akuda nkhawa kuti ovota athandizira kumanja, ndiye akuti akuyenera kuchita chilichonse kuti awonjezere mafuta."
Kusagwirizana, m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kwalepheretsanso kuchitapo kanthu kogwira mtima. "Padziko lonse lapansi, 10 peresenti yapamwamba, olemera, ndi omwe amachititsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kapena oposa theka la mpweya wonse wa carbon," Ghosh akutero. โNgakhale mโmaiko ndi mmene zilili. Anthu olemera ali ndi mphamvu zosokoneza ndondomeko za boma kuti awonetsetse kuti akupitiriza kutenga gawo lalikulu la bajeti ya dziko lapansi. "
Potsirizira pake, akulozera ku "status-quo-ism," kutanthauza nkhanza za zomangamanga zapadziko lonse, osati ndondomeko ya malamulo ndi malamulo komanso mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. "Tiyeneranso kuwunikanso ntchito yomwe mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, bungwe la World Trade Organisation, mabungwe achitukuko a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi njira zamalamulo monga mapangano a mgwirizano pazachuma ndi mapangano azachuma omwe amalepheretsa maboma kuchitapo kanthu pakusintha kwanyengo," akutero. .
Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi zopinga zinayi zomalizazi ndikusintha kubizinesi. "Kutsatsa kwachinsinsi kwazaka makumi atatu zapitazi kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri pakutulutsa kusagwirizana komanso kutulutsa mpweya woipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi," Ghosh akumaliza. Amalimbikitsa kubwezeretsedwa kwa zinthu zothandiza, cyberspace, ngakhale malo pagulu.
Kubwerezanso Chitukuko Chokhazikika
Mu 2015, UN idavomereza zolinga 17 zachitukuko chokhazikika. Ma SDGs awa akuphatikizapo malonjezo othetsa umphawi ndi njala, kuthana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa mayiko ndi mayiko, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi kulimbikitsa kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, komanso kuteteza dziko lapansi ndi zachilengedwe. Koma kusintha kwanyengo, COVID, ndi mikangano ngati nkhondo ya ku Ukraine zonse zidakankhira zolinga za SDG kuti zisafike - ndikuzipanga. okwera mtengo kwambiri kuti akwaniritse.
"Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ya 2030 si nkhani ya ndondomeko zabwino," akutero Jens Martens. "Mavuto apano akukula kwa kusalingana ndi mitundu yosasinthika ya kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kupanga akulumikizana kwambiri ndi magulu amphamvu ndi mabungwe. Kusintha kwa ndondomeko ndikofunikira, koma sikokwanira. Padzafunika masinthidwe ochulukirapo a momwe ndi komwe mphamvu zimaperekedwa. Kusintha kosavuta kwa mapulogalamu sikukwanira. Tiyenera kuwunikanso ndikukonzanso zida zachitukuko chokhazikika. "
Ponena za utsogoleri, izi zikutanthauza kulimbikitsa njira zopita pansi. "Vuto lalikulu laulamuliro wothandiza padziko lonse lapansi ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano pamlingo wadziko," akupitiliza Martens. "Kuyesa kulikonse kopanga mabungwe ogwirira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi sikungagwire ntchito ngati sikungawonekere m'maiko omwe akuchita bwino. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ngati maunduna a zachilengedwe ali ofooka pamlingo wadziko sitingayembekezere UNEP kukhala yamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi. "
Mabungwe amphamvu akumaloko ndi adziko, komabe, amagwira ntchito mkati mwa zomwe Martens amachitcha "malo opumira" momwe, mwachitsanzo, "njira ya IMF ya neoliberal yatsimikizira kuti sikugwirizana ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa ma SDGs komanso zolinga zanyengo m'maiko ambiri. Malingaliro a IMF ndi momwe angabwereke ngongole zadzetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu komanso zachuma. " Cholepheretsanso ndi mphamvu zosagwirizana ndi mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi. "Chitsanzo chimodzi chochititsa chidwi ndi njira yothetsa mikangano ya Investor-State, yomwe imapereka mwayi kwa osunga ndalama kuti azisumira maboma, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha malamulo a chilengedwe omwe amachepetsa phindu," adatero. "Dongosololi likulepheretsa maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu amakampani opangira mafuta opangira mafuta kapena kuchotseratu ndalama zothandizira mafuta."
Kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano kumatanthauzanso kulimbikitsa mabungwe a UN monga Msonkhano Wapamwamba Wandale Wachitukuko Chokhazikika, yomwe ili ndi udindo wowunika ndikutsata ma SDGs. "Poyerekeza ndi Security Council kapena Human Rights Council, HLPF idakali yofooka kwambiri," adatero. Amakumana masiku asanu ndi atatu okha pachaka. Ili ndi bajeti yaying'ono ndipo ilibe mphamvu yopangira zisankho. โ
Mabungwe ena owonjezera akufunika kuti akwaniritse mipata yoyang'anira padziko lonse lapansi, monga bungwe la Intergovernmental Tax Body motsogozedwa ndi United Nations, lomwe lingawonetsetse kuti mayiko onse omwe ali mamembala a UN, osati olemera okha, akutenga nawo gawo mofanana pakusintha Malamulo amisonkho padziko lonse lapansi. Lingaliro lina lomwe limatchulidwa nthawi zambiri lingakhale bungwe la UN lopanda ongongole komanso omwe ali ndi ngongole kuti athandizire kukonzanso ngongole.
Zonsezi zimafuna ndalama zokwanira. Pafupifupi $40 biliyoni amapita ku ntchito zachitukuko za mabungwe a UN, a Martens akutero, "koma zoposa theka la ndalamazi ndizinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi polojekiti makamaka zomwe zimaperekedwa kuti zithandizire zomwe woperekayo ayenera kuchita. Izi zikutanthauza makamaka zomwe opereka ndalama olemera amaika patsogolo. " UNEP, pakali pano, imalandira $25 miliyoni chabe kuchokera mu bajeti yanthawi zonse ya UN, yomwe ndi pafupifupi $3 biliyoni ndipo siyiphatikiza. kuwunika kosiyana ntchito monga kusunga mtendere ndi ntchito zothandiza anthu.
Ndalama zambiri zademokalase zikanakhala ndi mbali yopindulitsa yochepetsera kudalira maziko ndi zopereka zamakampani, zomwe "zimachepetsa kusinthasintha ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa mabungwe onse a UN," akumaliza.
Kuthana ndi Multistakeholderism
Njira imodzi yomwe mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi atenga kuti athane ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa ndalama ndi "kuphatikiza magulu ambiri." Monga momwe mabungwe akukankhira kuti akhazikitse chinsinsi kudziko lonse ndi mikangano yokhudza kusakwanira kwa mabizinesi aboma kapena boma loyang'anira, advocates of multistakeholder initiatives (MSI) amasonya ku kulephera kwa mabungwe aboma padziko lonse lapansi kuthana ndi mavuto omwe amakhalapo ngati chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali kwambiri. . Kwenikweni, izi zithupsa pansi kwa makampani akuluakulu kudzigulira mipando yambiri patebulo.
Madhuresh Kumar has produced a buku laposachedwa ndi a Mary Ann Manahan omwe amayang'ana momwe anthu ambiri adasinthira m'magawo asanu ofunika: maphunziro, thanzi, chilengedwe, ulimi, ndi kulumikizana. Mwachitsanzo, m'gawo lazankhalango, adayang'ana zoyeserera monga Tropical Forest Alliance, Global Commons Alliance, ndi Forest for Life Partnership. "Tidapeza kuti m'zaka zawo khumi zoyambirira, zoyesererazo zidayambitsa vutoli potsutsa kuti mabungwe omwe ali ndi mayiko ambiri akulephera ndipo ndichifukwa chake tikufuna mayankho," adatero. Ndi kukwera kwa kufunikira kwa zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka pankhani ya "chuma chobiriwira," panalinso kufunikira kwakukulu kowongolera mafakitale. Mabungwe amakampani adayankha ndi njira zomwe zidagogomezera migodi, nkhalango, ndi zina zotero.
Zochita zamakampani "zaudindo" izi zidazungulira njira "zotengera zachilengedwe" zomwe zimadalira misika kuti "ikwaniritse mtengowo." Kumar akuti "pamtima pazabodza izi, 'zochokera m'chilengedwe' zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndi MSI ndi lingaliro lakuti ngati chilengedwe chilibe mtengo, anthu salimbikitsidwa kuti azisamalira, kuti tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. komanso m'malo mwake. Mwachitsanzo, ma carbon offsets, amachoka pa mfundo yakuti mukhoza kupitiriza kutulutsa mpweya wochuluka momwe mukufunira malinga ngati mutabzalanso mitengo ina kwinakwake.โ
Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, chilengedwe chikhoza kugulidwa malinga ndi โzinthu zachilengedweโ zosiyanasiyana. Akupitiriza kuti: โNtchito khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri za chilengedwe zadziwika pamodzi ndi 16 biomes. Onse pamodzi ali ndi mtengo woyerekeza wa $ 16-54 thililiyoni. Ngati atha kutsegulidwa, lingaliro ndilakuti ndalamazi zitha kuyikidwa kuti zithetse vuto la nyengo. Koma ndalama zimenezo sitiziwona. Pamapeto pake, zomwe zikuchitika pansi sizingathandize madera athu. โ
Si chilengedwe chokha chomwe chimapindula komanso chidziwitso chokha, mwachitsanzo kudzera muufulu wazinthu zaluso. "Mochulukira, timakhala ndi kulimbikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri komanso machitidwe okhwima omwe amatsogolera kuchulukidwe kwa chidziwitso komanso kumakampani akulu omwe amatengera chidziwitso chachikhalidwe," akutero Jayati Ghosh.
Gawo lina lofunika kwambiri la MSI ndikuwunika kwaukadaulo, monga ukadaulo wojambula kaboni, geoengineering, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu ya haidrojeni. "Izi zimapatutsa chidwi chachikulu pazanyengo," akutero Kumar. โZikukhudzanso madera a komweko. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la One Trillion Trees Initiative limene bungwe la UN likuchirikiza likulimbikitsa kulima mbewu imodzi, kuwononga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, kuthamangitsa madera ndi ena ambiri.โ
Kulandidwa ufulu kwa madera akumidzi ndikodetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Miriam Lang anafotokoza kuti: โAnthu a mโdzikoli ndi amene ali ndi udindo woteteza 80 peresenti ya zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zimene zilipobe mpaka pano. Komabe, timachita chilichonse kuti tinyozetse, kufooketsa, ndi kuwopseza moyo wa anthu amtunduwu. Timachitirabe anthu ammudzi mwadongosolo ngati osauka komanso osowa chitukuko. Sitikufuna kutsimikizira ufulu wawo wa malo, ufulu wawo wa madzi oyera, ufulu wawo ku nkhalango kumene amakhala. M'malo mwake, tikuganiza zowalipira ndalama kuti abwezere zotayika zawo, zomwe ndi njira ina yofooketsa gulu lawo la anthu komanso kupanga zisankho. Zimayambitsa magaลตano ndi kuwanyengerera mโkukonda kugula zinthu, kusakonda munthu payekha, ndi kuchita bizinesi: ndendende mbali za ukapitalist zimene zabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kwamakono.โ
Kuphatikiza pa mabungwe, mabungwe akuluakulu omwe siaboma monga World Wildlife Fund, komanso opereka ndalama ngati Michael Bloomberg, Kumar akuti "UN yakhala ikutenga nawo mbali mofunitsitsa pa zonsezi. Sustainable Energy for All, yomwe ndi MSI ina, idayambitsidwa ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa UN Ban Ki-Moon mu 2011 monga yankho ku mawu omwe gulu la mayiko linalankhula. Koma Sustainable Energy for All pambuyo pake idapeza udindo wodziyimira pawokha womwe UN ilibe ulamuliro. Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga ndondomeko ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo. Koma mabungwewa, monga Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership omwe poyamba adathandizidwa ndi UNIDO, pambuyo pake amapita okha, osayankha, ndikugwera m'mabungwe. "
Ulamuliro wa demokalase
Mu 1974, bungwe la UN lidalengeza za New International Economic Order kuti amasule mayiko ku utsamunda wachuma komanso kudalira chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi chosagwirizana. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene anali ogwirizana modabwitsa pochirikiza NIEO. Ngakhale zina za NIEO zitha kuwoneka mu Agenda 2030, kuyesayesa sikunatanthauze kusintha kwakukulu m'mabungwe a Bretton Woods - IMF, World Bank - omwe amapanga kamangidwe kazachuma padziko lonse lapansi.
"Chifukwa chomwe tidafuna kuti NIEO ikhale ndi chifukwa chakuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene amawona kuti chuma chapadziko lonse sichinali chachilungamo," akutero Jayati Ghosh. "Inde, inali nthawi yoti tipeze mwayi wopezeka m'mabungwe ena. Koma kusalinganika kwina komwe tikukamba pazamalonda kapena zachuma kapena ukadaulo kunalipobe. Zowona, ndizowonanso kuti kudalirana kwachuma kwa neoliberal kwapangitsa kuti zinthu ziipire kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Koma ndikhoza kuziyika mozama za ukulu wa ndalama zazikulu kuposa wina aliyense. โ
Komanso, United States ndi European Union zikupitirizabe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopanda malire: kusankha atsogoleri a World Bank ndi IMF ndi kulamulira mavoti ambiri m'mabungwewa. Miriam Lang anati: โMaiko apakati ndi otsika, amene onse pamodzi amapanga 85 peresenti ya chiลตerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi, ali ndi magawo oลตerengeka chabe. "Palinso kusalinganika kwamitundu komwe kumaseweredwa ndi mavoti a anthu amitundu omwe ndi ochepa chabe mwa anzawo. Zikanakhala choncho mโdziko lina lililonse, tikanati tsankho. Komabe, monga momwe katswiri wina wa zachuma Jason Hickel akusonyezera, mtundu wina wa tsankho umagwira ntchito pakatikati pa maulamuliro a zachuma padziko lonse lerolino ndipo wavomerezedwa kukhala wachibadwa.โ
Maiko omwe akutukuka kumene akhala akufuna kwanthawi yayitali kuti asinthe kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Jayati Ghosh anati: โUfulu wovota poyambirira unaperekedwa pamaziko a chuma cha dziko lonse ndi malonda a padziko lonse. "Koma izi zidachitika potengera zomwe zidachitika m'ma 1940, ndipo dziko lasintha kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene awonjezera kwambiri mbali zonse ziwirizi, ndipo mayiko ena ndi ofunika kwambiri pamene mayiko angapo a ku Ulaya sali ofunika kwambiri.โ
Ngakhale kusintha kwakung'ono kwambiri pakugawa mavoti kumeneku, United States ndi European Union amasunga mavoti ambiri komanso gawo la mkango lachikoka. โMukakhala ndi kope latsopano la Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)โlimene ife zidalipo mu 2021 pa $650 biliyoniโndalama izi zopangidwa ndi IMF zimagawidwa malinga ndi chiwerengero, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene sapeza zochuluka. Ndipo 80 peresenti amapita kumayiko amene sangawagwiritse ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ndi njira yosakwanira yowonjezerera ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi. โ
"Mwachiwonekere maiko olemera omwe amalamulira mabungwewa sasiya mphamvu zawo mosavuta," akupitiriza. โAletsa chilichonse chofuna kusintha chifukwa ali ndi ufulu wovota. Ndiye, kodi mumati, 'Chabwino, tiyeni tiphwanye chinthu chonsecho ndikuyambanso'? Koma ndiye, mumapanga bwanji bungwe latsopano? Kodi mumapanga bwanji njira yochepetsera demokalase?"
Ngati mayiko olemera sasiya mphamvu zawo mwakufuna kwawo, adzakakamizika kutero. "Ndiyenera kuvomereza kuti: Ndikumva chisoni chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kulira kwa anthu," Ghosh akuwonjezera. โNgakhale mโchigawo chopita patsogolo kwambiri cha Massachusetts, kumene ndimaphunzitsa, anthu sakanada nkhawa ndi zimenezi. Mofananamo, ku Ulaya. Magulu a anthu akuyenera kuwonetsa momwe izi zikusemphana ndi zofuna za mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, komanso kutsutsana ndi kudzikonda kwa anthu m'mayiko olemera.
Vuto lofananalo likukhudza mphamvu za olemera mโmaiko. "Pakufunika chilungamo chamisonkho pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi, osati ndi mayiko olemera okha omwe ali ndi maboma onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakukhazikitsa malamulo amisonkho, makamaka ochokera kumwera kwapadziko lonse lapansi," akutero Jens Martens. "Tili ndi misonkho yokhala ndi mitengo yotsika kwambiri kuposa yomwe tinali nayo m'ma 1970 kapena m'ma 1980. Mayiko a mayiko posachedwapa akhazikitsa msonkho wochepera 15 peresenti kwa mabungwe akunja: iyi ndi sitepe yaing'ono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. "
"Tidapereka lingaliro la 25 peresenti," akuwonjezera Jayati Ghosh, "omwe ndi apakati pamisonkho yamakampani padziko lonse lapansi. Koma sikungowonjezera misonkho. Ndikofunika kutsindika kugawanso. Njira zowongolera zachulukitsa kwambiri phindu lamakampani akuluakulu. Tisanafike pamisonkho, tiyenera kuyang'ana zifukwa zomwe amapezera phindu lalikulu. Timawalola kuti apindule panthawi yakusowa kapena kuganiza kuti akusowa. Timawalola kupondereza malipiro a antchito. Timawalola kutenga renti m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, tikufunika kuphatikiza malamulo ndi misonkho kuti tigwiritse ntchito ndalama zazikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zopindulitsa zomwe ogwira ntchito amapeza zimabwereranso kwa ogwira ntchito komanso anthu onse. โ
"M'zaka khumi zapitazi m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, tidakwanitsa kupangitsa mabungwewa kukhala oipa," akutero Madhuresh Kumar. โKoma lero sakuonedwa ngati oipa. Maboma padziko lonse Kumpoto ndi Kumwera awapatsa nsanja. Pali chikondwerero chosasinthika ngati titha kusintha mabungwewa kuti apereke mphamvu zowonjezera, zomwe achita posinthana. Koma ngati sitingathe kusintha kusalinganika kwa mphamvu, sitingafanane muulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi, pazachuma, kapena kulikonse. โ
Kodi Kusintha Kumachokera Kuti?
Mu Marichi 2022, Jayati Ghosh adasankhidwa kukhala Board yatsopano ya High Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism yopangidwa ndi Secretary General wa UN Antonio Guterres. Mamembala khumi ndi awiri a board amachokera kumayiko ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
"Tiyenera kuyang'ana zenizeni zomwe ma komisheni ndi alangizi angachite," Ghosh akutero. โTikhoza kulangiza. Titha kunena kuti izi ndi zomwe tikuganiza kuti ziyenera kuchitika, umu ndi momwe timakhulupirira kuti zomangamanga zapadziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kusinthidwa. China chirichonse chimadalira kwenikweni chifuniro cha ndale, chomwe sichimangokhala maboma akuwona kuwala mwadzidzidzi ndikukhala abwino. Chifuniro cha ndale ndi pamene maboma akukakamizika kuyankha anthu. Mpaka izi zitachitika, sitisintha ngakhale ma board ndi makomiti apamwamba angati abwere ndi malingaliro abwino omwe tonse tingagwirizane nawo. โ
Pambuyo pavuto lazachuma padziko lonse la 2008-9, katswiri wazachuma wakale wa World Bank a Joseph Stiglitz adatsogolera bungwe lopangidwa ndi UN. "Zinabwera ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri, omwe akadali othandiza," Ghosh akukumbukira. โKoma sizinakwaniritsidwe. Iwo sanaganizidwe nkomwe. Sindikudziwa ngati pali aliyense ku IFIs yemwe adavutikira kuwerenga lipoti lonselo. โ
Multistakeholderism yakweza udindo wamakampani pazokambirana zapamwamba zanyengo. Koma iyi ndi njira yolakwika. โPamene Bungwe la World Health Organization linakambitsirana za Mgwirizano Woletsa Kusuta Fodya, linaganiza zochotsa olimbikitsa anthu ku makampani a fodya pa zokambiranazo,โ akutero Jens Martens. โPamapeto pake anagwirizana zoti pakhale msonkhano wamphamvu kwambiri, umene tsopano wachitika. Chifukwa chiyani sitingathe kutsimikizira maboma athu kuti achotse anthu olimbikitsa mafuta pazanyengo pazokambirana zanyengo chifukwa pali kusamvana?"
Pamapeto pake, a Martens sakayikira kwambiri: "Ndikuwona magulu ambiri a anthu omwe akuchitika m'zaka zingapo zapitazi ngati zotsutsana ndi dziko lathu komanso kusagwira ntchito kwa maboma athu: Fridays for Future, Extinction Rebellion, Zoipa za Amayi. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukakamiza maboma athu, chifukwa amangoyankha kukakamizidwa kuchokera pansi. โ
Jayati Ghosh akuwona tsogolo labwino, makamaka pakukula kwa kuvomereza ufulu wachirengedwe. โEcuador ndi Bolivia anaphatikizapo ufulu wa Mayi Earth mโmalamulo awo,โ akusimba motero. "Komanso pali gulu lamagulu omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe m'maiko ambiri kuphatikiza Germany. Ngati chilengedwe ndi nkhani mwalamulo, ndiye kuti titha kukhala ndi zida zabwino zotetezera chilengedwe. Tilinso ndi zokambirana padziko lonse lapansi zokhudzana ndi njira zina zosinthira GDP zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri za moyo wabwino. โ
"Kodi dziko lingapulumutse dziko?" akufunsa. โInde, dziko likhoza kupulumutsa dziko. Kodi dziko lidzapulumutsa dziko? Ayi, osati pamlingo wapano. Osati pokhapokha ngati anthu adzuka ndikuwonetsetsa kuti maboma awo achitapo kanthu. โ
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