Njira zambiri zatsatiridwa pofunafuna anthu abwino. Malingaliro akhala akumenyedwa, ena apambana ndipo ambiri alephera. Ena alengeza kutha kwa mbiriyakale, dongosolo lachifumu lakhazikitsidwa, chigonjetso cha capitalism. Ena akupitirizabe kulimbana ndi dziko labwinopo kuposa ukapitalist; adasonkhana, kutsutsa ndi kusonkhana. Ndipo, komabe ena ochepa apereka malingaliro enieni okhudza momwe anthu abwino angawonekere. Nkhaniyi ndi mkangano woganizira za masomphenya a zachuma, kuunika kwa malingaliro azachuma akale ndi amasiku ano, ndipo pomaliza, mkangano wokonzekera chuma chotenga nawo mbali.
Pazolinga za nkhaniyi, ndikuyamba kutsutsana pakufunika kuganiza za dongosolo lazachuma lomasula. Kenako ndikulongosola zomwe ndimakhulupirira kuti ndizo zolinga zamtundu wina wofunikira ku capitalism. Makhalidwe amakhazikitsidwa kuti akhale ngati chitsogozo chowunikira malingaliro ndi zotheka zambiri. Pamodzi ndi njira zowunikirazi, ndimagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwakukulu kwa mabungwe kuti ndithandizire kumvetsetsa zomangira zamagulu ena azachuma komanso zomwe akufuna.
Kufunika kwa Masomphenya, Kufunika Kokonzekera
Ena angaganize kuti kulinganiza njira ina yazachuma ndi yopondereza, motero amapeลตa kuganiza kapena kuyangโana njira zina. Ena anganene kuti pamafunika mphamvu ndi chuma kutalikirana ndi zinthu zina zofunika, monga kukana nkhondo ndi madyera anzawo masuku pamutu ndi kuponderezana. Ndipo enanso angatsutse kuti magulu a sosholisti (AES) omwe analipo mโzaka zonse za zana la 20 anali olephera kwambiri; anthu awotchedwa kangapo polimbana kuti akhazikitse dziko labwino - chuma chokonzedwa pakati pa mayiko chinakhala chowopsa kotero tiyenera kuchita bwino kwambiri ukapitalist. Komabe, pali zifukwa zofunika zomwe zikusonyeza kuti tigwirizane ndi ntchito yopanga masomphenya a zachuma ndikuyamba ntchito yokonzekera.
Mtsutso woti masomphenya ndi olamulira amaiwala kuti anthu sangagwirizane ndi nkhondo yathu ngati sitingathe kuyankha funso lovuta la komwe tikufuna kupita. Kupereka masomphenya sikufanana ndi kukhala vangaurdist. Komanso masomphenya ofunsira alibe mikhalidwe yomwe imangotengera zofuna za anthu kapena malingaliro awo. Masomphenya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutitsogolera komanso kutilimbikitsa. Mfundo ziyenera kuperekedwa, kugawana, kukambirana ndi kukambirana. Kutchula masomphenya oganiza ngati authoritarian ndikongoyerekeza ndipo kumachepetsa kuwunika kwa njira zakale, zamakono ndi zam'tsogolo m'malo mwa capitalism. Mwachidule, zimalepheretsa zoyesayesa zathu za omenyera ufulu wathu lero ndikuchepetsa mwayi wathu wosintha bwino m'tsogolomu.
Lingaliro lachiลตiri, masomphenyawo amatenga nthawi, mphamvu ndi chuma kutali ndi zinthu zina zofunika, tikhoza kutsutsa ndi fanizo. Nenani kuti pali china chake chomwe chimapundula anthu mpaka kufika pakumva zowawa ndi zowawa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zosapiririka kudziwa za kuvutika kwawo. Tinene kuti chinthu ichi ndi cocaine kapena methamphetamines, ndipo tikudziwa kuti nโkulakwa kulola anthu kuvutika ngati sakufunika kutero. Tiyerekezenso kuti wina akupereka mankhwala, kapena katemera wopangitsa kuti anthu asatengeke ndi zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza bongo. Kodi timapewa malingaliro oterowo chifukwa kutero kumatanthauza kuti titha kuyika mphamvu zathu zambiri mu pulogalamu yochepetsera zovuta kapena malo ena opanda pokhala? Kapena, kodi timayang'ana pempholo ndikuliyesa? Anthu oganiza bwino amaupenda pomwe akugwiritsanso ntchito nthawi, mphamvu ndi chuma kuti awononge kuchepetsa, malo ogona ndi zofunikira zina. Ndiye bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo yopangira njira yothetsera mavuto a capitalism monga momwe tingachitire ndi mankhwala, kapena zovuta zina, titero khansa. Kukulitsa masomphenya sikukutanthauza kuti nkhondo, kusankhana mitundu, abambo ndi chilengedwe sizofunikira kulimbana nazo. Mโmalo mwake, limanena kuti zinthu zimenezi, kuphatikizapo masomphenya, nโzofunika mofanana.
Komanso, chifukwa chachiwiri chikhoza kutsutsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti ndi zopanda nzeru kuti musadziwe komwe mukufuna kupita, kuti mukhale ndi masomphenya - ndipo kotero inde, gawo la nthawi, mphamvu ndi chuma ziyenera kuperekedwa ku masomphenya. Tangoganizani momwe zingakhalire zopanda nzeru ngati, m'mawa uliwonse mutatuluka pakhomo panu simunadziwe komwe mukupita, mukungoyendayenda kosalekeza komanso mayendedwe apanthawi zonse, osabwerera kunyumba kwanu. Kudziwa komwe tikufuna kupita, kudzera m'masomphenya, monga magulu a anthu, n'kofunika chifukwa amatidziwitsa za zochitika zathu ndikukonzekera lero - zimakweza chikumbumtima chathu kuti tipeze njira zopambana komanso kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chifukwa chachitatu chimanenedwa kuti "Palibe njira ina" (TINA). Tangoganizani kuti wina akulimbana ndi kutentha kwa dziko ndipo akuwopsyeza chifukwa cha chisokonezo cha chilengedwe ndipo akufuna kuthandizira kusintha, koma patatha zaka zambiri akulimbana molimba mtima potsiriza amavomereza kugonjetsedwa ndikulengeza kuti "palibe njira ina". Kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi gawo losapeลตeka la kukhalapo, monga dzuwa kapena mwezi, ndipo amalengeza "TINA". Sayenera kukondwera ndi chilengezo chake, koma kunena zoona ayenera kumva kuwawa kwambiri kuti watsimikiza motero. Anthu, amene amakondera ukapitalisti, monga kakonzedwe kachuma kosapeลตeka, kuposa machitidwe ena azachuma sayenera kukondwera nako. Anthu, amene alimbana ndi ukapitalisti mโzaka zonse za zana la 20 nโkufika pa mfundo yofananayo, sayeneranso kukhala osangalala. Kulengeza koteroko kuyenera kuperekedwa kokha ngati kufufuza kosamalitsa ndi kusanthula kwachitidwa kuti mโchenicheni kutsimikizire kuti palibe njira ina yochitira ukapitalist; chimene palibe munthu adachichita. M'malo mwake, monga momwe tiwonere pansipa, pali zosankha zomwe mungasankhe, kuyang'ana, kufananiza ndi kusanthula. Ndipo ena ndi abwino kuposa ena.
Zolinga Zazikulu za Njira Yowombola Kukapitalizimu
"Pangozi yowoneka ngati yopusa, ndiloleni ndinene kuti wosintha weniweni amatsogozedwa ndi malingaliro akulu achikondi." โ Che
Ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akufuna kulowa m'malo mwa capitalism kuti achite zabwino ali ndi zolimbikitsa ziwiri. Chimodzi ndi chakuti capitalism imayambitsa kunyozeka kwa anthu, kuzunzika ndi masautso, sikungatheke ndipo timakakamizika kuchitapo kanthu. Chifukwa china nโchakuti kwa miyoyo yonse ya anthu imene ikuvutika mopanda phindu chifukwa cha umphaลตi, nkhondo, matenda okhoza kupewedwa, matenda, ndi zina zotero, tikutaya zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zimathandizira ku kulemera ndi ubwino wa moyo wa munthu; asayansi, amisiri, amayi, abambo, okonda, olemba, olemba, ojambula, akatswiri a sayansi, ndakatulo, makaniko ndi ena, onse atsala kuti akwaniritse kuthekera kwawo kwaumunthu ku dongosolo loipa lotchedwa capitalism. Pakuvutikira, ndi kukwaniritsa dziko lopanda magulu, titha kumasula kuthekera kolemera kwaumunthu komwe kwagona mwa ife eni ndi ena. Chotero, inde, kusakhutira kwakukulu ndi mazunzo ndi kuzunzika kwa anthu ndiko chisonkhezero chimodzi chofuna kusintha dziko. Koma, ziyenera kutenthedwa ndi chikondi cha umunthu chomwe chimawona zomwe anthu angathe kuchita, pokhapokha ngati pali chuma chokhala ndi chikhalidwe cha mabungwe omwe amadyetsa, kulandira ndi kuyamikira chitukuko cha anthu m'mbali zonse za moyo - ndale, chikhalidwe, ubale ndi zachuma. Ngati kufunika kofufuza kuthekera kwaumunthu kumeneku kukanyalanyazidwa, ngakhale kuti akufuna kuthana ndi capitalism, maziko omwe angapereke mwayi womasulidwa adzanyalanyazidwa. Poganizira izi tikhoza kunena kuti cholinga chachikulu cha njira yomasula yopita ku capitalism, kapena Economy Economy iliyonse, ndikupereka malo omwe amapereka maziko a kufufuza, kuzindikira ndi kukwaniritsa mphamvu zaumunthu, mosasamala kanthu za anthu opanda ungwiro - chikondi kwa anthu.
Makhalidwe
Mfundo zomwe zalembedwa apa zimachokera ku zomwe ndimakhulupirira kuti ndizotsatira zachikale, Zatsopano komanso zamasiku ano Kumanzere: mgwirizano, kudziyimira pawokha, kusagwirizana, kusiyana, komanso kudzilamulira. Ndipo, kuwonjezera pa kusanthula kwamabungwe, ndimagwiritsa ntchito izi ngati chitsogozo changa kuweruza machitidwe ena azachuma, kuphatikiza njira zina za capitalism.
Mgwirizano umatanthauza kuti timasamala ndi kuchitirana chifundo wina ndi mnzake. Kufanana kumatanthauza kuti anthu amalipidwa chifukwa cha khama ndi kudzipereka. Kudzilamulira ndi kupanga zisankho molingana ndi momwe munthu akukhudzidwira. Kusiyanasiyana kumatanthauza kuti tikufuna malo okhalamo osiyanasiyana kuti tisankhepo.
Chifukwa chake mgwirizano ukakhala kuti chuma chikupitilira, m'pamenenso chimakhala chabwino; pamene chuma chikapindula kwambiri, chimakhala bwino; pamene chuma chimalimbikitsa kudzilamulira bwino, ndi bwino; Kuchulukirachulukira kwachuma kumabweretsaโฆ Ngakhale dziko lonse lapansi likufuna kutenga nawo mbali pazachuma, ngati ataperekedwa lingaliro lina lomwe limakwaniritsa zomwe tatchulazi, kapena mfundo zabwino, kuposa momwe zimakhalira ndi parecon, tonse tiyenera kuyesetsa kukwaniritsa lingalirolo. Ndi mkhalidwe umenewu tingayesetse kuthaลตa ziphunzitso ndi mipatuko.
Kusanthula kwa Masukulu
Ponena za njira zina za capitalism, sindine katswiri wazachuma, kapena katswiri. Ndine womenyera ufulu komanso wolinganiza yemwe ali ndi chidwi cholowa m'malo mwa capitalism ndikuchita zabwino. M'malo mwake, chifukwa chimodzi cha chidwi changa m'malo mwa capitalism ndikuti nthawi zonse ndimayang'anira zinthu zabwino, chifukwa chake ndimakonda kufunafuna malo osungiramo mabuku. Njira yochitira izi, ndikuganiza, ndikuphatikizana kwa zikhalidwe monga njira zowunikira, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndi kusanthula kwamabungwe kuti awone ngati mabungwe omwe ali m'dongosolo lililonse lazachuma ali ndi mgwirizano, kudziwongolera, kusiyanasiyana komanso kuyanjana. Ngati satsatira mfundozo ndiye amalingalira chiyani? Kodi pali zinthu zina zomwe timafuna kuziphatikiza mu masomphenya athu, kapena kuzichotsa? Kodi kusanthula kwamabungwe kumatithandiza bwanji kumvetsetsa bwino zachuma (kapena gawo lina lililonse la anthu) lomwe tikuyang'ana? Onsewa ndi mafunso omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndikutsogozedwa ndi kusanthula kwamabungwe.
Chifukwa chake, monga gulu la mabungwe, chuma ndikuphatikizana kwa maudindo ndi maubale. Mu maubwenzi amenewo muli zoyembekeza za zotsatira zina ndi zochita. Chitsanzo chingakhale cha fakitale yomwe ili ndi udindo ndi maubale a ogwira ntchito pagulu, ogwira ntchito yokonza, okonza malo, oyang'anira malo, mabungwe a Stewarts, omwe ali ndi masheya, omwe ali ndi masheya, ndi zina zotero. Chuma pamlingo waukulu chimakhala ndi mgwirizano wa katundu, malipiro ndi ndondomeko zamitengo, kugawa. ndondomeko, ndi magawo a ntchito.
Malingaliro onse azachuma omwe ali pansipa akufotokozedwa apa kuti tifanizire ndikuwunika njira zina za capitalism kuti tiganizire komwe tikufuna kupita.
Kusanthula kwa Anti-Capitalist
Classical Model ya Central Planning
Dongosolo loyamba ndi "Central Planning". Tikaganizira za kukonzekera kwapakati, chitsanzo chomwe chimafika m'maganizo kwambiri ndi chitsanzo cha Soviet chapakati chomwe chinali chofala kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 20. Maiko ena omwe adatengera kusiyanasiyana kwamtunduwu ndi North Korea, Cuba, China, komanso Eastern Europe. Onse anali ndi zosiyana zosiyana. Koma kuchulukirachulukira, kufalikira kwazachuma chimenecho kunali kofanana - chuma chokonzekera pakati.
Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri azachuma omwe akukonzedwa pakati pa mayiko ndi katundu wa boma kapena aboma, wokhala ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira mapulani; zotsatira zachuma za anthu zinapangidwa ndi ndondomeko ya zachuma. Panali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndondomeko zachuma zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito; panali mapulani anthawi yochepa, mapulani apachaka, mapulani a zaka zisanu, mapulani a nthawi yayitali, ndi zina zotero. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chuma chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa "Directive Planning", "Imperative Planning", kapena "Command Economy". Ndondomeko ya zachuma ya ndondomeko yapakati ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati maofesi akuluakulu pomwe mazana zikwizikwi a ogwira ntchito mu Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu, kayendetsedwe ka boma, olimba, ndi kasamalidwe ka mgwirizano, ndi mabungwe ambiri amakambirana, kuwerengera, kukambirana ndi kuwerengeranso pamaso pa mamiliyoni ambiri. malangizo okonzekera amapezeka pamagulu onse. Kwenikweni, okonza mapulani atha kuyitanitsa zambiri za momwe chuma chikuyendera komanso momwe anthu akufunira zachuma m'gulu la anthu. Ankasisita mfundozo nโkukonza zoti achite. Iwo amasankha amene adzachita chiyani, zomwe zidzapangidwe, kuchuluka kwa zomwe zidzapangidwe komanso kumene zidzapite. Amapanganso zisankho pa kusankha, kulemba ntchito ndi kuwombera, kusankha, kupereka mphotho, ndi kulanga mamenejala a kampani iliyonse. Momwemonso, manejala aliyense analinso ndi ulamuliro wofanana pabizinesi iliyonse yomwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwake; monga m'magawo amakampani.
Ma Institutions of Central Planning
Zomveka kumbuyo kwa dongosolo la ndondomeko yapakati zinali kuti okonza mapulani atha, pogwiritsa ntchito zambiri zomwe angathe kusonkhanitsa, kupeza ndondomeko yabwino kwambiri yachuma kwa anthu. Ndipo anthu ambiri anakhulupirira moona mtima kuti anali mโmagawo oyambirira a socialism; kuti chikominisi, dziko lamtsogolo lopanda malire ndi lopanda magulu linali kudza. Iwo anali ndi masomphenya aakulu kaamba ka chitaganya ndi anthu ndipo chotero anali ndi zisonkhezero zina zolemekezeka. Komabe, panali ena omwe adayipitsidwa ndi mphamvu zamabungwe, pokwaniritsa maudindo awo ndi maubale mkati mwachitsanzo cha mapulani apakati. Iwo anali ndi chidziwitso. Iwo anali ndi mphamvu. Mphamvu zawo zopanga zisankho zidaposa momwe adakhudzidwira ndi zotsatira za mapulani awo azachuma. Iwo anali okonza mapulani ndi oyang'anira, omwe amatchedwa gulu la ogwirizanitsa. Anapeza mphotho zakuthupi zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi mtundu wa mphamvu zomwe anali nazo pazachuma. Momwemonso, mphamvu yopangira zisankho za ogwira ntchito inali chizindikiro komanso yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi ya ogwirizanitsa.
Pali zifukwa zambiri komanso mafotokozedwe ambiri okhudza chifukwa chake chitsanzo cha Soviet cha dongosolo lamalamulo chinatenga mbiri yakale yomwe idachita; chifukwa chake zidatenga mawonekedwe achuma chaulamuliro. Kwenikweni, pali zinthu zamkati ndi zinthu zakunja. Malongosoledwe amkati amachokera ku nkhondo ("chikominisi chankhondo"), nkhondo yapachiweniweni, njala, ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha mafakitale chadziko lakumidzi lomwe likupikisana ndi mayiko akumadzulo a capitalist. Zinthu zakunja zinali zaudani mayiko akumadzulo omwe amakakamiza Cold War kupita ku Soviet Union zomwe zidapangitsa kuti SU imangoyang'ana kwambiri zamakampani ankhondo. Koma mosasamala kanthu za zifukwa zomwe zili pamwambazi kapena mafotokozedwe, ngakhale tikanaganiza kuti okonza mapulani anali ndi chidziwitso changwiro komanso kuti atha kukwaniritsa zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zachuma kwa anthu (analogue kuti atenge mpikisano wangwiro pansi pa capitalism), ndikungoganiza zonse ziwiri, malo okondweretsa, amkati ndi akunja - kutengera zopinga zonse - chitsanzo cha kukonzekera kwapakati sichiri chitsanzo choyenera. Chifukwa cha ntchito zamadongosolo apakati ndi oyang'anira, anthu amatumizidwa panjira, kwa nthawi yayitali akupanga anthu opotoka, okhala ndi mikhalidwe yokhotakhota, kutulutsa gulu losokonezeka; kumene okonza mapulani amapanga makhalidwe a okonza mapulani ndi oyang'anira ndi anthu ena onse amakhala ndi makhalidwe osamvera. Central Planning ilibe dongosolo lolimbikitsira kudzilamulira kotero sikulimbikitsa mgwirizano; sichilimbikitsa chilungamo kapena kusiyanasiyana ndipo sichilimbikitsa kuchita bwino. Chifukwa chake, poganizira njira zina za capitalism, chitsanzo cha Soviet chapakati pakukonzekera sichitsanzo chofunikira.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa Market Socialism
Kusiyana kotsatira kwa Socialism kumatchedwa "Market Socialism". Pali mitundu itatu ya socialism pamsika. Pali "State Managed Market Socialism", "Public Enterprise Market Socialism" ndipo pali "Labor Managed Market Socialism". Mawu akuti "Socialism Market" adachokera kwa katswiri wazachuma waku Poland dzina lake Oscar Lange. Analowa mkangano wotchedwa โSocialist Calculation Debatesโ umene unachitika mโma 1930. Adakambirana ndi katswiri wazachuma wodziwika bwino waku Austrian komanso pro-capitalist wotchedwa Frederick von Hayek, pakati pa ena. Kuchokera mumkanganowu Lange adapanga zomwe zimadziwika kuti Lange model of Market Socialism. Unali chitsanzo choyamba cha chiphunzitso cha market socialism. Icho chinali chitsanzo choyendetsedwa ndi boma.
Ndondomeko yachitsanzo ichi ndi katundu wa boma kapena wa boma omwe ali ndi misika yomwe imatsimikizira mitengo ya katundu ndi malipiro. Bungwe la State Central Planning Bureau linasintha mitengo ya zinthu zapakatikati kuti zithetseretu kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo komanso kufunikira kwa zinthuzo. Nzika zonse zidagawana mofanana phindu la mabungwe onse aboma. Lange ankakhulupirira, ndipo mwinamwake iye anali wolondola (ngakhale ziribe kanthu kwenikweni monga momwe tionere pansipa), kuti chitsanzo chake chinapindula chinachake pafupi ndi โmpikisano wangwiroโ kuposa momwe ma capitalist anganenere pansi pa dongosolo la capitalist la umwini waumwini wa katundu wopindulitsa ndi misika. Ichi ndi chidule chachidule cha chitsanzo cha Lange. Komabe, chithunzithunzi ichi cha Lange Model chimagwira ntchito yathu pano; mfundo ndi yakuti ndi State Managed mawonekedwe a Market Socialism. Ngakhale kuyesayesa pang'ono kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa magulu mu chuma, palibe kuyesa kwenikweni kwa Lange kuchepetsa kusagwirizana pakupanga zisankho; zoyambazo zimatsutsana ndi izi. Ndipo kotero, tikhoza kupitilira ...
Chitsanzo chaposachedwa kwambiri, cha Public Enterprise Market Socialism, ndi "Coupon Economy" ya John Roemer (Roemer, "Future for Socialism"). Roemer amalimbikitsa kuthetsedwa kwa umwini wamakampani monga tikudziwira. M'malo mwake, aliyense amapatsidwa magawo ofanana a masheya kapena makuponi, kupatsa munthu aliyense gawo lofanana la umwini mukampani iliyonse. Mabizinesi amapikisana pamsika ndipo eni ake atha kukhala omasuka kusinthanitsa magawo awo pakampani ina kuti agawane nawo; aliyense amayesetsa kuchita wina ndi mnzake kuti asakhale ndi magawo mubizinesi yomwe ikulephera. Anthu amapeza zopindula zosiyanasiyana kuchokera kumagulu awo a makuponi osiyanasiyana. Uwu ndiwo mpikisano wamsika wamtundu wa Roemer.
Roemer akuwonetsanso kupanga mabungwe kukhala ma conglomerates amtundu waku Japan, omwe amatchedwanso "Keiretsu". Izi zitha kutsogozedwa ndi banki yayikulu yosunga ndalama yomwe ingakhale ndi masheya ambiri m'mabungwe ndikubwereketsa makasitomala ake ndalama zogulira ndikuwunika momwe kasamalidwe kamakampani amagwirira ntchito. Roemer amatsutsa kuti lingaliro lake lingakhale lofanana kwambiri kuposa capitalism komanso lothandiza kwambiri. Komabe, akuvomerezanso kuti anthu sadzakhalanso ndi mphamvu pa moyo wawo wa ntchito mu Coupon Economy kuposa momwe angakhalire ndi chuma cha capitalist. Oyang'anira makampani amayang'aniridwa ndi mabanki omwe amagulitsa ndalama ndipo ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimasankha zomwe antchito awo angapange. Apanso, ichi ndichidule chachidule cha chitsanzo cha Public Enterprise Market Socialism. Koma, ndi zokwanira kuwona izo
Malingaliro a Roemer akugwira ntchito panjira yomwe ikupangitsa kuti, pakapita nthawi, mtundu wina wa capitalism, kugawanso umwini m'njira ya masheya kapena makuponi. Pamapeto pake, sizingakhale zomveka kutchedwa "Public Enterprise Market Socialism". Komanso, kuwonjezera pakugwiritsa ntchito misika ndi mpikisano monga njira yake yogawira, imayendetsedwa kudzera m'mabungwe amakampani ndi ogwirizanitsa. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ife ku Libertarian Kumanzere titha kusokoneza chitsanzo ichi. Ndipo komabe choyipa kwambiri cha mtundu uwu, Roemer akulingalira kuti zopita patsogolo zifuna kuthamangitsa capitalism kuti isinthe ndi chuma cha coupon. Komabe, Robin Hahnel akufotokoza mfundo yakuti kukanatengera kuyesayesa kofananako kuti mโmalo mwa ukapitalisti ndi chuma cha makuponi, monga momwe kukanakhalira kukwaniritsa mtundu wina uliwonse wa chuma pa ukapitalist; kaya chuma chapakati chokonzekera, msika wa Socialist Economic, kapena Decentralized Participatory Economics. Hahnel akupitiriza kuti, โKunena mosapita mโmbali, poganizira za mphamvu ndi nkhanza za otsutsa zimene tingayembekezere kuchokera kwa akapitalist amakono, chuma cha makuponi sichiyenera kuika moyo wawo pachiswe.โ (Hahnel, Economic Justice ndi Demokalase)
Ngati mitundu iwiri ya pamwambayi ya socialism ya msika inali yodzipatula komanso yolamulira ndiye pali chitsanzo china, "Employee Managed Model of Market Socialism" ya Yugoslavia yomwe ili yosangalatsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kutchedwa Employee Managed Market Socialism, imadziwikanso kuti "Labor Managed Market Socialism" kapena "Self-Manage Market Socialism". Kwenikweni, chitsanzo chimene chinalipo ku Yugoslavia chinalipo kuyambira mโma 1950 mpaka mโma 1980. Mu 1948 Stalin anathamangitsa Yugoslavia kuchokera ku Communist Information Bureau. Patatha zaka zinayi dzikolo lidachita kuyesa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi mabizinesi odziyendetsa okha. Misika idalandiridwa ngati njira ina yokhayo yodziwika, kupatula mapulani apakati, kugwirizanitsa ntchito zachuma. Dongosololi linakhazikitsidwa kudzera mukusintha kofalikira. Kusintha kumeneku kunkafuna kumasula ogwira ntchito ku ulamuliro wankhanza wa chuma chomwe chinakonzedwa pakati pa mayiko. Kodi kudzilamulira kumatanthauza chiyani pakuyesa ku Yugoslavia? Ogwira ntchito akhoza kusankha mameneja awo, ngakhale pochita, pazigawo zosiyana muzochitika za Yugoslavia, boma lidalowererapo poika oyang'anira; ndipo mamenejala, ngakhale sakanatha kuchotsa ogwira ntchito popanda chilolezo cha makomiti ogwira ntchito, atha kupereka malingaliro oti awachotse. Komanso, mabizinesi amayenera kupikisana pamsika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti panali malo onse antchito otsika komanso malo ogwirira ntchito opatsa mphamvu, kukwiyitsa zisankho komanso kusiyana kwamagulu. Izi ndi zina mwazinthu za ku Yugoslavia kudziwongolera. Komabe, ngakhale mfundo yodziwika bwino ya kudziwongolera kwa ogwira ntchito, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri, mabungwe ambiri ogwira ntchito sanalimbikitse.
Mtundu wamakono wa sosholizimu wodziyendetsa okha pamsika ndi David Schweickart's "Economic Democracy Model". Chitsanzochi chili ndi makhalidwe omwe anali ofala mu chitsanzo cha Yugoslavia, capitalism ya Japan style ndi Mondragon Cooperative movement ku Spain. Bizinesi iliyonse yopindulitsa imayendetsedwa ndi antchito ake, koma "amakhala" ndi anthu onse. Chotsatira, chuma ndi chuma cha msika, kumene zipangizo ndi katundu zimagulidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi mitengo yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kupezeka ndi kufunikira pamsika. Ngakhale Schweickart akunena kuti mapulojekiti atsopano opangira ndalama amatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu, mawonekedwe a chitsanzo chake, makamaka kufunikira kwa ntchito zamabizinesi pamsika, zomwe zimatsimikizira momwe ndalama zogulitsira zimagawidwira, zimatsutsana ndi izi.
Market Institutions
Monga momwe zilili ndi Central Planning, titha kupanganso malingaliro ongoganizira za chuma chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito misika ngati njira yawo yogawa, kaya capitalist kapena market socialist. Kuti misika igwire ntchito, chiphunzitso cha capitalism chimanena kuti ochita zachuma onse ali ndi chidziwitso changwiro, kuti pali mpikisano wangwiro ndipo palibe zakunja. Tsopano, ngakhale tikufuna kupanga malingaliro omwewo pa msika wa socialism (ndipo malingaliro awa akumira ngati tani ya njerwa m'dziko lenileni), mosasamala kanthu, misika idakali ndi maudindo a ogula ndi ogulitsa, kumene pali maubwenzi ogwirizana ndi ntchito. pazotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa - cholinga ndikugula zotsika mtengo ndikugulitsa zokondedwa, kuchitana wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chake, pali mgwirizano wokhazikika m'misika.
Zowonjezereka, ogula ndi ogulitsa sawona china chilichonse choposa zomwe achita posachedwa. Pazachuma cha msika, ndikapita kukagula galimoto kumalo ogulitsira magalimoto, ndizabwino kwa ine ndi wogulitsa magalimoto. Koma ndikangotuluka ndikuyendetsa galimoto yanga mozungulira ndikutulutsa mpweya woipa, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri anthu onse omwe misika siiganizira. Izi ndizoyipa zakunja zomwe, mosasamala kanthu za misonkho ingati yomwe mukufuna kuyika, misika siyingawerengere kuchuluka kwamitengo yamagulu ndi zachilengedwe ndi zotsatira zake.
Pogwiritsa ntchito misika ngati njira yogawa, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosokoneza chitukuko cha anthu; kumene chitukuko chaumwini ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, kwa nthawi yaitali, chimatumizidwa panjira, kupyolera mu maudindo a ogula ndi ogulitsa. Kukondera konse kumakhudza kugwiritsira ntchito pawekha ndi "kuwomba chipale chofewa" payokha, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito anthu onse komanso kuthandizana pagulu.
Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito misika timaganiza kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chadyera, chokonda payekha komanso champikisano. Ndikhoza kunena kuti izi ndi zoona pazochitika zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi za Market Socialism; kumene anthu anali ndi malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri omwe anali olemekezeka, mwatsoka, bungwe la msika, ndipo ndinganene, Market Socialism, imapanganso malingaliro awa ponena za chikhalidwe chaumunthu. Sayesa kulingalira mabungwe omasula kapena makhalidwe a anthu.
Masomphenya a "Community Based".
Ena amene amakana capitalism, central planning and market socialism akuganiza ngati chuma chawo chosinthika, chaching'ono, chokhazikika kwanuko, chodzidalira. Mtsutso womwe waperekedwa ndi wakuti pongochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mabungwe azachuma ndikuwonjezera kudzidalira kwa anthu amderali nditha kukwanitsa zolinga zaufulu, kuchepetsa kusagwirizana komanso kukwaniritsa mtundu wina wachilengedwe komanso kukhazikika. Pogawa mayiko akuluakulu azachuma kukhala madera ang'onoang'ono, odziyimira pawokha azachuma akuyembekeza kuthetsa kufunikira kogwirizanitsa ntchito zachuma kunja kwa madera awo.
Monga momwe pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapulani apakati, socialism yamisika ndi chuma chokonzekera demokalase, palinso mitundu ingapo yazachuma yochokera kumadera: Social Ecology, Libertarian Municipalism, bio regionalism, ecology economics, eco-socialism, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, zonsezi malingaliro amakumana ndi vuto lomwelo. Iwo sali zitsanzo zogwirizana. Sakufunsa kwenikweni kalikonse. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya mapulani apakati, mapulani a demokalase ndi socialism yamisika, palibe chitsanzo chazachuma chokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu. Zitsanzo zenizeni zimatchula malamulo, ndondomeko ndi mabungwe a momwe angapangire zisankho zofunika zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa mu chuma chilichonse. Izi ndizo, malo ogwirira ntchito, malipiro, zosankha zaumwini ndi zamagulu; zomwe zimapangidwa / kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimapangidwa; zomwe zimadyedwa / kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimadyedwa. Mwachitsanzo, katundu wofunika kwambiri yemwe angafuneke m'dera lililonse lachuma akhoza kukhala njinga kapena kite. Kapena mwinamwake pali miyala m'munda wa anthu ndipo fosholo imafunika kuchotsa miyalayo. Pazachuma chilichonse timadalira anthu ena kuti apeze zinthu zofunika kuti apange zinthu zosavuta monga mafosholo, njinga kapena makaiti, osatchulanso zofunika kwambiri za anthu ndi zikhumbo zomwe tiyenera kuzikwaniritsa. Chifukwa chake, "chuma chodzidalira" sichosankha. Ndipo kukula kwachuma, nthawi zambiri, si vuto kwenikweni. Pazifukwa zonsezi, chuma chokhazikika mdera ndi masomphenya osati zitsanzo.
Kukonzekera kwa demokalase
Posachedwapa, malingaliro ambiri okhudza chuma chokonzedwa mwa demokalase atuluka, ndipo mosakayikira malingalirowa adzatsutsa zikhulupiliro zozama kuti "palibe njira yachitatu" (TINA). Mwamwambo akhala akutsutsidwa kuti pali misika kapena mapulani apakati. Mโmodzi mwa ochirikiza chikhulupiriro chimenechi ndi malemu katswiri wazachuma wa ku Britain Alec Nove. Nove anatsutsa kuti pogawa katundu m'madera onse palibe njira ina kupatula misika kapena kukonzekera pakati - ndi momwemo, palibe china. Komabe, Michael Albert amatsutsa zomwe Nove adanena. Albert akuti, "Umboni wokhawo wa Nove ndikuwunjika zowonetsa zomwe palibe amene amakayikira poyamba, kuti kugawa ndizovuta komanso zofunika. Kufotokozera kwa Nove kumangokhalira kufunikira 'Ziyenera kukhala kuti palibe njira yachitatu, chifukwa ziyenera kukhala kuti palibe njira yachitatu'. Ndi malingaliro awa, sitikadapita patsogolo kupitilira mabungwe a pharos Egypt โ(ParEcon: Life After Capitalism). Mwamwayi, mosiyana ndi udindo wa Nove, tili ndi zosankha zina kupyola ndondomeko yapakati, socialism ya msika, kapena capitalism. Ndiko kuti, palinso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachuma zomwe zakonzedwa mwa demokalase, zomwe sizili zamisika zomwe mungasankhe ndikuwunika.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 21 zakhala zikuphuka njira za demokalase padziko lonse lapansi. Madera ndi madera osiyanasiyana oyambira ku Africa, Asia, ndi Latin America, komanso maiko a Kum'mawa mpaka Kumadzulo kwa Europe akhala akufufuza njira zachuma zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito. Pali mapulani abwino ammudzi ku Kerela, India. Pali kuyesa kodziwika bwino kwa bajeti yogawana nawo gawo ku Porto Allegre, Brazil. Komabe, awa si mitundu yonse yazachuma zokonzedwa mwa demokalase. Ndizochitika zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimakhala ndi ndondomeko ndi machitidwe otenga nawo mbali. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti samapereka ntchito zambiri zamabungwe momwe katundu amagawidwira, momwe malo antchito amapangidwira, momwe amapangira chisankho, mwachitsanzo zomwe mukufuna kudya / kuchuluka kwa zomwe mukufuna kudya, zomwe mukufuna kupanga / mukufuna kupanga zingati. Kotero, awa si zitsanzo. M'malo mwake, amatha kuwonedwa ngati maziko komanso othamanga omwe angakhale pamlingo wokulirapo komanso womasula kwambiri.
Zolinga Zazikulu Zasinthidwanso
Pakali pano tawunikanso zambiri zomwe zingatheke pazachuma. Ambiri akhala mu mawonekedwe a msika wa socialist kapena chuma chokonzekera pakati, ndipo tangokhudza mwachidule ndondomeko ya demokalase. Ndayesera kufotokoza zina mwamabungwe ndi njira zomwe zimakhudza ubale wamagulu mkati mwa lingaliro lililonse kuti tithe kuwunika ndikuwunika momwe dongosolo limayendera bwino ndikuzindikira kuthekera kwamunthu ndi zomwe timakhulupirira za mgwirizano, kudzilamulira, chilungamo komanso kusiyanasiyana. Panthawiyi ndi koyenera kuti tipereke mwachidule mwachidule ndondomeko ya zachuma yomwe ndikuganiza kuti ndiyoyenera kwambiri ku zolinga zathu - chuma chotenga nawo mbali.
Participatory Economics
Chuma chotenga nawo mbali chimakhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osati umwini kapena umwini wa boma; makhonsolo a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi ogula komanso malo abwino ogwirira ntchito m'malo mwa utsogoleri wamakampani; malipiro a kuyesayesa ndi kudzimana osati katundu, mphamvu, kapena zotulukapo; Kukonzekera kogwirizana osati misika kapena mapulani apakati; ndi kudzilamulira tokha osati ulamuliro wa gulu.
Kugwira ntchito moyenera ndikutanthauziranso lingaliro lathu la ntchito. Kwenikweni, ntchito zimakonzedwa kuti aliyense akhale ndi magawo ofanana a ntchito zopatsa mphamvu komanso zosapatsa mphamvu. Ntchito zimayenderana pakati pa ntchito iliyonse komanso malo antchito. Kulinganiza ntchito m'malo ogwirira ntchito kumachitidwa pofuna kulepheretsa kulinganiza ndi kugawa ntchito kukonzekeretsa antchito ena bwino kuposa ena kuti atenge nawo gawo popanga zisankho kuntchito, kapena zomwe zingakhale zotsatira za gawo lathu lantchito lomwe limagwira ntchito. Kuyanjanitsa ntchito m'malo onse ogwira ntchito ndikofunikira chimodzimodzi kuti malo ofowoketsa komanso onyozeka asalamuliridwe ndi opatsa mphamvu. Zotsatira za ntchito yogwirizana ndi kutenga nawo mbali ndikuti aliyense ali ndi gawo lofanana la ntchito zofunika ndi zosafunikira, zopatsa mphamvu zofananira ndi moyo wabwino kwa onse.
Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri ndi chilungamo cha malipiro, kapena kulipira khama ndi kudzimana. Njira yolipirira iyi imatsimikizira kuti zotsatira zosagwirizana sizimapangidwa ndi kupangidwanso, chifukwa cha umwini wa njira zopangira, kugulitsa mphamvu, zotulutsa, kupatsidwa ma genetic, talente, luso, zida zabwino, ogwira nawo ntchito opindulitsa, chilengedwe, cholowa, kapena mwayi. Pazifukwa zonsezi anthu amangolamulira khama lawo. Chifukwa chake, kulimbikira ndi kudzipereka ndizomwe zimalipidwa mu parecon, kutenthedwa ndi kufunikira koyenera pakadwala, tsoka, kusakhoza, ndi zina zambiri.
Otenga nawo mbali amapangidwa kukhala mabungwe a ogwira ntchito ndi ma khonsolo ogula omwe amakambirana zogawika kudzera mu "decentralized participatory planning". Ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe a ogwira ntchito amalingalira zomwe akufuna kupanga, kuchuluka kwa zomwe akufuna kupanga, zolowa zofunika komanso zotsatira zamunthu pazosankha zawo zopanga. Makasitomala amafotokozera zomwe akufuna kudya, kuchuluka kwa zomwe akufuna kudya komanso zotsatira zamunthu pazomwe amasankha. "Iteration Facilitation Boards" (IFB) imapanga "mitengo yowonetsera", pogwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zochulukira komanso zamakhalidwe abwino, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito ndi ogula kuti asinthe malingaliro awo obwerezabwereza. The IFB ikupereka malingaliro ku dongosolo lomwe lingagwire ntchito mkati mwa maulendo asanu mpaka asanu ndi awiri obwerezabwereza. Dongosolo limasankhidwa ndikukwaniritsidwa chaka chomwe chikubwera.
Dongosolo lotengapo mbali ndi chisankho chotheka ndi choyenera kugawa zolemetsa ndi maubwino a ntchito zachitukuko mwachilungamo. Zimakhudzanso zomwe otenga nawo gawo amapanga zisankho molingana ndi momwe akukhudzidwira. Zinthu za anthu ndi zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera popereka zotsatira zosiyanasiyana.
Ichi ndi chithunzithunzi chabe cha chuma chotenga nawo mbali. Kuwerenga mozama komanso zoyambira zitha kupezeka pa:
Moyo Pambuyo pa Capitalism:
http://www.zmag.org/books/pareconv/parefinal.htm
Kuyang'ana M'tsogolo: Economics Yogwira Ntchito M'zaka za zana la 21: http://www.parecon.org/lookingforward/toc.htm
Economy ya Ndale ya Participatory Economics: http://www.zmag.org/books/polpar.htm
Chris Spannos pano ndi woyendetsa panyanja ku Maine, USA, atakwera sitima yapamadzi yaku Dutch ya 1963 yomwe idasinthidwa kukhala sitima yapaulendo. Ndiwodzipereka ku ZNet komwe amathandizira pang'ono ndi ZNet Sustainer System ndikusintha Blog ya Noam Chomsky. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2005 anali wogwira ntchito zachitukuko ku tawuni yakum'mawa kwa Vancouver. Adapanganso wayilesi yodziwika bwino ndi Redeye Collective ku Vancouver's Coop Radio kuyambira 1999. Zolemba zake, ndemanga ndi zoyankhulana zake zidawonekera mu ZNet, Electronic Iraq, Dollars and Sense, Seven Oaks, The NewStandard, Vancouver Cooperative Radio, CBC ndi ena. . Iye akhoza kufikiridwa pa [imelo ndiotetezedwa]
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