Mosasamala kanthu kuti Congress, m'masiku amtsogolo, idzapereka lamulo lopanda tsankho la Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) lomwe limateteza anthu onse a LGBT, pali maphunziro omwe angapezeke kuchokera ku mikangano yomwe yakhala ikuchitika m'dera lathu kwa milungu ingapo tsopano.
Tiyeni tikumbukire mwachidule mfundo zake. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe chino, Bungwe la Human Rights Campaign lidadula mgwirizano ndi utsogoleri wa Democratic House kuti achotse lamulo loyambirira la ENDA lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa mu Epulo chitetezo chilichonse cha omwe asintha kapena omwe akuwonetsa kuti ali ndi amuna mosiyana ndi momwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - monga amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. amagonana amuna okhaokha.
Koma HRC sinauze ena onse amderali za mgwirizano wa ENDA wocheperako, ndipo enafe tidadziwa za izi masabata atatu apitawa.
Kunyansidwa ndi kuipidwa ndi kusakhulupirika kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri pakati pathu kudafalikira - ndipo m'masiku ochepa, mgwirizano waukulu wa mabungwe a LGBT mdziko, maboma, ndi akumaloko, wotchedwa ENDA United, udayamba kutsutsa mtundu wa ENDA womwe unalephera kuteteza. kudziwika kwa amuna ndi akazi komanso osinthika - chifukwa ngati chiwongola dzanja chikadutsa, gulu la transgender ndi lofooka pazandale komanso Congress yosakondedwa sidzawapatsa chitetezo padera.
Pakadali pano, mabungwe opitilira 300 alowa nawo mgwirizano wa ENDA United, zomwe zasiya HRC yokha kulephera kutsutsa kuperekedwa kwa bilu yomwe idachotsedwa.
Chifukwa chake zidawululidwa zolakwika zazikulu m'madera athu, zomwe zitha kuyambika ku imfa ya ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso m'malo mwake zomwe Jeffrey Escoffier, m'buku lake lakale la 1998 "American Homo: Community and Perversity," lotchedwa "mzinzi wa gay. kuyenda.โ
Tinafika bwanji pamene tili?
Pamene Sylvia Rivera ndi ena transgendered ndi jenda zigawenga anapezerapo kulimbana-mmbuyo ndi nkhanza apolisi anaukira New York a Stonewall Inn 38 zaka zapitazo, izo zinasonyeza kubadwa kwa kupanduka kwakukulu - motsutsana State, amene anatipanga ife zigawenga; motsutsana ndi ntchito zachipatala ndi zamisala, zomwe zidatiuza ife odwala; komanso motsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chankhanza chomwe chidatipanga kukhala chandamale cha kunyozedwa, kunyozedwa, kunyoza, chidani, ndi chiwawa.
Wobadwa pambuyo pa kupanduka kwa Stonewall, gulu lomenyera ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha lidalimbikira - kubwereka kumutu wa filimu yoyambilira yolembedwa ndi wojambula wachi German wa gay Rosa von Praunheim - kuti "siogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe ali opotoka, koma gulu lomwe amakumana nalo. moyo.โ
Kuchokera ku zotsutsa zachikazi za nkhanza za makolo ndi banja, kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunakana kukhwima kwa abambo, maudindo, ndi miyambo ya azungu, apakati; Kudana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kudana ndi akazi ankaoneka ngati mbali ziwiri za ndalama imodzi.
Kumasulidwa kwa gay kunaumirira paufulu wa zilakolako zambiri ndikutsutsa "mankhwala aliwonse a momwe akuluakulu ololera angapangire kapena ayenera kupanga chikondi," monga momwe wolemba mbiri komanso wotsutsa gay Martin Duberman adanenera. Kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali, iye analemba kuti, โmwambo wosiyanaโosati ku umuna kapena ukazi monga momwe maiko amenewo amalongosoledwera mwamwambo; osavomerezedwa ndi chiphunzitso chauzimu; osapangidwa ndi zaka mazana a machitidwe amwambo; osapatsidwa moni ndi chisangalalo cha ubale ndi kulandiridwa; osadziลตika ndi kufutukuka kwa mayanjano mโchitaganya chokhazikika cha achikulire,โ koma mโmalo mwake kudziika โpatsogolo pa chisinthiko chatsopano kwambiri ndi chofika patali kwambiri: kutengeranso makhalidwe a kugonana.โ
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70s, pamene ndinatuluka, kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunadziwona ngati "chinthu chotsutsana" ndi chikhalidwe chododometsa cha ndale cha zaka za Nixon, ndipo chinadzazidwa ndi chidziwitso chodzipereka kumasula mphamvu zonse za anthu osawoneka mpaka pano. monga gawo la zoyesayesa zazikulu zokulitsa chilungamo cha anthu ndi kumasulidwa kwa anthu onse.
Popeza ufulu waufulu unakana kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati chikondwerero "chomvetsa chisoni" cha "kupotoza," tinkawona kuti chinali chosokoneza kawiri, ndipo timanyadira zimenezo.
Zochita za gulu lomenyera ufulu wa gay zinali zambiri. Zinasokoneza kosatha bata lomwe linatsekereza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'malo okhala okhaokha komanso osagwirizana; mikangano yake yonyansa, yodziwika bwino pawailesi yakanema idasintha momwe amalankhulirana pagulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - zowonetsedwa ndi kukakamira mawu oti "gay," liwu lodziwika bwino la chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa zaka zopitilira zana, m'malo mwachipatala, gawo limodzi " amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.โ
Kupambana kwakukulu kunali kupambana kopambana kuti bungwe la American Psychiatric Association lisiye kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera m'ndandanda yake ya "zovuta" mu 1973. kokha maziko a umoyo wamaganizo ndi maganizo kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma kofunika kuti pakhale gulu la ndale lomwe lingathe kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Pamene anthu ochulukirachulukira adayamba kutuluka, chifukwa cha omenyera ufulu wa anthu omwe amawonekera, gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha linayamba kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndale, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu onse. Ndipo motero gulu lomenyera ufulu wa gay lidakhala gulu lomenyera ufulu wa gay.
Kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunkaona kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizovuta kwambiri ku dongosolo lovuta komanso lopanda chilungamo la chikhalidwe cha anthu monga momwe anthu ambiri omwe amachirikiza, kuphatikizapo inenso, adalandira. Koma izo zinasinthidwa mu nthawi yaifupi kufunafuna kukhala nzika gay.
Kapena, monga momwe Escoffier analembera, gulu lomenyera ufulu โlinkakondwerera zinzake, kusiyana, ndi kuipitsidwa kwa ogonana ofanana ziลตalo; pamene ndale za gay za kukhala nzika zimavomereza chikhutiro cha kuvomereza, kupita, kukhala, ndi kuvomerezedwa. "
The de-radicalization of the gay movement inapititsidwa patsogolo ndi zifukwa zingapo. Chifukwa chimodzi, kumasulidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali ntchito ya anthu omwe adatenga nawo mbali kapena kukhudzidwa ndi magulu a 60s omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu akuda ndi nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, kapena chifukwa cha zovuta zantchito. Pamene mbadwo woyamba wa omenyera ufulu unayamba kutenthedwa, gululo linali lodzaza ndi achinyamata omwe anali ndi mbiri yochepa kapena alibe mbiri yakale yotsutsa ndale.
Nthawi yomweyo, kukwera kwamphamvu kwa malonda a gay ghetto komanso kuwonekera kwa msika wa gay kunathandizira kukula kwachangu kwa gulu la anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe adadziwona kuti ali ndi gawo lalikulu pachikhalidwe chodziwika bwino kuposa momwe amachitira achinyamata achichepere ndi aluntha omwe. anapanga funde loyamba la gululo.
Pomaliza, kutsutsana kotsutsana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kufunitsitsa kukhala nzika zonse za gay kudapangitsa gululo kufuna kupita patsogolo pazandale kudzera mu ndale zachikhalidwe zamagulu. Kufunika kopempha osankhidwa omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunathandiza kuti madzi achepetse ndipo potsirizira pake kuzimitsa nkhani yotsutsa ufulu; mu izi, gulu la gay silinathawe tsoka lofananalo la magulu ena otsutsana ndi anthu omwe poyamba anali otsutsa.
Kenako panabwera AIDS.
Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1981, pamene idadziwika koyamba kuti ndi "khansa ya gay," mpaka cha m'ma 90s, Edzi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusala anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, makamaka amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi anthu okonda zandale.
Ndipo malingaliro ndi malingaliro omenyera ufulu uliwonse omwe adatsalira mgulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adathetsedwa.
Choyamba, mliri komanso kusamvana komwe kudabwera nawo kunakakamiza anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti abwerere kwawo kuti apulumuke.
Boma silinakhalepo konse pankhondo yolimbana ndi Edzi m'zaka za Reagan, kotero kulemedwa kwa kupewa, maphunziro, komanso kusamalira odwala kudagwera pa amuna okhaokha.
Edzi inawononga ndalama zambiri komanso mphamvu za anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pamene tinatenga udindo watsiku ndi tsiku wosamalira "mabanja okulirapo" ovutika a anzathu ndi otikonda.
Choipitsitsa kwambiri, okolola oipitsitsawa adachotseranso zikwizikwi za anthu omenyera ufulu wa gay omwe anali oyamba komanso osatopa, kutayika kosayerekezeka m'mbiri ya gulu lina lililonse laku US. Nthawi zonse ndimaganiza za malemu, bwenzi langa wokondedwa Vito Russo ngati akuyimira kukula kwa kukha magazi koopsa kwa talente yosasinthika.
Pomaliza, zosintha zilizonse zomwe zidalipobe pakati pa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zidapitilirabe polimbana ndi Edzi ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ACT UP. Kulimbana ndi kupulumuka kosavuta kunatenga patsogolo pa nkhani zazikulu za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kugonana.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90s, kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la gay kunali komaliza. HRC, bungwe lolemera kwambiri la anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mdziko muno lomwe lili ndi antchito ambiri, anthu pafupifupi 114 tsopano - omwe atolankhani masiku ano amatembenukira ku "maganizidwe a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pankhani - adatengera gulu lapamwamba, lamakampani lomwe limafuna kuti mamembala ake angolemba. cheke kapena kupezeka pa chakudya chamadzulo, kapena nthawi zina kulemba kalata, kapenanso kutumiza imelo, kwa akuluakulu aboma.
Pakufufuza kwawo kosatha kwa mabungwe othandizira pazochitika ndi zochitika za gay, pakulimbikira kwawo kuwonetsa chithunzithunzi chabodza cha anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mabungwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga HRC ndi ma gaycrats omwe amangotengeka ndi mwayi wawo akuchita zolakwika zazikulu komanso zanzeru - monga kuvomereza pagulu. mtundu wopatula wa ENDA - womwe uli m'manja mwa adani athu omwe ali kumanja omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri komanso otsogola.
Inde, likulu la ndale la mphamvu yokoka mdziko muno lasuntha kwambiri kumanja kwazaka makumi angapo kuyambira Stonewall - ndipo ndi malo a ndale amphamvu yokoka a gay. Koma ndazindikira china chake chomwe chili ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu pakusonkhanitsa zomwe taziwona m'masabata apitawa motsutsana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa anthu osagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku ENDA.
Chiyambireni mkangano wa ENDA, ndamva mkangano weniweni, wokhudzana ndi mtima wokhudza zomwe gulu la gay liyenera kukhala lofunika komanso losasinthika kuposa momwe ndamvera zaka zambiri. Palinso mkwiyo weniweni chifukwa cha kusowa kwa udindo kwa mabungwe apamwamba, monga HRC, omwe atsogoleri awo osasankhidwa amati atilankhula tonsefe.
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza kuti zaka makumi atatu ndi theka zakumenyera zidapanga malo okulirakulira azikhalidwe ndi ndale kwa anthu a LGBT, ndikumva njala yobwereranso ku mfundo zina zam'mbuyomu za ufulu wakugonana kwa onse omwe gulu lathu lidayamba nawo. , osati kwathu kokha koma kunja - ndipo izi zikuphatikizapo kufunikira kokulirapo kwa mabungwe athu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti asiye kudzipatula kwawo koyang'ana michombo ndikulandira mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa LGBT.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, kupanga njira zatsopano zotsutsana ndi kumasulidwa kudzafunika gulu la gay, lomwe lakhala lokhazikika kwambiri, kuti liyambe kuganiziranso mozama za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti amvetse mozama chifukwa chake mantha ndi kunyansidwa kwa chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso mitundu ya jenda ndizokhazikika kwambiri m'magulu ndi chikhalidwe osati kuno ku United States kokha, komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
Izi zikutanthawuzanso kuswa njira zoyendetsera chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro a msika wa gay. Ndikulumikizananso ndi magulu ena a chilungamo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akuyenera kukhala ogwirizana athu - nthawi yonseyi kukumbukira mawu a wokonza ufulu wachibadwidwe wamkulu wakuda yemwe analinso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Bayard Rustin, yemwe adatiphunzitsa kuti "migwirizano yonse yopambana imachokera ku mgwirizano. kudzikonda,โ kutanthauza kukumbatira mavuto a ena pamene tikuwapempha kuti agwirizane ndi zathu.
Koma, monga momwe zofuna za gulu lokhala nzika za gay zilili, pamapeto pake munthu sangasinthe malingaliro ndi mitima mwalamulo lokha. Kutanthauzira kofunikira kokha kwa ufulu waumunthu komwe kumaphatikizapo kutchulidwanso kwa kugonana kwaumunthu mu mitundu yonse yaulemerero - pulojekiti yoyambirira ya kumasulidwa kwa gay - ikhoza kuchita zimenezo.
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