Msonkhano wa June 15-16 wa Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) mu Astana, Kazakhstan anamaliza zokambirana za kukulitsa mbiri. India ndi Pakistan akukonzekera kulowa nawo China, Russia, ndi mayiko aku Central Asia monga mamembala athunthu a SCO, pomwe Afghanistan adzalumikizana Iran ndi Mongolia monga "owonerera" a SCO. The US atolankhani sananyalanyaze nkhaniyi, koma akatswiri azambiri amtsogolo angawone ngati kusintha kofunikira. Shanghai Five yapachiyambi (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, ndi Kyrgyzstan) omwe adakumana mu 1996 kuti asaine Pangano la Deepening Trust in Border Regions, adapanga SCO mu 2001 ndikuwonjezera kwa Uzbekistan ndikudzipereka ku mgwirizano waukulu pankhondo ndi nkhondo. nkhani zachuma.
Mu 2005, Purezidenti Nazarbayev wa Kazakhstan adayamikira mbiri yakale ya msonkhano wa SCO wa chaka chimenecho, nthawi yoyamba yomwe mamembala oyambirira adalumikizana nawo India, Pakistanndipo Iran. Adanenanso kuti theka la mtundu wa anthu tsopano likuimiridwa pagome lokambirana la SCO. SCO imaphatikiza zina mwazankhondo zamgwirizano monga NATO ndi phindu lazachuma monga European Union kapena UNASUR mu South America. Koma zonena zake pagulu ndizosamala kuti zichepetse gawo lankhondo. Lipoti la Xinhua pamsonkhano wachaka chino lidawonetsa kutsutsana ndi chenjezo lachi China, "Bungwe la Shanghai Cooperation Organisation silikhala mgwirizano wankhondo ndipo silidzakhala mgwirizano wankhondo. Komabe, kusunga chitetezo m'madera ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri."
SCO idachita msonkhano wawo woyamba wa akuluakulu ankhondo ku Shanghai mu April. Kuwonjezera kwa India ndi Pakistan zadzutsa chiyembekezo cha chiyembekezo cha atsogoleri awo ankhondo kukhala pamodzi pa msonkhano wotsatira wotere. Kuwonekera ndi kukula kwa SCO, monga gulu la "chitetezo" komanso ngati gulu lazachuma, zakhala zikuyendetsedwa ndi kufunikira kofanana kwa mayiko onsewa kuti ayankhe. US chiwawa ndi kukula kwa asilikali, komanso kukwera kwachuma kwa dera lawo. Popanda kutsutsa mwachindunji US ndi NATO, SCO ili ndi kuthekera kowapangitsa kukhala osafunikira padziko lonse lapansi, monga kazembe waku India wopuma pantchito MK Bhadrakumar adalembera Asia Times pambuyo pa msonkhano. The United States adafunsiranso za "observer" mu SCO mu 2005, koma ntchito yake idakanidwa.
Anthu aku Afghanistan asankha kulowa nawo ku SCO, ngakhale akutsutsidwa kwanthawi yayitali Washington. Nduna Yowona Zakunja ku Afghanistan Rassoul adakhala masiku anayi akukumana ndi akuluakulu aku China ku Beijing pamaso pa Pulezidenti Wachilendo wa ku Russia Lavrov adalengeza kuwonjezereka kokonzekera pa May 15. Izi ndizofunika kwambiri mu "masewera akuluakulu" ku Central Asia ndi chisonyezero cha tsogolo la Afghanistan pambuyo pa kutha kwa ntchito ya NATO, mosasamala kanthu kuti izo zidzachitika liti.
Pamene msonkhano unatsegulidwa pa June 15, a Moscow Times adasindikiza zomwe zidaperekedwa ndi Purezidenti wa summit Purezidenti Nazarbayev wa Kazakhstan zomwe zinatsindika kufunika kwa Afghanistan ku SCO: "Tikukhulupirira kuti kutukuka kwa Central Asia ndi mayiko ozungulira kungatheke pokhapokha ngati pali mphamvu, yodziyimira pawokha, komanso yokhazikika. Afghanistanโฆ. Ndizotheka kuti SCO itenga udindo pazinthu zambiri Afghanistan pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa magulu ankhondo mu 2014. "
MK Bhadrakumar adanenanso kuti, ndi kusamuka uku, China ndi Russia akwanitsa kutembenuka US policy mu Central Asia pamutu pake. US opanga ndondomeko anali kuyembekezera kutembenuka Afghanistan kupita ku "hub" komwe a US akhoza kulamulira malo abwino ndi njira zamalonda pakati pawo Russia, China, Iran, Indiandipo Pakistan. M'malo mwake, aku Russia ndi aku China akuyika Afghanistan ngati tsogolo la malonda a pamtunda ndi mapaipi omwe adzalambalale ulamuliro wa US Navy panjira zamalonda zapanyanja ndikulola maiko onse m'derali kuti akhazikitse ubale wawo popanda. US kusokoneza. Izi zikuwonetsa gawo latsopano pampikisano wakale pakati pa maufumu otsekedwa ndi Eurasia ndi Maritime European and US maufumu. Njira zamalonda zapamtunda ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi zinali zofunika kwambiri Russia, China, Germany, Austria, nkhukundembondipo Persia, pamene Spain, Portugal, Holland, Britain, FranceNdipo United States adatengera kufunafuna kwawo mwayi wopikisana nawo pa mphamvu zankhondo zapamadzi komanso kuwongolera madera akutali kapena madera a neo-koloni. The kufooka njira mu kuyambiranso kwa China zagona pakudalira kwake ku katundu wochuluka wochokera kunja ndi kutumizidwa kunja komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi malonda apanyanja. Yadzipereka kuti isapereke zifukwa zomveka zochitira nkhondo yapamadzi ndi a United States, koma ichi chikadali chiwopsezo chake chovuta kwambiri.
China ikugwira ntchito molimbika kupanga njira zina zopangira malonda apanyanja komanso kukulitsa Navy zake. Yamanga mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi kuchokera Russia ndi Kazakhstan ndi zida zatsopano zamadoko m'maiko ozungulira Nyanja ya Indian-kuphatikiza doko lalikulu kwambiri mderali ku Hambantuta pagombe lakumwera kwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka, yemwe ndi "mnzako wokambirana" ku SCO.
Bhadrakumar atchulapo malongosoledwe a bungwe lofalitsa nkhani ku Russia la โmgwirizano wolimbaโ pakati pawo Russia ndi China kufalikira ku Middle East ndi Kumpoto kwa Africa. Mu 2009, ambiri padziko lapansi adakonzekera kupereka olamulira a Obama chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri kuti afotokozere zolinga zake. Chigamulochi chilipo tsopano ndipo ntchito yatsopano yophulitsa mabomba ya NATO yolimbana ndi Libya ndi chitsimikizo chomaliza kuti "kusintha" komwe Obama adayambitsa ndi njira imodzi yokha komanso ubale wapagulu komanso kutali kwambiri ndi kudzipereka kwa US ku mtendere kapena malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Kukula kwa Obama kwa "ntchito zapadera" kumayiko osachepera 75 komanso gawo logwira ntchito la NATO pakuyambitsa nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi kwadzetsa mavuto padziko lonse lapansi. Mamembala onse apano ndi atsopano a SCO tsopano akuwona chiyembekezo chawo chabwino cham'tsogolo mogwirizana komanso kuthandizirana pamene akukumana ndi gulu lankhondo lovulala komanso lowopsa lomwe silikuwonetsa kubwezera kumbuyo zilakolako zake zankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena chiphunzitso chake chankhanza komanso chosaloledwa. za mphamvu zankhondo.
Msonkhano wa Astana udapereka mawu amphamvu pa US kuyesetsa kuzungulira Russia ndi China ndi mabatire oletsa mizinga, osachepera Afghanistan. "Kumanga kopanda malire komanso kopanda malire kwa chitetezo cha mizinga ndi dziko limodzi kapena gulu laling'ono la mayiko kungawononge bata ndi chitetezo chamayiko," adatero SCO. Koma kulephera kwa US ndi ntchito ya NATO Afghanistan ndi mwayi komanso vuto kwa anansi ake. Mu Iraq, popeza US kuwononga chiwawa cha ntchito yake IraqOyandikana nawo omwe akugulitsa maboma aku Iraq, eni nyumba, ndi mabizinesi zinthu zomwe amafunikira kuti ayambe kumanganso dziko lawo ndi miyoyo yawo. Ntchitoyi idapereka bonanza yayikulu koma kwakanthawi kochepa US makontrakitala a chitetezo. Zotsatira zake ndikuti palibe amene alowa Iraq akufuna kuchita nawo bizinesi US makampani kapena kugula US mankhwala. Zambiri za Iraq's imports in 2009 was from nkhukundembo, Iran, Syria, Chinandi European Union.
Chitsanzo chofananacho chikhoza kunenedwa mu Afghanistan. China amayendetsa kale migodi ikuluikulu ndipo amanyamula zitsulo ndi mkuwa mosatetezeka kudutsa m'mapiri omwewo Pakistan kumene ma convoys a NATO amawukiridwa nthawi zonse ndikuwotchedwa. Koma phindu lalikulu lazachuma ndi njira za Afghanistan kwa oyandikana nawo sizidalira kwambiri chuma chake komanso chuma chapakhomo monga momwe zidzakhalire m'tsogolomu ngati malo ochitira malonda pakati pawo, makamaka mafuta aku Iran paulendo wopita ku China komanso Mafuta ndi gasi aku Russia ndi Caspian adapita ku Pakistan ndi India. Monga amachitira nthawi zonse, anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana Afghanistan adzagulitsa ndi anzawo achilengedwe m'maiko oyandikana nawo, Pastuns ndi Pakistan, Tajiks ndi Hazaras ndi Iran, ndi zina zotero. Boma lopepuka m'manja mwa Kabul adzalinganiza momasuka zokonda zawo ndi za anzawo akunja ndi nzeru zomwe zimapatsa ulemu ndikuwonetsetsa bata. Umu ndi momwe Afghanistan wapeza mtendere mโmbuyomo ndipo adzachitadi zimenezo.
IndiaKufunsira kwa umembala wonse mu SCO kungadabwitse anthu aku America kuposa AfghanistanLingaliro lofuna kutsata mawonekedwe a SCO. Koma Nduna Yowona Zakunja Krishna adauza msonkhanowo India amagawana cholinga cha SCO cha "demokalase yapadziko lonse lapansi," yomwe ikugwirizana ndi udindo wawo wakale monga mtsogoleri wa gulu losagwirizana. Kukula kwa SCO kumatsegula mwayi wopeza magwero atsopano amphamvu omwe India amafunikira moyipa, kuwapatsa chifukwa chilichonse chochitira zambiri motsimikiza ndi SCO. The US wayesera kunyengerera India, kugwiritsa ntchito mikangano yake yanthawi yayitali ndi China ndi Pakistan, koma nthawi iliyonse NATO ikadzanyamula matumba ake Afghanistan, India sangakwanitse kusiyidwa mu dongosolo latsopano lachigawo. Chifukwa chake umembala wa SCO wakhala wofunikira, ngakhale US thandizo kwa IndiaMapulogalamu a nyukiliya ndi zokambirana zaposachedwa za malonda a zida.
US Akuluakulu akukhulupirira kuti atsala pang'ono kupambana mgwirizano wa Boeing ndi Lockheed Martin kuti agulitse India Ndege zankhondo za 126 za $ 11 biliyoni, koma India adaganiza zogula ndege kuchokera Europe m'malo mwake. Monga United States idataya utsogoleri m'mafakitale ena, malonda ake a zida zinali zosiyana ndi zopanga za America komanso gawo lalikulu la US mfundo zakunja. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf mu 1991, kupambana kwa US zida zidayendetsedwa ndi Pentagon ndi anzawo ku Western media, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale bonanza US malonda a zida. US oyendetsa ndege adalamulidwa kuti aziwulutsa ndege zawo Kuwait kupita ku Paris Air Show kuti awawonetse kwa omwe angakhale makasitomala muzoyipa zawo zonse ndi ulemerero. Nthawi ya pambuyo pa Cold War idagulitsa malonda US ogulitsa zida. Pofika m'chaka cha 2008, zida za ku America zinali 68 peresenti ya malonda a zida zapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zinachititsa katswiri wa kafukufuku Frida Berrigan kunena kuti "malonda a zida zapadziko lonse" anali olakwika pa zomwe zidakhalapo. US kulamulira pa zida za imfa ndi chiwonongeko.
Tsopano, ndege zenizeni zankhondo za "m'badwo wotsatira" ndi European Typhoons ndi Rafales zomwe India anasankha kugula m'malo mwake. Monga momwe Chalmers Johnson adafotokozera momveka bwino, tikulipira "ndalama zopeza mwayi". Tikukhala m'dziko lokhalo lotukuka lomwe limakana chithandizo chamankhwala kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri komanso dziko lokhalo lomwe limayang'anira anthu ochepa osauka mwa kutsekera m'ndende mamiliyoni a anyamata ake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mamiliyoni a anthu akumidzi omwe alibe ntchito kuti awalondera.
PakistanLingaliro logwirizana nalo Russia ndi China ndizosadabwitsa kuposa Indias. Pakistanudindo mu AmericaZomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yolimbana ndi zigawenga" zapereka ndalama zopangira zida za nyukiliya ndikuyika m'matumba a akuluakulu ngati "Mr. Ten Percent," Purezidenti Zardari. Koma kuwonjezera US nkhondo mu Afghanistan mu Pakistan wasokoneza kwambiri dziko losakhazikika kale ndikutembenuza anthu ake kuti asagwirizane ndi mgwirizano uliwonse wapano kapena wamtsogolo ndi United States. Pamene ndikulemba izi, Imran Khan, wolemekezeka kwambiri wakale captain wa Pakistantimu ya dziko la cricket, ikutsogolera anthu masauzande ambiri mumsewu waukulu pafupi. Peshawar, kuletsa mayendedwe ankhondo a NATO kupita Afghanistan kutsutsa US kuukira kwa drone.
M'zaka za zana la 20, United States anatola zidutswa za Britain's akufa empire kuti amange mwabechabe wina wake. Anthu amene ali mโmadoko padziko lonse lapansi azolowera kuona mbendera ndi mayunifolomu a ku America monga mmene agogo awo anazolowera kuona za ku Britain. Funso losayankhidwa lanthawi yathu ino ndiloti mbendera ndi mayunifolomu omwe zidzukulu zawo zidzawone. Tikukhulupirira kuti SCO itenga gawo lothandizira pakusintha kwamtendere kupita kudziko lomwe anthu azingowona mbendera ndi mayunifolomu amayiko awo - kapena osawona konse.
Purezidenti Karzai adabweranso ku msonkhano wa SCO ku Asana kuti apitirize kukambirana ndi a United States pa udindo wa US mphamvu m'dziko lake. M'mawu ake apawailesi yakanema, Karzai wodziyimira pawokha adadzudzula nkhondo ya NATO Libya ndipo anali wosasunthika kuposa kale za asitikali osakondedwa a NATO omwe akukhala m'dziko lake. โIwo ali pano kaamba ka zolinga zawozawo, zolinga zawozawo, ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito nthaka yathu kutero,โ iye anauza anthu ake. Karzai tsopano akukonzekera kupereka mgwirizano uliwonse wa Status of Forces ndi a US kupita ku loya jirga, khonsolo yayikulu yamitundu m'malo mwa Nyumba yamalamulo ya Afghanistan ngati US anali kudalira, kuonetsetsa kuti dongosolo lililonse kwa nthawi yaitali US kukhalapo kwa asilikali kudzakanidwa. Pa tsiku lomwelo, Karzai analandira IranMinister of Defense, Ahmad Vahidi, "kuti afufuze njira zopititsira patsogolo ubale pakati pa mayiko awiri oyandikana nawo." Vahidi adauza Karzai poyera kuti, "Kuwonetsetsa kuti madera azikhala okhazikika zotheka pokhapokha ngati mayiko achita khama komanso kuchotsedwa kwa asitikali akunja."
Mamembala a SCO ndi ogwirizana kufuna United States kuchokera Afghanistan. Kupaka kwa United States ndikuti SCO ndi mamembala ake azidikirira m'mapiko kuti atenge zidutswazo kaya tituluka mu 2011, 2014, kapena 2024.
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Nicolas JS Davies ndiye mlembi wa Magazi Pamanja Pathu: Kuukira kwa America ndi Kuwononga Iraq.