Mgbanwe email n'etiti onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa obodo Gen. Keith Alexander na ndị isi Google Sergey Brin na Eric Schmidt na-atụ aro ka mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti.ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na gọọmentị US karịa ka Silicon Valley brass kwuru ka emechara mkpughe nke afọ gara aga gbasara nledo NSA.
Nkwuwapụta nke onye bụbu onye ọrụ NSA bụ Edward Snowden gbasara ikike ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere maka iledo na nkwukọrịta eletrọnịkị America kpaliri ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ teknụzụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ha na gọọmentị na-akwado siri ọnwụ na ha mere ya naanị mgbe ụlọ ikpe manyere ha.
Mana Al Jazeera enwetala usoro nkwukọrịta email abụọ sitere na otu afọ tupu Snowden ghọrọ aha ezinụlọ nke na-egosi na ọ bụghị mmekorita niile nọ n'okpuru nrụgide.
N'ụtụtụ June 28, 2012, ozi-e sitere n'aka Alexander kpọrọ Schmidt ka ọ bịa na mkparịta ụka "nkewa egwu egwu" nke were awa anọ na Aug. 8 na "ụlọ nchekwa dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ elu San Jose, CA."
“Mkparịta ụka nzuko a ga-abụ nke akọwapụtara n'isiokwu, yana mkpebi, na-elekwasị anya na ya Ihe iyi egwu ngagharị na nchekwa" Alexander dere na email, nwetara n'okpuru a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ozi n'etiti onye isi NSA na ndị isi Silicon Valley nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ezube ịtụgharị.
Alexander, Schmidt na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ zutere na mbido ọnwa, dị ka email ahụ si kwuo. Ma Alexander chọrọ nzukọ ọzọ na Schmidt na "obere ìgwè ndị isi" mgbe e mesịrị n'oge okpomọkụ n'ihi na gọọmenti chọrọ enyemaka Silicon Valley.
"Ihe dị ka ọnwa isii gara aga, anyị malitere ilekwasị anya na nchekwa nke ngwaọrụ ngagharị," Alexander dere. “Otu otu (karịsịa Google, Apple na Microsoft) nwere nkwekọrịta na nso nso a na ụkpụrụ nchekwa bụ isi. Mgbe anyị ruru ebe a na ọrụ anyị, anyị na-ahazi nkọwa nkewa maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi iji nye ha nkenke maka egwu egwu anyị kwenyere na enwere ike ibelata yana ịchọ nkwa ha maka nzukọ ha ịga n'ihu … nsonye Google na ndozigharị, injinia na ibunye ihe ngwọta ga-adị mkpa. "
Jennifer Granick, onye isi nnwere onwe obodo na Stanford Law School's Center for Internet and Society, kwuru na ya kwenyere na ịkekọrịta ozi n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị "dị oke mkpa" mana "n'otu oge ahụ, enwere ụfọdụ ihe ize ndụ na nzuzo onye ọrụ yana nchekwa onye ọrụ. site na otu esi eme nkwupụta adịghị ike."
Ihe ịma aka na-eche gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ ihu bụ ịkwalite nchekwa na-emebighị nzuzo, Granick kwuru. Ozi ịntanetị dị n'etiti Alexander na ndị isi Google, o kwuru, na-egosi "otu esi ekesa ozi na-ezighi ezi na-eme n'ime oghere a ebe a na-enwebeghị usoro ama ama, nke doro anya, nke siri ike, nke edoziri maka ịnweta ozi nchekwa n'aka nri."
Nkowa nkewa nke Alexander zoro aka na ya bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ gọọmentị nzuzo a maara dị ka Framework Enduring Security (ESF), na email ya na-enye ụfọdụ ozi na-adịghị ahụkebe gbasara ihe ESF gụnyere, njirimara nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ so na ya na ihe egwu ha tụlere.
Alexander kọwara na osote odeakwụkwọ nke Department of Defense, Homeland Security na “18 US CEOs” weputara ESF na 2009 iji “chikota omume gọọmentị / ụlọ ọrụ na ihe nchekwa dị mkpa (nkewa n'ozuzu) nke enweghị ike idozi naanị ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'otu n'otu. "
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ọnwa 18 gara aga, anyị (nke bụ Intel, AMD [Advanced Micro Devices], HP [Hewlett-Packard], Dell na Microsoft n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ) mezuru mbọ iji chekwaa BIOS nke nyiwe ụlọ ọrụ iji lebara a anya. egwu na mpaghara ahụ. "
“BIOS” bụ okwu mkpọkpọ okwu maka “sistemụ ntinye/mpụta ihe,” sọftụwia sistemụ na-ebido ngwaike na kọmpụta nkeonwe tupu sistemụ arụ ọrụ amalite. Onye isi NSA cyberdefense Debora Plunkett na Disemba kwupụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere mebie "ikpebi BIOS" site na "mba-steeti," nke a kọwara dị ka China, na-akpụ kọmpụta US. O kwuru na nkata ahụ nwere ike ibibi akụ na ụba US. "Nkeji 60," nke mebiri akụkọ ahụ, kọrọ na NSA na-arụ ọrụ na "ndị na-emepụta kọmputa" na-akpọghị aha iji dozie adịghị ike software BIOS.
Mana ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na nchekwa cyber jụrụ ajụjụ a Plunkett depụtara.
Robert Graham, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha penetration-Testing Errata Security na Atlanta, dere na blọọgụ ya na Disemba, "Enwere ike inwe ezigbo mmemme n'azụ nke a, mana o siri ike ịkọ, n'ihi na anyị enweghị nkọwa ọ bụla." "Ọ" bụ ụgha kpamkpam na ozi ọ na-agbalị izipu. Ihe na-apụta bụ gibberish, dịka onye ọrụ nka ọ bụla nwere ike ikwenye. "
Na site n'ịdebanye aha NSA iji kwalite ihe nchebe ha, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ nwere ike ime onwe ha ngwa ngwa na mbọ ụlọ ọrụ na-emebi ha maka ihe nleba anya.
Nate Cardozo, onye ọrụ kwuru, "Echere m na ọha mmadụ kwesịrị inwe nchegbu banyere ma NSA na-eme mbọ ya kacha mma, dị ka ozi ịntanetị na-ekwu, iji nyere aka chebe ụlọ ọrụ BIOS na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka ma ghara ijide ihe ọghọm kachasị mma n'akụkụ obi ha," onye ọrụ kwuru. onye ọka iwu ya na ndị otu nnwere onwe dijitalụ nke Electronic Frontier Foundation.
O nweghi obi abụọ na NSA na-anwa ịchekwa BIOS ụlọ ọrụ, mana ọ tụrụ aro na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, maka ebumnuche nke ya, “na-achọ adịghị ike n'otu ngwaahịa ahụ ha na-achọ ichebe.”
NSA "enweghị azụmahịa ọ bụla na-enyere Google aka ịchekwa akụrụngwa ya n'aka ndị China ma n'otu oge ahụ na-abanye n'ọnụ ụzọ azụ na ịpị njikọ eriri n'etiti ebe ntọala Google," Cardozo kwuru. "Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe abụọ ahụ bụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ihe ọchị." Ọ tụrụ aro ka kewaa ọrụ mkpasu iwe na nchekwa n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ abụọ.
Izu abụọ ka mgbasa ozi “Nkeji 60” gasịrị, akwụkwọ akụkọ German Der Spiegel, na-ehota akwụkwọ nke Snowden nwetara, kọrọ na NSA tinyere azụ ụzọ n'ime BIOS, na-eme kpọmkwem ihe Plunkett boro mba-steeti na-eme n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ ya.
Schmidt nke Google enweghị ike ịga nzukọ nchekwa ngagharị na San Jose na Ọgọst 2012.
"General Keith.. ọ dị oke mma ịhụ gị..!" Schmidt dere. "O yighị m ka m ga-anọ na California n'izu ahụ, ọ dị m nwute na enweghị m ike ịga (ga-anọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ). Ọ ga-amasị m ịhụ gị oge ọzọ. Daalụ !" Kemgbe Snowden kwuputara, Schmidt na-akatọ ndị NSA ma kwuo yammemme onyunyo nwere ike bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị.
Ndị agha Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, onye isi ndị njikọta ndị isi ndị ọrụ bịara nnọkọ okwu ahụ. Iwu mba ofesi kọrọ otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị na Dempsey na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ - enweghị aha Alexander - nọ na Silicon Valley "na-ewere ụbụrụ ndị isi na ndagwurugwu ahụ ma na-ekwurịta mkpa ọ dị ịkesa ozi ngwa ngwa na iyi egwu cyber." Iwu mba ofesi kwuru na ndị isi Silicon Valley bịara bụ nke ESF. Akụkọ ahụ ekwughị ihe iyi egwu ngagharị na nchekwa bụ ihe kachasị mkpa yana nkọwa okwu egwu egwu.
Otu izu ka nnọkọ ahụ gasịrị, Dempsey kwuru n'oge mkparịta ụka nta akụkọ Pentagon, "Anọ m na Silicon Valley n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka otu izu, iji soro ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ kwurịta adịghị ike na ohere dị na cyber… Ha kwetara - anyị niile kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ịkekọrịta iyi egwu. ozi na ọsọ netwọk."
Onye nchoputa Google Sergey Brin gara nzukọ ndị gara aga nke otu ESF mana n'ihi esemokwu nhazi oge, dị ka email Alexander si kwuo, ọ pụghịkwa ịga na mkparịta ụka Aug. 8 na San Jose, na amabeghị ma ọ bụrụ na e zigara onye ọzọ Google.
Ọnwa ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ, Alexander ezigara Brin email iji kelee ya maka ntinye aka Google na ESF.
"Ahụrụ m ọrụ ESF dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọganihu mba ahụ megide iyi egwu na cyberspace ma nwee ekele n'ezie Vint Cerf [osote onye isi oche Google na onye na-ezisa ozi ịntanetị], Eric Grosse [osote onye isi oche nke injinia nchekwa] na Adrian Ludwig [onyeisi injinia maka nchekwa Android] ntinye aka na mbọ ndị a n'ime afọ gara aga," Alexander dere na Jan. 13, 2012, email.
"Ị natara akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nzukọ ESF Executive Steering Group, nke a ga-eme na January 19, 2012. Nzukọ a bụ ohere iji mata ihe ndị anyị rụzuru na 2012 na ịtọ ntụziaka maka afọ na-abịa. Anyị ga-atụle ebumnuche ESF na ebumnuche kpọmkwem maka 2012. Anyị ga-atụlekwa ụfọdụ egwu anyị na-ahụ na ihe anyị na-eme iji belata ihe egwu ndị ahụ… Nghọta gị, dị ka onye isi so na Defence Industrial Base, bara uru iji hụ na ESF's mbọ na-enwe mmetụta a na-atụghị anya ya.”
Onye nnọchite anya Google jụrụ ịza ajụjụ ụfọdụ gbasara mmekọrịta Brin na Schmidt na Alexander ma ọ bụ gbasara ọrụ Google na gọọmentị.
"Anyị na-agbasi mbọ ike ichebe ndị ọrụ anyị na mwakpo cyber, anyị na-agwa ndị ọkachamara okwu mgbe niile - gụnyere na gọọmentị US - yabụ anyị na-aga n'ihu egwuregwu," onye nnọchi anya ahụ kwuru na nkwupụta Al Jazeera. "Ọ bụ ya mere Sergey ji ga ọgbakọ NSA a.
Brin zara Alexander n'echi ya n'agbanyeghị na onye isi NSA ejighị adreesị ozi-e kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe ọ na-akpọtụrụ onye isi oche.
"Hi Keith, na-atụ anya ịhụ gị n'izu na-abịa. FYI, adreesị ozi-e kacha mma m ga-eji bụ [edacted]," Brin dere. "Nke email gị gara - [email protected] - Anaghị m elele n'ezie."
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