Puna: Newsclick
Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻokolokolo ʻAmelika hoʻopiʻi kūʻē iā Google-Alphabet (ʻO Alphabet ka hui makua o Google) ma ʻOkakopa 20 no nā ʻano hana anti-competitive e hoʻohana ana i kona mana monopoly ma ka mākeke ʻimi. ʻO ia wale nō ka hana nui ma ka US e kūʻē i nā monopoli ʻenehana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ka mea hope loa 1998 hana kūʻē iā Microsoft. He ʻumikūmākahi mau loio kuhina mokuʻāina i hui pū me ka hoʻopiʻi o ka 'Oihana Hoʻokolokolo, me nā mea hou aʻe e manaʻo ʻia e hahai mai.
ʻO Google i kēia manawa māhele makeke i nā huli pūnaewele kū ka honua ma kahi o 92 pakeneka a piʻi aʻe ma mua o 98 pakeneka ma nā ʻāina e like me India. ʻO ka mākeke wale nō kahi i loaʻa ʻole kahi mākeke ma Kina, kahi pani hale kūʻai no kāna ʻenekini huli i ka makahiki 2010.
ʻO nā hui ʻenehana nui ʻehā-Google-Alphabet, Facebook, Amazon, a me Apple-ua puni ka honua i ka radar no ko lākou mana monopoly a me ko lākou hiki ke kipaku i ka hoʻokūkū. Ua ukali ʻia nā hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o ʻAmelika e pili ana i ka ʻEhā Nui he hōʻike limahana o ka subcommitee ma ke kānāwai antitrust, kalepa a me ka hoʻokele ʻO ia ka mea i ʻōlelo i ka hana kānāwai kūpono i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo e wāwahi a kaupalena paha i kēia mau ʻoihana.
Ua hele mai ʻo Facebook ma lalo o ka scanner no ka lilo ʻana i kahi mea hana o ka olelo inaina, kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pūʻali koa ʻino, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā manaʻo kipi, me ʻO nā hui kipi COVID-19. He komite hui ʻo Delhi—Komite no ka Maluhia a me Harmony—ke noiʻi nei i ka hana a Facebook i nā haunaele kaiāulu o Delhi i hana ʻia ma mua o 2020 (hōʻike piha: Ua haʻalele hoʻi au imua o keia komite).
Eia naʻe, ke kū nei ʻo Google i nā hoʻopiʻi aʻe i ka hoʻopiʻi i waiho ʻia e ka US Department of Justice:
+ Ka hana ʻana i kahi pūnaewele o nā ʻaelike ʻoihana hoʻokaʻawale a me ka hoʻopili ʻana e pani i nā mea hoʻokūkū
+ Ka uku ʻana i nā mea hana kelepona kelepona a me nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele e hana iā Google e like me kā lākou preset, ʻenekini hulina paʻamau
+ Ka mālama ʻana i ka mākeke hoʻolaha pūnaewele me kāna kūʻai ʻana a kūʻai ʻana i nā mea hana e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o nā mea hoʻopuka pūnaewele
+ Ke hoʻohana nei i kāna mana ma luna o ka ʻōnaehana hana Android e hoʻonoho i kāna polokalamu kele pūnaewele Chrome a me ka ʻimi ʻimi ma ke ʻano he paʻamau no nā kahua paʻa
ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau kani e like me ka legalese a ma waho o ko mākou hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hana a Google. ʻO ka pilikia maʻalahi ka hoʻohana ʻana o Google i kāna monopoli ma luna o ka ʻenekini hulina a me kāna mau waiwai Google ʻē aʻe ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 pakeneka—$ 103.73 ieeeea? I 2019—o ka pie loaʻa kālā hoʻolaha kikohoʻe honua. He ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o Facebook ma mua o 20 pakeneka, akā ʻo ka moʻolelo o kēia lā ʻo Google a ʻaʻole Facebook.
Hoʻokahi like ka Google a me Facebook. ʻAʻohe o lākou e hoʻopuka i kekahi ʻike; hōʻike lākou i nā mea hoʻohana i hana ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO kā lākouʻoihanaʻoihana holoʻokoʻa e hopu ana i ko mākou mau maka i hiki iā mākou ke kūʻai aku i nā mea hoʻolaha. Loaʻa paha i ka poʻe e hana ana i ka ʻikepili kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa kālā hoʻolaha a Google e hoʻopuka ai, akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka loaʻa kālā kikohoʻe ʻia e Google ma ke ʻano he kiaʻi puka nui o ka honua kikohoʻe.
Pehea e loaʻa ai iā Google ka nui o ka loaʻa kālā? ʻAʻole hōʻike ʻia kāna ʻenekini huli i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe a ke kanaka e ʻimi nei ma Google e kipa pū ai? A ʻaʻole anei e loaʻa i kēia mau pūnaewele kahi māhele o nā hoʻolaha pūnaewele?
ʻO ke kipa ʻana i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe ma o ka huli ʻana iā Google e emi ana i kela makahiki keia makahiki, e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e Rand Fishkin, he loea alakaʻi ma ka huli ʻana i ka ʻenekini. I ka wā o ka hoʻolohe ʻana o ka Hale ma Iulai 16, 2019, ka luna o ke kōmike hoʻokolokolo o ka Hale. ma ke kānāwai antitrust, kalepa a me ka hoʻoponopono, David Cicilline, mai la, "I ka makahiki 2004, ka mea hoʻokumu pū o Google ʻo Larry Page mai la ʻO ke kumu o Google e hele mai nā kānaka i Google, e ʻike koke i kāu mea e makemake ai a e hoʻokuʻu iā ʻoe mai Google a lawe iā ʻoe i kahi kūpono me ka wikiwiki. Fishkin hōʻike me nā kiʻiaole pela keia; ina paha. I kēia lā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hulina ma Google ke alakaʻi ʻole i ke kaomi hou ʻana i nā loulou i nā ʻaoʻao hulina i hōʻike ʻia (zero clicks).
Ma ka mākeke huli hulina, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 pakeneka o nā hulina e hoʻoulu i nā kaomi ʻole ma nā loulou ʻaoʻao hopena. Inā loaʻa nā kaomi, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia kaomi i waho no nā pūnaewele Google ʻē aʻe e like me YouTube, Google Maps, etc.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūlana me nā ʻimi kelepona ma mua o ka mākeke papapihi, kahi a Google i loaʻa ai kūlana mana ʻoi aku. Me he mea lā e kūʻokoʻa nā kelepona paʻa lima o Apple iā Google a no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūnaewele ʻaʻole Google i loko o ka kaiaola o Apple o iPhones, iPad, a pēlā aku. ka mea, aole ka hihia. Uku Google heati $ 8 biliona a $ 12 biliona, kokoke i ka 20 pakeneka o ka waiwai makahiki o Apple, no Apple e lawe i ka huli Google a me nā palapala 'āina ma ke ʻano he hoʻonohonoho paʻamau no nā kelepona Apple a me Siri.
Pili kēia mau helu i ka ʻenekini huli nā huahana a me nā kaomi hopena. Pehea e pili ana i ka hapa o nā mea hoʻolaha pūnaewele i loaʻa i nā pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kipa ʻia nā pūnaewele mai nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe, No hea mai lākou? Kanahiku pakeneka o ia nā kuhikuhi pūnaewele ma kekahi pūnaewele mai nā waiwai Google mai. Inā loaʻa kahi pūnaewele ma ka ʻaoʻao maikaʻi ʻole o Google, hiki i ka pūnaewele ke hāʻule i loko o kahi lua ʻeleʻele hohonu, kahi e kipa ai ka poʻe ʻoiaʻiʻo.
No laila, inā makemake ka mea nona ka pūnaewele e hoʻohua i nā kaʻa no kahi pūnaewele, pono e hoʻonohonoho ka mea nona ka pūnaewele i kahi ala e hiki ai iā Google ke hoʻopaʻa maʻalahi i nā ʻike āpau ma ka pūnaewele. Inā hoʻololi ʻo Google, pono ka mea nona ka pūnaewele e hoʻololi; a i ʻole, ʻaʻole e hōʻike ʻia ka pūnaewele ma nā hulina Google, nā ʻaoʻao Google Amp, a me Google News. Pono nā paena a pau e hoʻolilo i ke kālā i mea e maʻalahi ai ka hana a Google e kolo ana i ka pūnaewele no ka ʻike. Inā makemake ka poʻe e nānā ʻia kā lākou wikiō, ʻo YouTube wale nō ke koho maoli. A ʻaʻohe ala e hakakā me Google inā ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa kālā no ka mea nona ka pūnaewele. Paʻa ʻo Google i nā kāleka āpau!
Pehea e hōʻoia ai ʻo Google e alakaʻi ka hapa nui o nā nīnau hulina ma Google i nā kaomi ʻole? Loaʻa nā kaomi ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻana o Google i nā hopena o nā nīnau, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike i koi ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao hopena hulina ponoʻī i ʻole e hele hou aku ka hapa nui o ka poʻe ʻimi. ʻOiai Ua hopohopo ʻo Wikipedia, ʻoiai ke emi nei kāna kaomi mai Google mai.
ʻOiai ke alakaʻi nei nā nīnau i nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe i ka papa inoa o nā hopena, ke alakaʻi mau nei lākou i nā waiwai Google i ko lākou hoʻolaha ʻana i nā pūnaewele a i ʻole ka ʻike o ia mau pūnaewele-no ka laʻana, ʻo nā wikiō YouTube ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻimi e mālama ʻia i ke ʻano o ka poʻe. mai kipa i ka honua ma waho o Google.
ʻAʻole pili nā lula o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a Google i nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā waiwai a me nā pūnaewele Google, he mau kūlana kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma nā hulina Google ma mua o ka huli ʻana ma nā ʻenekini huli ʻē aʻe e like me DuckDuckGo, Bing, etc. E like me kā Fishkin i ʻōlelo ai, he mea maʻalahi ka pane i ka nīnau e pili ana i ka helu ʻana i ka helu ʻekahi ma kahi hulina Google: nona ka Google!
Ua hoʻopaʻi ka European Union regulators iā Google i nā manawa, akā ʻo Google hauʻoli e uku i ka uku, ʻoiai ʻo ka monopoly i loaʻa iā ia ma o kāna hana kūʻē i ka hoʻokūkū ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia. Ua like ia me nā uku laikini a nā hui telecom e uku ai no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka monopoli o nā nalu. Ma India pū kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo Google, akā ʻo ka nui o ka he $21 miliona ka uku. ʻAʻole ia i helu ʻia he rap ma nā knuckles no Google.
Ke kū nei kēia mau monopolies tech i ka hana ma ka European Union a me Australia a ma UK. Ma UK, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka Monopolies and Mergers Commission (i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ka Competition and Markets Authority) me kahi Komisina Hoʻokūkū nāwaliwali i ka makahiki 1999, kahi hana e ʻInia ua kope koke ʻia i ka makahiki 2002. ʻOiai me kahi papa hoʻoponopono nāwaliwali ma mua o nā kānāwai anti-monopoly mua, ua ʻōlelo ka UK's Competition and Markets Authority. ma kāna hōʻike hou ʻO kēia mau ʻoihana "ua pale ʻia e nā pono incumbency ikaika - me nā hopena pūnaewele, nā ʻoihana waiwai a me ka hiki ʻole ke komo i ka ʻikepili mea hoʻohana - ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū ke hoʻokūkū hou ma nā ʻōlelo like ... Pono mākou i kahi ala hoʻoponopono hou."
Ua hoʻolālā ʻo India i kahi papa ʻokoʻa loa. ʻAʻole wale ke aupuni a me kāna mau ʻoihana hoʻoponopono i hoʻomalu iā Reliance Jio i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka monopoly telecom aupuni, akā ua hoʻomaikaʻi pū lākou i nā hoʻopukapuka nui mai Google a me Facebook o $4.5 biliona a me $5.7 biliona, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā lākou mau monopoli ʻekolu. ʻOiai ʻo nā hoa ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e lawe mai i kā lākou mau mea hana ʻenehana a me nā paepae, ʻo ke kī o Jio i ka holomua ʻo kāna monopoli kahiko ma luna o ka pūnaewele kelepona ʻo India. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo India ka mākeke nui loa ma ka honua ma hope o Kina i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Hōʻike nā hana anti-monopoly honua i ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei he neʻe tectonic i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana nui a me nā mea nona lākou. ʻAʻole e like me nā kāpena noʻonoʻo o Ayn Rand o ka ʻoihana, ka mea ma o nā mana superman e hana nei i kahi honua hou, akā ma ke ʻano he monopoli venal a predatory. ʻOiai i loko o nā kālai'āina i haʻihaʻi ʻia o ʻAmelika, ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo ʻelua ʻelua e pili ana nā monopolies i nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hoʻokūkū like. A i ʻole, no ke aha e hoʻopiʻi ai kahi 'Oihana Hoʻokolokolo ma lalo o Trump i kahi hihia e kūʻē iā Google-Alphabet, kahi, e like me kāna mau haʻi'ōlelo, ʻaʻohe mea - ʻaʻole paha e uhaʻi i nā monopolies. i kākoʻo ʻia e Senatoa Elizabeth Warren-aia ma waho o ka papaʻaina.
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